肺段支气管扩张合并感染症32例影像学分析

支气管扩张合并感染症（支扩伴感染）是支气管树不可逆性的异常扩大后继发炎性感染的改变。普通X线平片往往只能提示肺段炎变征象，对支扩不具特征性。过去诊断支扩最准确的方法为支气管造影，但往往因感染、病情等在诊断工作中受到限制。近年来，CT尤其是高分辨率CT（HRCT）的临床应用，为诊断支扩伴感染提供了无创、快捷、准确的方法。     

支气管扩张症新进展

支气管扩张症是多种易感因素造成的支气管树异常扩张兼具肺实质持续性炎症反应性疾病。过去认为与遗传性疾病有关联,近年来研究集中于参与支扩发病的炎症介质,并认为高分辨CT（HRCT）是目前确诊的主要方式。HRCT已在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染与αl-抗糜蛋白酶缺乏病人中检出了早期病例。早期发现易感因素及强有力的对症治疗,能明显延长病人寿命,降低死亡率。最近研究发现新的治疗措施如重组人类脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNase）可改善支扩病人的肺功能,提高生活质量。1 概念、病因及发病机理 支扩是支气管及其分支的不可逆性异常扩张,因多种易感因素长期反复作用而导致支气管树与肺实质发生持续的炎症反应与异常扩张,临床常无症状或仅在尸检时发现。疾病活动期常表现为咳嗽,咳大量黄脓痰,反复肺部感染或不同程度的阻塞性—限制性肺功能损害。严重支扩可表现为缺氧、营养不良、红细胞增多症、肺动脉高压及肺心病,以     

支气管扩张感染加重住院相关因素分析

支气管扩张症（支扩）是呼吸系统的常见病。自广泛应用抗生素以来，其发病率和死亡率已明显下降，预后改观。但目前仍有不少患者因为合并感染加重而反复住院。为了解本地区支扩患者感染加重的有关因素，特别是病原学及药物敏感情况，以供临床治疗参考，现对近４年在本院住...     

支气管哮喘中支气管扩张的伴发情况及临床特点

目的：探讨哮喘合并支气管扩张（简称支扩）的发病情况、支气管阻塞的可逆性变化以及吸入糖皮质激素（ICS）的疗效。方法：对256例门诊哮喘患者及110例住院哮喘患者进行CT或高分辨率CT检查．观察哮喘合并支扩的发病情况：对门诊哮喘患者合并支扩者（合并组）及同期门诊哮喘患者无合并支扩也无合并呼吸道感染的单纯哮喘患者（对照组）进行支气管舒张试验，并予ICS治疗，观察支气管舒张试验结果和ICS治疗前后FEV1的变化。结果：（1）256例门诊哮喘患者中，合并支扩者共18例（7．0％），110例住院哮喘患者中，合并支扩者共10例（9．1％），支扩部位以两下肺为多；（2）合并组支气管舒张试验阳性率为61％（11／18），对照组阳性率为100％（18／18）；（3）ICS治疗4周和8周后，两组FEV1均有明显改善，但治疗后对照组FEV1明显高于合并组。结论：哮喘合并支扩较常见，其中又以隐性支扩为多；ICS对哮喘合并支扩有一定疗效，但不及单纯哮喘患者。哮喘合并支扩是哮喘控制不佳的主要原因之一。     

支气管扩张患者合并肺诺卡菌病2例

<正>支气管扩张症(支扩)是各种原因引起的支气管树的病理性、永久性扩张,导致反复发生化脓性感染的气道慢性炎症[1]。肺诺卡菌病是由需氧放线菌科诺卡菌属引起的少见的肺部细菌感染,常发生于免疫功能低下患者[2],近年来逐渐有文献报道发生于免疫功能正常的患者中。结合既往文献,关于支扩患者合并肺诺卡菌病的病例甚少,现回顾性分析2例支扩合并肺诺卡菌病的诊疗经过,并结合相关文献进行复习,以提高临床工作     

支气管扩张症的CT诊断及评价

目的：评价常规CT,HRCT对支气管扩张症的诊断价值。方法：收集经病理和／或临床症状、治疗随访证实,同时作了常规CT和HRCT的支扩30例。结果：常规CT中19例诊断为支扩,2例误为肺内结节,其余9例未发现支扩;HRCT中27例诊断为支扩,且同一病例检出病变的肺段数高于常规CT。结论：常规CT对支气管扩张症的诊断有一定限度,HRCT诊断支扩特异性高,诊新准确率达90％。作为无创性检查,CT可作为诊断支气管扩张症的首选方法。     

中剂量一次性灌注支气管造影术

支气管疾病是常见多发病,其中支气管扩张症（简称支扩）是常见的慢性支气管化脓性疾病。支气管造影及高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）检查可为外科手术提供可靠性指证。本文３９例支扩患者,造影前１９例作ＣＴ（部分加作ＨＲＣＴ）检查确诊为支扩,但与造影片对照观察发现有些...     

成人支气管扩张症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响因素及其与生活质量的关系

支气管扩张症（bronchiectasis,简称支扩）是一种常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,病程长,病变不可逆转。因易发反复感染,特别是广泛性支气管扩张者,肺组织结构和功能受损进行性加重,可导致患者运动耐力下降,引起日常生活中活动困难,直接影响患者的生活质量,进而出现自卑、情绪低落、焦虑抑郁等症状。未发现和未治疗的焦虑或抑郁情绪可增加身体致残率、急性加重次数和卫生保健的消耗。因此,在治疗患者身体疾病的同时,分析患者的心理状况也是必要的。慢性肺疾病患者常伴有焦虑和抑郁情绪,但对支扩患者很少研究。本文就支扩合并焦虑抑郁情绪的影响因素、与健康生活质量的关系做一综述,旨在提高临床医生对支扩患者合并焦虑抑郁情绪的认识,在治疗支扩临床症状同时,注意焦虑抑郁的疏导、治疗。     

中药结合支气管灌洗治疗支气管扩张急性加重

支气管扩张（简称支扩）是一种常见的呼吸系统慢性疾病，主要表现为慢性咳嗽、咳大量脓痰或反复咯血，易于反复急性加重，严重者后可发展至呼吸衰竭，支扩局部动脉破裂大咯血或严重感染还可导致死亡。常规治疗方法如全身用抗生素、祛痰剂、体位引流及支气管扩张剂等效果不理想。支气管镜技术的发展为肺部难治性感染的治疗开辟了一条新途径，运用支气管镜局部支气管灌洗的方法，可清除粘液和脓性分泌物，使气道引流通畅。灌洗减少了细菌数量，从而减轻了感染，但这一方法的远期效果尚无肯定结论。作者基于自身临床经验，以支气管灌洗为局部治疗，结合针对支扩急性加重期中最常见中医证型一痰热型的支扩感染方，以及支扩稳定期的基本方，对支气管扩张急性加重患者进行治疗，通过量化指标分析其近期与长期疗效，探讨中药结合支气管灌洗治疗支扩合并感染对控制和减少急性加重的疗效。     

侵袭性曲霉气管支气管炎1例并文献复习

侵袭性曲霉病是免疫缺陷患者最常见的真菌感染类型,占此类患者呼吸道感染的90%[1]。它主要累及肺实质,罕有累及气管支气管树者[2]。侵袭性曲霉气管支气管炎(invasive aspergillus tracheobronchitis,IATB)是指局限于气管支气管树的侵袭性曲霉病。该病罕见,常因其表现缺乏特异性而延误诊断,导致预后不良。我们报道例侵袭性曲霉气管支气     

Bronchiectasis in adults: a review

Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of the bronchi with chronic inflammation and infection. Bronchiectasis is either caused by or associated with several systemic disorders, and in a significant number of cases, the underlying etiology remains unidentified and is subsequently referred to as idiopathic. The clinical course is characterized by chronic cough with purulent sputum associated with acute exacerbations. Patients may develop progressive decline in pulmonary function due to ongoing infection, inflammation, and destruction of bronchi if a delay in diagnosis and therapy occurs. With high-resolution computed tomography, the confirmatory diagnosis of bronchiectasis can be made promptly and diagnostic work-up for etiology initiated. Identifying a specific etiology, when present, is critical for implementing appropriate treatment of the underlying cause. Whether a specific etiology can be identified or not, all cases of bronchiectasis require management that addresses infection, inflammation, and bronchial toilet.     

Antimicrobial treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic wet or productive cough, recurrent exacerbations and irreversible bronchial dilatation. After antibiotics and vaccines became available and living standards in affluent countries improved, its resulting reduced prevalence meant bronchiectasis was considered an ‘orphan disease’. This perception has changed recently with increasing use of CT scans to diagnose bronchiectasis, including in those with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or ‘difficult to control’ asthma, and adds to its already known importance in non-affluent countries and disadvantaged Indigenous communities. Following years of neglect, there is renewed interest in identifying the pathogenetic mechanisms of bronchiectasis, including the role of infection, and conducting clinical trials. This is providing much needed evidence to guide antimicrobial therapy, which has relied previously upon extrapolating treatments used in cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While many knowledge gaps and management challenges remain, the future is improving for patients with bronchiectasis.     

Pulmonary Rehabilitation in a Patient With Bronchiectasis and Underlying Cerebral Palsy: A Case Presentation

Bronchiectasis is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by the permanent dilatation of the airways, with recurrent infections. As the disease progresses, extrapulmonary symptoms manifest. If the patient with bronchiectasis has an underlying central nervous system disease such as cerebral palsy (CP), extrapulmonary functions decline faster. The co-occurrence of these 2 diseases may make care more complex, and there have been no reports about pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in this class of patients. Here, we present a patient with bronchiectasis and underlying CP who showed marked improvement of pulmonary function and clinical symptoms after 6 weeks of a patient-specific intensive PR program.

Atopy in patients with bronchiectasis: more than coincidence

Bronchiectasis is common in developing countries, but its precise underlying mechanism can be detected in only about 40% of the cases. The studies reporting the frequency of atopy and its relation to radiological findings and lung function in bronchiectasis are limited in number, and the results are controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between atopy and bronchiectasis by means of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests. Skin prick test, HRCT and pulmonary function tests, including spirometric values of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio were performed in 121 bronchiectatic patients of unknown etiology and in 68 healthy controls. Atopy and HRCT scores for the severity of atopy and extent of bronchiectasis respectively were determined for each patient. The rate of atopy (48.8% vs 11.8%) and mean atopy score (14.3 +/- 10.1 mm vs 5.5 +/- 2.1 mm) were significantly higher in patients with bronchiectasis than those in controls. Atopic patients had significantly worse spirometric values and more extended bronchiectasis than non-atopics. There is a significant correlation between atopy and HRCT scores (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), indicating that the more severe atopy is the more extended bronchiectasis. In conclusion, we suggest that the rate of atopy is higher in bronchiectatic patients than that in healthy controls. Bronchiectatic patients with atopy have lower spirometric values and higher HRCT scores. Atopy might be considered as a deteriorating and/or a causative or contributing factor for development of bronchiectasis.     

免疫正常肺曲霉菌患儿的CT表现

目的探讨免疫正常肺曲霉菌病患儿的CT表现。方法回顾分析经临床确诊的15例无基础疾病及免疫缺陷肺曲霉菌病患儿的临床资料和CT表现。结果 15例中,13例表现为肺内多发结节,其中细支气管周围分布10例,粟粒结节7例;12例实变,其中沿肺叶分布6例,小斑片影6例;6例支气管扩张,其中呈柱状扩张5例,呈串珠状扩张1例;6例支气管壁增厚;5例空洞,在上中(舌)肺叶支气管周围分布4例,厚壁空洞4例,薄壁空洞1例。随访发现12例痊愈,2例未愈,1例死亡。结论年龄小于2岁免疫正常儿童长期发热,CT主要表现为肺内小结节、实变、支气管扩张及空洞时,应该高度警惕肺曲霉菌感染的可能性。     

Diagnosis and treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an underdiagnosed pulmonary disorder in asthmatic patients and patients with cystic fibrosis. Its clinical and diagnostic manifestations arise from an allergic response to multiple antigens expressed by fungi, most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, colonizing the bronchial mucus. The clinical course is one of recurrent exacerbations characterized by chest infiltrates evident on chest x-ray films and associated with cough, wheeze, and sputum production that usually respond to oral corticosteroid treatment. Specific immunologic and radiologic markers of disease include elevation of the total serum IgE levels, presence of aspergillus IgE antibodies, and the occurrence of central bronchiectasis. Long-term treatment with corticosteroids is often required for effective management. The adverse effects of chronic corticosteroid use have led to attempts at treatment with antifungal agents such as itraconazole. Itraconazole has been reported anecdotally to be effective, and evidence for its effectiveness in randomized trials is still accruing. Consideration should be given to its use as a corticosteroid-sparing agent or for treatment of patients in whom corticosteroid response is poor. The natural history and prognosis of ABPA are not well characterized but may be complicated by progression to bronchiectasis and pulmonary fibrosis. If ABPA is diagnosed and treated before the development of bronchiectasis and fibrosis, these complications may be prevented.     

High prevalence of bronchiectasis in adults: analysis of CT findings in a health screening program

Bronchiectasis is one of the common chronic respiratory diseases and associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality. However, neither its prevalence nor its etiology is well-defined. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of bronchiectasis in adults. In a retrospective study, we analyzed radiologic findings on chest computed tomography (CT) images performed as part of a health-screening program. From January to December 2008, 1,409 (24.6%) of 5,727 participants in the screening program of a health promotion center at a university hospital underwent chest CT scans based on the subject's decision. Bronchiectasis was diagnosed, if there was abnormal bronchial dilatation in any area of both lungs on chest CT. Respiratory symptoms, smoking status, and past medical history were also analyzed to define clinical characteristics and risk factors of bronchiectasis. Of 1,409 patients (aged 23-86 years), who were screened for respiratory diseases using chest CT for one year in a health promotion center, 129 patients (9.1%) were diagnosed with bronchiectasis. The prevalence of bronchiectasis was higher in females than in males (11.5% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.022) and increased with age. Respiratory symptoms were reported in 53.7% of subjects. Previous history of tuberculosis (TB) (OR 4.61, 95% CI 2.39-8.88, p = 0.001) and age (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.56-3.98, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with bronchiectasis. This retrospective analysis of chest CT findings in health screening examinees revealed a very high prevalence of bronchiectasis in adults. Previous TB infection is one of the major causes of bronchiectasis.     

变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的影像学表现

目的分析变应性支气管肺曲霉菌病(ABPA)的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析6例ABPA病例的直接数字化X线摄影(DR)胸片和胸部高分辨率CT(HRCT)的影像特点。结果 6例病人DR胸片和HRCT均可见支气管扩张和肺内实变病灶,其中1例为单发实变病灶,5例为多发实变;5例可见中心性支气管扩张,1例中心性支气管和外周支气管均可见扩张。HRCT示实变共累及上叶10个肺叶,中叶(或舌叶)8个肺叶,下叶5个肺叶;6例HRCT均可见磨玻璃密度影,2例可见树芽征;6例病人HRCT均见上叶支气管扩张,其中2例为一侧上叶支气管扩张,4例为多叶、多段支气管扩张。上叶支气管扩张共累及10个肺叶,中叶(或舌叶)支气管扩张共累及8个肺叶,下叶支气管扩张共累及6个肺叶;静脉曲张样扩张为主4例,囊状扩张和柱状扩张为主各1例。扩张支气管内见黏液崁塞2例,形成"指套"征,增强扫描无强化。扩张支气管内见钙化和软组织密度影者各1例。内见气液平面者2例。肺门淋巴结肿大1例。结论对于有长期哮喘病史,HRCT显示有肺内实变病灶和中央支气管扩张,特别是扩张支气管内有黏液崁塞、钙化或软组织密度影且病变主要分布在中上肺者应考虑ABPA的诊断。     

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis

Aspergillus species causes a variety of pulmonary diseases, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in severely immunocompromised patietnts, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) in patients with chronic lung diseases and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hypersensitivity to Aspergillus antigens. There are many species of Aspergillus, however Aspergillus fumigatus is the most commonly encountered species. CPA is usually seen in patients with documented or suspected underlying lung diseases like cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, inactive tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, previous lung section, of these, previous pulmonary tubercurosis is the most associated condition. Development of new antifungal agents, such as micafungin and voriconazole significantly affect the management and outcome of patients with CPA. This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of CPA, and that provides recent advances in the CPA-related pathogenic factor.     

1例罕见肺曲霉菌病患者迟发过敏反应护理体会

肺曲霉菌病是由曲霉菌属真菌引起的一系列感染性肺部疾病,曲霉菌是条件致病性真菌,其孢子普遍存在于空气中,通过吸入曲霉分生孢子而致病,是一种深部真菌感染疾病_^[1]。在临床诊疗中,病毒性肺部感染的患者合并肺曲霉菌病较为多见。在治疗合并肺曲霉菌需要联合使用多种抗生素,本次报道是使用青霉素后发生的迟发性过敏反应。青霉素药物的变态反应是较为多见的药物不良反应事件,过敏性休克等严重的变态反应已经受到广泛重视,但是迟发性过敏反应受到的关注较少。迟发性过敏反应是由T淋巴细胞介导的一种超敏反应,在变应原作用下形成致敏淋巴细胞,当再次接触相同变应原时,可表现出一种迟缓的(至少约12小时后才出现反应,24～72小时达高峰)、以单个核细胞浸润和细胞变性坏死为特征的局部变态反应性炎症。此反应具有一定的隐蔽性和不可预见性,也会对患者造成巨大的损害,甚至威胁到生命_^[2]。本次报道1例合并肺曲霉菌感染患者使用青霉素发生迟发性过敏反应引起的严重的过敏性药疹_^[3],通过皮肤护理及严密的病情及药物的观察、消毒隔离、心理干预,患者治愈出院,本案例较为罕见,现将护理体会报道如下。