Zacopride对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱发的心肌纤维化的影响

目的:研究内向整流钾通道(IK1)激动剂扎考必利(zacopride,Zac)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)诱导的心脏成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts,CFb)细胞活力和凋亡的影响,探讨其抑制心肌纤维化的机制。方法:以组织块消化和差速贴壁法原代分离培养SD乳鼠心室成纤维细胞,用AngⅡ诱导细胞建立细胞活化模型。将分离培养的CFb随机分为空白对照组、AngⅡ模型组、Zac干预组、Zac+Ba Cl2干预组、Zac+氯喹干预组和AngⅡ+卡托普利阳性对照组。CCK-8法检测Zac对CFb活力的影响;ELISA法测定CFb上清液中Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot检测心肌内向整流钾通道蛋白Kir2.1表达的变化。结果:与空白对照组比较,AngⅡ模型组CFb活力及胶原合成显著增加,Kir2.1的表达降低(P0.05);与AngⅡ模型组比较,Zac干预组CFb活力及胶原合成显著降低,凋亡率显著升高,Kir2.1的表达明显上调(P0.05);IK1阻断剂Ba Cl2和氯喹可阻断Zac对IK1通道的激动效应,明显逆转Zac的抗心肌纤维化作用。结论:Zac可明显抑制AngⅡ诱发的心肌纤维化,其机制可能与激动心肌内向整流钾通道,进而抑制成纤维细胞活力并诱导其凋亡有关。     

心肌内向整流钾通道IRK1激动剂后适应可减轻心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的:探讨心肌内向整流钾通道IRK1激动剂扎考必利(Zac)后适应减轻心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R损伤的作用及机制。方法:胶原酶法分离成年雄性SD大鼠心室肌细胞,体外利用矿物油覆盖法建立H/R损伤模型。细胞分别缺氧45和75 min之后去除上层石蜡油密封层并更换新鲜台氏液,复氧30 min;2种损伤模型复氧前分别给予0.1、1和10μmol/L的Zac进行药物后适应;激光共聚焦显微镜观察比较Fluo-4负载细胞内游离钙离子浓度;Western blot法测定各组心肌细胞IRK1主要亚单位Kir2.1蛋白的表达。此外,在心肌H9c2(2-1)细胞建立H/R模型,分别缺氧3和5 h,之后复氧2 h;2种损伤模型复氧前分别加入0.1、1和10μmol/L Zac进行药物后适应;ELISA法检测乳酸脱氢酶和caspase-3含量;CCK-8法检测细胞活力;Western blot法测定各组心肌细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白的水平。结果:成年大鼠心室肌细胞复氧时预先给予0.1～10μmol/L Zac可有效抑制H/R引起的IRK1抑制和细胞内钙超载。在心肌H9c2(2-1)细胞H/R模型中,0.1～10μmol/L Zac后适应可激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,减少心肌细胞的坏死和凋亡,其中0.1μmol/L Zac为最适效应浓度;IRK1阻断剂BaCl2可有效抑制Zac的效应(P0.01),表明Zac的后适应保护是IRK1依赖的。结论:通过激动心肌IRK1减轻心肌细胞内钙超载并激活PI3K/Akt信号通路是减轻H/R损伤的有效策略。IRK1可能成为拮抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤药物作用的新靶点。     

缬草提取物对慢性心力衰竭室性心律失常兔电生理指标的影响

目的:观察缬草提取物(VOL)对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)致室性心律失常兔电生理指标的影响。方法:雄性新西兰大耳白兔30只,随机平分为三组:正常对照组(Control组)、CHF模型组(CHF组)和CHF+VOL组(VOL组)。CHF模型组经耳缘静脉推注异丙肾上腺素(0.3mg/kg/天,连续注射3周)诱导;Control组平行推注等体积生理盐水;VOL组对CHF兔持续静脉滴注浓度为50mg/L的VOL。记录各组在体心脏左心室单相动作电位(MAP)主要参数静息膜电位(RMP)、动作电位幅度(APA)、动作电位最大上升速率(Max_(dv/dt))和动作电位复极化恢复时程(APD_(10-90));观察各组室性心律失常诱发周长(BCL)、诱发率和心律失常持续时间;分离单个心室肌细胞后,全细胞膜片钳技术记录心室肌细胞L-型钙电流(I_(Ca-L))及电流-电压(I-V)曲线。结果:与Control组比较,CHF组RMP、APA、Max_(dv/dt)均明显降低,APD10、APD20、APD50和APD90均显著延长(P均0.01);与CHF组比较,VOL组RMP、APA、Max_(dv/dt)均明显增加,各APD时程均显著缩短(P0.01)。CHF组诱发室性心律失常BCL、心律失常诱发率和持续时间均大于Control组(P0.01);VOL组BCL、心律失常诱发率和持续时间均小于CHF组(P0.01)。当钳制电位为+20mV时,与Control组比较,CHF组心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L)电流密度由(-12.13±0.99pA/pF)下降为(-7.14±0.33pA/pF)(P0.01);VOL组则较CHF组I_(Ca-L)电流密度明显上升(-10.86±0.50pA/pF)(P0.01),VOL组I_(Ca-L)的I-V曲线较CHF组明显下移,接近Control组。结论:VOL能显著降低CHF心室肌电生理易损性和室性心律失常易感性,拮抗CHF室性心律失常;其机制可能与VOL可增加心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L)有关。     

丹参、美托洛尔对大鼠心肌缺血坏死区干细胞修复的影响

目的:探讨丹参(danshen)、美托洛尔(metoprolol)药物干预对异丙肾上腺素诱导大鼠心缺血坏死区干细胞修复的影响.方法:健康SD大鼠40只,按4mg/kg的剂量连续腹腔注射盐酸异丙肾上腺素(ISO)7 d制备大鼠心肌缺血模型,将造模成功的32只大鼠随机分为4组,异丙肾上腺素对照组(ISO组),丹参干预组(Danshen组),美托洛尔干预组(Meto组),丹参+美托洛尔联合干预组(Danshen+-Meto组).H-E染色比较各组心室肌缺血坏死区大小、免疫荧光观察缺血坏死区c-kit、CD34干细胞标记物及心肌早期转录因子GATA-4和心肌缝隙连接蛋白connexin 43的表达情况.结果:与ISO组比较,其他3组大鼠心肌组织H-E染色心室内膜下缺血面积减小,免疫荧光观察显示缺血区及缺血周边表面标记物c-kit、CD34阳性干细胞增多,缺血区可观察到GATA-4及connexin 43的表达.结论:丹参、美托洛尔能促进心肌缺血坏死区干细胞的迁移和增殖,并最终形成具心肌细胞特征的“心肌样细胞”.     

肾上腺髓质素对内毒素性休克大鼠心肌细胞β-肾上腺素受体激动剂反应性的影响

目的: 研究肾上腺髓质素(ADM)对内毒素性休克大鼠心肌细胞β-肾上腺素受体激动剂反应性的影响。方法: 成年SD大鼠腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS 10 mg/kg) 4 h后,分离心室肌细胞。用细胞缩短的方法观察ADM对心肌收缩的影响。以细胞内cAMP的水平为指标,研究ADM对内毒素性休克大鼠心肌细胞β-肾上腺素受体激动剂反应性的影响。结果: 休克心肌细胞细胞缩短程度较正常心肌细胞明显减弱。ADM孵育心肌细胞时间超过60min具有明显的负性肌力作用。特异性ADM受体拮抗剂ADM-(22-52)可取消上述两种负性肌力作用。休克心肌细胞cAMP基础水平较正常心肌细胞降低(P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,用1 μmol/L异丙肾上腺素(Iso)刺激内毒素性休克大鼠的β-肾上腺素受体, cAMP的增加明显减少(P<0.01)。1 μmol/L forskolin 增加cAMP的作用在2组间没有显著变化(P>0.05)。ADM-(22-52)可使内毒素性休克时心肌细胞对β-肾上腺素受体激动剂降低的反应性得到恢复。结论: 内毒素性休克时过量产生的ADM使大鼠心肌细胞收缩减弱,有可能是ADM使大鼠心肌细胞对β-肾上腺素受体刺激的反应性降低所致。     

白藜芦醇减轻异丙肾上腺素诱导的大鼠心肌细胞肥大

目的探讨白藜芦醇(RES)对异丙肾上腺素(ISO)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞肥大的保护作用及对心肌肥大时内质网应激相关因子GRP78和GRP94表达的影响。方法建立ISO诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大模型,将乳鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照组、异丙肾上腺素组(加入ISO 0.3μg/m L作用48 h)、白藜芦醇干预组(RES 11.4μg/m L作用48 h)和白藜芦醇对照组。采用Leica 2Q500图像分析系统检测心肌细胞表面积和心肌肥大标志基因心房钠尿肽(ANP)表达,评价心肌细胞肥大程度;检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;实时定量PCR,检测ANP mRNA基因表达和Western blot分析GRP78和GRP94的蛋白表达。结果异丙肾上腺素注射液组与正常对照组比较,ISO作用心肌细胞48 h诱导心肌细胞肥大后,内质网应激相关因子GRP78和GRP94蛋白表达均增高(P0.01,P0.05);白藜芦醇干预组与异丙肾上腺素组比较,RES干预可以有效抑制ISO诱导的心肌细胞肥大(P0.05);同时降低GRP78和GRP94的蛋白表达(P0.05,P0.01),减少细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)的释放(P0.05)。结论 RES通过抑制心肌细胞内质网GRP78和GRP94表达,发挥对心肌肥大的保护作用。     

休克血浆对豚鼠心脏乳头状肌的电生理效应及红花的干预作用

目的探讨红花对休克血浆(SP)所致豚鼠心室肌电生理改变的拮抗作用。方法利用常规的玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,观察SP对豚鼠心室乳头状肌静息电位(RP)、超射(OS)、动作电位幅值(APA)、复极50%和90%(APS50,APD90)及动作电位时程(APD)的影响。结果SP灌流液时,豚鼠心室乳头状肌细胞动作电位的APA、OS均显著升高,APD50、APD90、APD明显延长,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。当灌流液依次加入不同浓度(2.5、5、10g%)的红花注射液后,由SP引起的APA、OS升高出现明显变低,动作电位时程明显长于SP组,尤其是APD90、APD延长更为明显(P<0.01),此作用在浓度为10g%时达到最强,且呈浓度依赖性。结论休克血浆能明显改变正常豚鼠心室肌的电生理特性,而红花注射液则可明显拮抗SP所致豚鼠心室乳头状肌动作电位改变,对心肌具有一定保护作用。     

四逆汤对异丙肾上腺素引起的大鼠心肌纤维化和TGF-β_1表达的影响

目的:观察四逆汤对异丙肾上腺素引起的大鼠心肌纤维化的干预作用并探讨其相关机制。方法:Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和四逆汤组。模型组及四逆汤组给予注射异丙肾上腺素,而对照组注射生理盐水。四逆汤组给予四逆汤灌胃,对照组和模型组均给予生理盐水灌胃。4周后,各组测定左室心功能、心肌羟脯氨酸水平;测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)水平;通过免疫组化方法检测心肌TGF-β1蛋白的表达;RT-PCR法检测TGF-β1mRNA表达。结果:(1)模型组羟脯氨酸水平明显高于对照组和四逆汤组,而四逆汤组明显高于对照组(P0.05);(2)四逆汤组与模型组比较,明显改善心肌舒张功能(P0.05);(3)模型组血浆AngⅡ及TGF-β1水平明显高于四逆汤组和对照组(P0.05);(4)模型组心肌TGF-β1蛋白和mR-NA表达明显高于四逆汤组和对照组(P0.05)。结论:四逆汤可以有效抑制异丙肾上腺素所致的大鼠心肌纤维化,其机制可能与减少AngⅡ生成,抑制大鼠心肌TGF-β1的表达有关。     

白藜芦醇对心肌肥大细胞内质网应激时GRP78和GRP94表达的影响

目的:探讨白藜芦醇对异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞肥大的保护作用及对心肌肥大时内质网应激相关因子GRP78和GRP94表达的影响。方法:利用异丙肾上腺素诱导乳鼠心肌细胞建立心肌肥大细胞模型,将心肌细胞分为正常对照组、模型组(加入异丙肾上腺素0.3 mg/L作用48 h),白藜芦醇+异丙肾上腺素组(加入异丙肾上腺素0.3 mg/L和白藜芦醇11.4 mg/L作用48 h)和白藜芦醇对照组(加入白藜芦醇11.4 mg/L)。检测心肌细胞表面积和心肌肥大标志物ANP表达评价心肌细胞肥大程度,检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;Western blot分析GRP78和GRP94的蛋白表达。结果:模型组与正常组比较,异丙肾上腺素作用心肌细胞48 h诱导心肌细胞肥大,内质网应激相关因子GRP78和GRP94蛋白表达均增高;白藜芦醇+异丙肾上腺素组与模型组比较,白藜芦醇(11.4 mg/L)干预可以有效抑制异丙肾上腺素诱导的细胞肥大,同时降低GRP78和GRP94的蛋白表达,减少细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶LDH和MDA的释放。结论:白藜芦醇通过抑制内质网应激相关因子GRP78和GRP94表达,减轻自由基生成发挥对心肌肥大的保护作用。     

美托洛尔对充血性心力衰竭大鼠血浆醛固酮浓度、心肌纤维化和心室重构的影响

目的:探讨美托洛尔对充血性心力衰竭(CHF)大鼠血浆醛固酮(ALD)浓度的影响及防治心肌纤维化及心室重构的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠30只,随机选择20只皮下注射异丙基肾上腺素二次(170mg/kg/次),6周后左室射血分数≤45%确定造模成功;将模型大鼠随机分为模型组(n=10)和美托洛尔治疗组(n=10,8mg/kg/天,共治疗12周);另10只大鼠作为正常对照组。18周后进行心功能指标、血浆ALD浓度检测,并取心肌观察组织形态学及胶原纤维染色。结果:(1)与对照组相比,模型组心功能指标明显恶化,血浆ALD显著升高(P0.01),心肌纤维化和心室重构明显;(2)与模型组比较,美托洛尔组心功能明显好转,血浆ALD明显下降(P0.01),心肌纤维化和心室重构明显改善。结论:美托洛尔能通过降低CHF大鼠血浆ALD浓度而改善心功能,逆转心室重塑。     

扎考必利对哇巴因诱发的成年大鼠心律失常的抑制作用

目的:观察内向整流钾通道激动剂扎考必利(zacopride)对哇巴因(ouabain)诱发的成年大鼠心律失常的影响,并探讨其电生理机制。方法:利用ouabain建立成年大鼠离体和在体心律失常模型,观察zacopride对各类心律失常的作用。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,观察zacopride对大鼠单个心室肌细胞内向整流钾电流(I_(K1))、静息膜电位(RMP)及延迟后除极(DADs)的影响。结果:浓度为1μmol/L的zacopride使ouabain诱发的离体心脏期前收缩个数、室速和室颤持续时间及发生率均显著降低(P0.05)。在麻醉大鼠,15μg/kg的zacopride使ouabain诱发的期前收缩个数、室速和室颤持续时间及发生率均显著降低(P0.05)。Ouabain使I_(K1)明显减小(P0.05),而0.1~10μmol/L zacopride可部分恢复甚至完全逆转ouabain对I_(K1)的抑制作用,其中1μmol/L为最大效应浓度。Ouabain使RMP减小(P0.05),应用zacopride(0.1~10μmol/L)后,RMP呈不同程度地增大,zacopride在1μmol/L时达最大效应浓度,使RMP增大至接近正常水平。1μmol/L的zacopride可有效抑制ouabain诱发的成年大鼠心室肌细胞DADs,使其发生率由91.67%下降至12.50%(P0.05);在灌流液中加入1μmol/L BaCl_2后,DADs再次出现。结论:内向整流钾通道激动剂zacopride对ouabain诱发的成年大鼠室性心律失常具有明显抑制作用,其机制与zacopride适度增强I_(K1)、使RMP负值增大并抑制DADs有关。     

扎考比利改善压力超负荷致大鼠心室重构的作用

目的:研究扎考比利(zacopride,ZAC)对腹主动脉缩窄所致大鼠压力超负荷性心室重构的改善作用。方法:通过腹主动脉缩窄构建大鼠压力超负荷心室重构模型,预防性给予ZAC、氯喹(chloroquine,Chlor)及ZAC+Chlor。连续给药8周,超声心动图评价心功能;计算心重/体重比(HW/BW)和左心室/体重比(LVW/BW);左心室心肌组织HE染色;透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构;Western blot检测大鼠心肌组织内向整流钾通道(IK1)蛋白表达;RT-PCR法检测心肌组织Kir2.1的mRNA表达。结果:与模型(vehicle)组相比,ZAC组大鼠心功能明显改善,LVEDS和LVEDD明显降低(P 0.05),LVEF和LVFS显著升高(P 0.01),HW/BW和LVW/BW显著降低(P 0.05),心肌肥大程度降低,心肌细胞横断面积明显减小(P 0.01),心肌超微结构明显改善。Chlor明显阻断了ZAC对腹主动脉缩窄所致压力超负荷大鼠心室重构的保护作用。与vehicle组相比,ZAC组大鼠心肌组织IK1蛋白表达和Kir2.1的mRNA显著升高(P 0.01)。结论:心肌IK1激动剂ZAC显著减轻大鼠左心室压力超负荷诱发的心室重构。     

The role of Ca2+ in the generation of spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations

Astrocytes in the rat thalamus display spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations that are due to intracellular release, but are not dependent on neuronal activity. In this study we have investigated the mechanisms involved in these spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations using slices loaded with Fluo-4 AM (5 μM) and confocal microscopy. Bafilomycin A1 incubation had no effect on the number of spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations indicating that they were not dependent on vesicular neurotransmitter release. Oscillations were also unaffected by ryanodine. Phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition decreased the number of astrocytes responding to metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation but did not reduce the number of spontaneously active astrocytes, indicating that [Ca²⁺]_i increases are not due to membrane-coupled PLC activation. Spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i increases were abolished by an IP3 receptor antagonist, whilst the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride prolonged their duration, indicating a role for PKC and inositol 1,4,5,-triphosphate receptor activation. BayK8644 increased the number of astrocytes exhibiting [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations, and prolonged the responses to mGluR activation, indicating a possible effect on store-operated Ca²⁺ entry. Increasing [Ca²⁺]_o increased the number of spontaneously active astrocytes and the number of transients exhibited by each astrocyte. Inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase by cyclopiazonic acid also induced [Ca²⁺]_i transients in astrocytes indicating a role for cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ in the induction of spontaneous oscillations. Incubation with 20 μM Fluo-4 reduced the number of astrocytes exhibiting spontaneous increases.

This study indicates that Ca²⁺ has a role in triggering Ca²⁺ release from an inositol 1,4,5,-triphosphate sensitive store in astrocytes during the generation of spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations.     

Vip Modulates Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Human Lymphoblasts

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been shown to stimulate adenylate cyclase in a human lymphoblast cell line (MOLT 4). In the present study, we monitored fluorescence in cell suspensions and in single fura-2 loaded MOLT 4 lymphoblasts to determine if VIP modulates intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i), and if this modulation is mediated by adenylate cyclase. The distribution of [Ca²⁺]_i in resting and stimulated cells was non-homogeneous, with gradients of high [Ca²⁺]_i present in the subplasmalemmal space. In a subset of cells (10-30% of all cells studied), [Ca²⁺]_i showed La³⁺-sensitive, temporal changes in the form of [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations with a baseline [Ca²⁺]_i value of 115±10 nM, an oscillation amplitude of 150±18 nM and a mean period of 9.2±2s. The remaining non-oscillating cells showed a constant [Ca²⁺]_i level of 75±5 nM (n=65 cells from 4 experiments). In the subset of cells with spontaneous [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations, VIP dose-dependendy (10^-12 to 10^-8M) increased the amplitude of oscillations but did not stimulate their frequency. The stimulatory effect of VIP was correlated with baseline [Ca²⁺]_i in these cells, was attenuated in the presence of La³⁺ (25 μM), but was unaffected by cell depolarization (126 mM KC1). Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10^-4 to 10^-3 M) and forskolin (10^-4M) had no effect on [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations, or on [Ca²⁺]_i in cells without oscillations. In cell suspensions, baseline [Ca²⁺]_i was found to be 55. 1±11.2 nM (meanS.E.M., n=11); VIP, cyclic AMP analogues or forskolin had no significant effect on [Ca²⁺]_i. These findings suggest that: a) VIP modulates the amplitude of [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations generated by a cytosolic [Ca²⁺] oscillator in a subset of cells at a concentration of 10^-12M, a thousand-fold below the K_D for the VIP receptor; b) baseline [Ca²⁺] values may be related to both the ability of cells to generate spontaneous [Ca²⁺] oscillations and of oscillating cells to respond to VIP; c) due to the small number of responding cells, VIP-induced [Ca²⁺]_i changes are not detectable when studied in cell suspensions.     

Zacopride增强心肌内向整流钾电流(I_(K1))发挥抗心律失常效应

目的:探讨zacopride对乌头碱、氯化钡药物性心律失常模型的影响和增强心肌内向整流钾电流(IK1)与其抗心律失常的关系。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳技术观测zacopride对大鼠心室肌细胞膜主要离子流及静息膜电位(RMP)、动作电位(AP)和乌头碱所致延迟后除极(DAD)及触发活动(TA)的影响。并观察zacopride对乌头碱(30μg/kg,iv)和氯化钡(4 mg/kg,iv)2种药物性心律失常的影响。结果:0.1-10.0μmol/L zacopride可浓度依赖性激活大鼠心室肌IK1(P0.01),而对INa、Ito、ICa-L等影响动作电位的主要离子流均无显著影响(P0.05);使心室肌细胞膜超极化,动作电位时程(APD)缩短。1.0μmol/L为其最大效应浓度,使IK1内向电流部分(-100mV)增大33.8%,外向电流部分(-60 mV)增大32.4%;RMP由(-81.3±0.9)mV增大至(-87.5±1.7)mV,APD90由(32.48±2.70)ms缩短至(25.61±3.97)ms(P0.01),并有效消除乌头碱所致延迟后除极(DAD)和触发活动(TA)。对于乌头碱、氯化钡所致心律失常,15μg/kg zacopride可使2种心律失常持续时间分别由(57.58±3.21)min、(49.31±2.46)min缩短至(38.25±2.59)min和(30.94±1.73)min(P0.01)。结论:Zacopride对乌头碱、氯化钡药物性心律失常的抑制作用是由其激活心肌细胞IK1进而增大静息膜电位介导的。增强心室肌IK1可能成为抗心律失常的新机制。     

Zacopride缺血后适应抑制大鼠缺血/再灌注性心律失常

目的:探讨心肌内向整流钾通道(K_(ir))激动剂zacopride缺血后适应对大鼠缺血/再灌注性心律失常的影响及可能的电生理学机制。方法:SD大鼠Langendorff离体灌流心脏和在体麻醉大鼠冠状动脉左前降支结扎15 min后松扎15 min诱发缺血/再灌注性心律失常。在冠状动脉左前降支松扎前3 min给予zacopride,观察缺血后适应对再灌注性心律失常的影响。胶原酶法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察zacopride对心室肌细胞缺氧/复氧致延迟后除极的影响和对细胞膜表面ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)的影响。结果:大鼠离体心脏再灌注时预先给予0.1~10μmol/L zacopride可有效抑制再灌注性心律失常的发生。其中0.1μmol/L zacopride为最大效应浓度,可使期前收缩数减少,室速和室颤发生率均下降,持续时间均缩短;再灌前3 min将1μmol/L BaCl_2和0.1μmol/L zacopride同时灌流心脏,BaCl_2可部分逆转zacopride的保护效应(P0.01),表明zacopride的后适应保护与其增强K_(ir)电流的作用有关。在1.5~5μg/kg剂量范围内,zacopride对大鼠在体再灌注诱发的室速和室颤有明显抑制效应,但对期前收缩数无明显影响。1.5μg/kg zacopride抗心律失常的效应与阳性对照药利多卡因(7.5 mg/kg)相似。进一步研究发现zacopride可有效抑制缺氧/复氧所致心室肌细胞延迟后除极,降低其发生率(P0.01)。Zacopride的上述效应与K_(ATP)无关。结论:Zacopride对大鼠缺血/再灌注性心律失常的抑制作用是由激活心肌细胞K_(ir)介导的。激活K_(ir)并消除延迟后除极所诱发的触发性活动可能是zacopride缺血后适应的主要机制。     

肿瘤坏死因子α通过PI3K-IP3R-Ca2+途径诱导乳鼠心肌肥大

 目的: 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)是否通过PI3K-IP₃R-Ca²⁺信号途径诱导心肌肥大。方法: 以培养的乳鼠心肌细胞为模型,采用Lowry法测心肌细胞蛋白含量;[³H]-亮氨酸掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白合成;计算机图像分析系统测心肌细胞体积;Till阳离子测定系统测定心肌细胞内Ca²⁺浓度。结果: PI3K阻断剂LY294002(50 μmol/L)明显抑制TNF-α(100 μg/L)诱导的心肌[Ca²⁺]_i增高(P<0.01),对正常心肌[Ca²⁺]_i无明显影响;其抑制程度与合用2-氨基乙基二苯硼酸盐(2-APB)组相近,但小于与兰尼碱(RYA)合用组(P<0.05)。PI3K阻断剂LY294002(50 μmol/L)明显抑制TNF-α(100 μg/L)诱导的心肌细胞蛋白含量、蛋白合成及细胞体积的增加;其抑制程度与合用2-APB组无差异,但明显大于单用2-APB组,小于合用RYA组(P<0.05)。PI3K阻断剂LY294002(50 μmol/L)对正常心肌细胞蛋白含量、蛋白合成及细胞体积无明显影响。结论: TNF-α通过PI3K-IP₃R-Ca²⁺途径诱导心肌肥大。     

Aging does not alter cytosolic calcium levels of cortical synaptosomes in Fischer 344 rats

Several lines of experimental evidence support an association between altered Ca²⁺ regulation and aging. It has been supposed that free cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i) may decrease or increase in aged animals. In this study, both resting and KCl-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i were measured in purified cortical synaptosomes from young (3 mo.), middle-aged (12 mo.), and old (24 mo.) Fischer 344 rats. Two additional groups of rats were included, one middle-aged and one old which were trained on a treadmill for 6 months prior to experimentation. The [Ca²⁺]_i was determined using the fluorescent Ca²⁺ chelator fura-2. Net KCl-dependent changes (ΔK) in [Ca²⁺]_i were determined by the difference between stimulatory (100 μM Ca²⁺/60 mM KCl) and resting (100 μM Ca²⁺/5 mM KCl buffer) conditions among the 3 age groups. Significant increases in [Ca²⁺]_i were observed in each age group upon depolarization with 60 mM KCl. However, there were no significant age-dependent differences in either resting [Ca²⁺]_i or KCl-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i.     

Measurements of intracellular calcium in sensory neurons of adult and old rats

Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) was measured using fluorescent digital imaging microscopy in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from animals of two age groups (adult: seven months; and old: 30 months). Neurons were enzymatically isolated and maintained in primary culture for 14 days. Cultured neurons were loaded with the fluorescent dye, Fura-2. The spatial distribution of resting [Ca²⁺]_i was even in both adult and old rats, but the value of cytoplasmic free calcium in old neurons was significantly higher (207 ± 37 nmol/l vs96 ± 23 nmol/l) in comparison with adult ones. Depolarization with 50 mmol/l K⁺ produced a rapid increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in all neurons, but the values of depolarization-induced increase of [Ca²⁺]_i in old neurons were significantly lower (423 ± 54 nmol/l) compared with cells isolated from adult rats (1011 ± 91 nmol/l). The time of the complete restoration of [Ca²⁺]_i to the resting level was 10-times longer in old neurons. The caffeine-induced rise of intracellular calcium was somewhat higher in neurons from old animals, and its restoration to normal level was delayed.

The findings indicate a substantial alteration of the mechanisms of regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis with neuronal ageing.