低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤误诊2例的护理

低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤（LGESS）比较少见，好发于中年妇女，临床主要表现为阴道异常出血、腹部包块等，易与子宫平滑肌瘤等混淆，B超检查特异性不强，易被误诊或漏诊，因此最后诊断只能依赖于手术切除标本的病理检查。我院自2008—02／2008—03连续2例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤（LGESS）术前误诊为子宫肌瘤，护理体会如下。     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤13例临床病理报告及误诊分析

子宫内膜间质肉瘤(endometrial stromal tumor,ESS)是起源于子宫内膜间质细胞的肿瘤,占子宫恶性肿瘤的 0.5％,占子宫肉瘤的7％～30％[1].按2003年世界卫生组织分类,ESS分为低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma,LGESS)和未分化子宫内膜肉瘤(undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma,UES).由于发病率极低又缺乏典型特征,临床极易误诊.     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤多成分分化与临床生物学特性的关系

目的探讨子宫内膜间质肉瘤（ESS）多成分分化与临床生物学特性的关系。方法运用组织病理学、免疫组织化学及Masson特染分析24例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤（LGESS）和12例未分化子宫内膜肉瘤（UES）的临床病理资料。结果LGESS、UES两组中性索分化分别为37，5％（9／24）、83，3％（10／12），差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）；两组平滑肌分化均为33.3％，纤维分化为29.2％、33.3％，上皮样分化为12．5％、16．7％，无统计学意义。结论ESS可伴多成分分化，主要为性索、平滑肌和纤维分化；预后可能与性索成分有关，而与其他成分无关。     

22例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法收集22例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤,复阅病历档案,进行随访,同时观察其临床病理特点,并作免疫组化染色分析。结果患者年龄23～73岁,平均43岁。低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)临床上主要表现为不规则的阴道出血。光镜下观察肿瘤细胞类似增殖期子宫内膜间质细胞;呈舌状浸润肌层或弥漫浸润,肿瘤内有大量的似螺旋小动脉。3例伴有不同程度的平滑肌分化,1例伴性索样分化。结论低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)临床少见,术前诊断困难,预后较好。确诊主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组化,诊断上应与富细胞性平滑肌瘤、静脉内平滑肌瘤病、腺肉瘤相鉴别。     

低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤临床病理分析

目的:探讨低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法:收集17例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤,复阅病历档案,进行随访,同时观察其临床病理特点,并作免疫组化染色分析。结果:患者年龄24~73岁,平均44.5岁。低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)临床上主要表现为不规则的阴道出血。光镜下观察肿瘤细胞类似增殖期子宫内膜间质细胞;呈舌状浸润肌层或弥漫浸润,肿瘤内有大量的似螺旋小动脉。3例伴有不同程度的平滑肌分化,1例伴性索样分化。结论:低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)临床少见,术前诊断困难,预后较好。确诊主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组化,诊断上应与富细胞性平滑肌瘤、静脉内平滑肌瘤病、腺肉瘤相鉴别。     

22例低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤的临床病理分析

目的 探讨低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 收集22例低度恶性子宫内膜问质肉瘤,复阅病历档案,进行随访,同时观察其临床病理特点,并作免疫组化染色分析.结果 患者年龄23～73岁,平均43岁.低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LESS)临床上主要表现为不规则的阴道出血.光镜下观察肿瘤细胞类似增殖期子宫内膜间质细胞:呈舌状浸润肌层或弥漫浸润,肿瘤内有大量的似螺旋小动脉.3例伴有不同程度的平滑肌分化,1例伴性索样分化.结论 低度恶性子宫内膜问质肉瘤(IESS)临床少见,术前诊断困难,预后较好.确诊主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组化,诊断上应与富细胞性平滑肌瘤、静脉内平滑肌瘤病、腺肉瘤相鉴别.     

子宫内膜间质肿瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜问质肿瘤的临床、病理及其多成分分化特点、鉴别诊断和预后。方法 分析37例子宫内膜间质肿瘤(其中子宫内膜间质结节6例，低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤22例，高度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤7例，子宫内膜间质平滑肌混合瘤2例)的临床、病理、合并症、鉴别诊断及预后。结果 不同类型肿瘤均有部分病例伴多成分分化(16例伴平滑肌分化，14例伴性索样分化，1例伴纤维分化)，其中8例同时伴2种分化成分；37例中有9例伴发子宫平滑肌瘤(其中1例同时伴发腺瘤样瘤，1例伴发高分化子宫内膜腺癌)。结论 不同类型子宫内膜间质肿瘤均可伴发多成分分化及其他类型肿瘤，具备多样性病理形态特征，其中以平滑肌分化及性索样分化最为常见；并发肿瘤以平滑肌瘤最为常见。组织化学及免疫组化染色对诊断及鉴别诊断有帮助；肿瘤预后与多成分分化的数量及类型关系不大；肿瘤有无浸润及瘤细胞异型程度、核分裂象数量是确定本瘤性质的必备条件。     

低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤3例临床病理分析

目的:探讨低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤的临床病理、免疫组化特点和组织起源.方法:应用常规HE染色及免疫组化进行观察.结果:低度恶性子宫内膜问质肉瘤由子宫内膜间质细胞组成.结论:低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤是一种低度恶性肿瘤.易局部复发,转移少见.     

子宫内膜间质结节1例

正2014年世界卫生组织将子宫内膜间质来源肿瘤(EST)分为:子宫内膜间质结节(ESN),低级别子宫内膜间质肉瘤(LGESS),高级别子宫内膜间质肉瘤(HGESS)和未分化子宫肉瘤(UUS)[1]。EST为临床罕见肿瘤,占所有子宫肿瘤的2%,其中子宫内膜间质结节为良性肿瘤,其余三者为恶性肿瘤,ESN较其他子宫内膜间质来源肿瘤更为罕见。由于ESN无典型的临床表现,影像学检查暂无特异性表现,且必须通过术后病理诊断才能确诊,故在临床工作中易发生误诊、漏诊,甚至过度治疗等不良事件的发生。本次报道了1例绝经期女性术前考虑子宫肌瘤而术后病理诊断证实子宫内膜间质结节。     

1例剖宫产术后因低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤再次手术的护理

子宫内膜间质肉瘤来源于子宫内膜间质细胞的肿瘤,根据肿瘤的组织学和临床特征将其分为两类,即低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤和高度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤。低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤可形成息肉状或结节,白宫内膜突向官腔或突至宫颈口外,肿瘤蒂宽,质软脆。肿瘤似平滑肌瘤,位于子宫肌层内,常浸润子宫肌层,呈结节状或弥漫性生长。肿瘤切面质地柔软,似生鱼肉状,伴出血、坏死时,则可见暗红、棕褐或灰黄色区域。宫旁组织或子宫外盆腔内可见似蚯蚓状淋巴管内肿瘤,质如橡皮,富有弹性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.