广西9～15岁侗族儿童青少年跟骨超声骨密度测定及其影响因素

目的 :了解侗族儿童青少年超声骨密度的变化规律及其影响因素。方法 :采取定量超声技术(QUS)测定广西750名9～15岁侗族儿童青少年的跟骨QUS参数超声振幅衰减系数(BUA),同时测量身高及采用生物电阻抗法测量体成分。结果 :9～15岁侗族儿童青少年BUA值随年龄的增长而增加。男、女13、14岁同年龄组BUA差异有统计学意义。9～15岁男、女生BUA与年龄、体质量、身高、BMI、肌肉量和脂肪量均呈正相关。结论 :年龄和体质量是影响侗族儿童青少年跟骨BUA的重要因素。本研究获得侗族儿童青少年定量超声BUA正常参考值,为侗族儿童少年骨质疏松症诊疗提供依据,为指导和改善侗族儿童青少年钙营养提供依据。     

甘肃及西藏藏族成人体成分分析

目的收集我国藏族居民体成分数据并比较甘肃、西藏藏族成人体成分各指标差异,揭示藏族成人体成分分布的特点。方法采用整群抽样法抽取西藏藏族自治区日喀则市,甘肃省甘南藏族自治州、天祝藏族自治县藏族成年居民共814名,采用生物电阻抗法检测受试者体成分各项指标,比较两省区藏族成年人体成分数据的差异。结果藏族成年男性身体质量指数(BMI)、去脂体重、体脂肪率、内脏脂肪量、皮下脂肪量、肌肉量、身体水分及蛋白质量、腰臀比(WHR)均在40~50岁达到峰值,基础代谢在40~50岁后随着年龄的增长下降,细胞内外液比值(E/I)随年龄的增长而升高;女性去脂体重、肌肉量、基础代谢在30~40岁达到高峰,身体水分量在40~50岁达到最大值;BMI、体脂肪率、内脏脂肪量、皮下脂肪量、WHR及E/I均随年龄的增高而升高,而蛋白质量随年龄增高而下降。甘肃藏族BMI、去脂体重、肌肉量、皮下脂肪量、内脏脂肪量、身体水分、基础代谢、超重肥胖比率均高于西藏藏族,西藏藏族成人WHR过高的比率高于甘肃藏族,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论我国藏族成人男性及女性体成分中脂肪相关指标随年龄增长分别呈正弦曲线及单向增高变化;不同地域藏族成人体成分也存在差异,甘肃藏族成人体成分多项指标尤其是大部分体脂肪相关指标高于西藏藏族成人,可能会导致甘肃藏族成人慢性病发病率较高。     

广西河池地区仫佬族7～15岁正常儿童青少年跟骨超声骨密度及其影响因素

目的:了解仫佬族学生超声骨密度的变化规律及其影响因素.方法:按年龄进行分组,以1岁作为1个年龄段.采用定量超声技术(QUS)测定长居广西河池市罗城县四把镇的956名(男465,女491)7～15岁正常儿童的跟骨QUS参数超声振幅衰减系数(BUA),同时测量受检者身高和体质量.结果:7～15岁仫佬族男、女学生BUA值随年龄的增长而增加.男、女生各年龄段的BUA值差异无统计学意义,同性别相邻的2个年龄组间无统计学意义,同年龄不同性别间亦无统计学意义.7～15岁男、女生BUA与年龄、身高、体质量和BMI均呈正相关(P＜0.01),年龄、身高和体质量是超声骨密度参数的主要决定因素.结论:年龄、身高和体质量是影响儿童青少年骨密度的重要因素;本研究获得仫佬族学生定量超声BUA正常参考值,为仫佬族儿童少年骨质疏松症诊疗提供依据,为指导和改善仫佬族学生钙营养提供依据.     

拉萨藏族儿童青少年掌骨皮质厚度的X线测量

目的:通过测量各掌骨皮质厚度,探讨拉萨藏族儿童青少年的骨发育状况.方法:随机抽取拉萨地区7～20岁儿童青少年1361例(男性674例,女性687例),拍摄左手X线片,测量各掌骨宽和髓腔宽,计算皮质厚度和骨皮质指数,用SPSS软件包统计学分析.结果:掌骨宽、髓腔宽、骨皮质厚度随年龄逐渐增大,15岁以后各掌骨宽和髓腔宽性别差异有统计学意义,男性大于女性.与其他掌骨比较,骨皮质厚度以第2掌骨最具代表性,处于领先地位.骨皮质指数拉萨藏族男性11岁以前大于哈尔滨市和黑龙江农村同龄人群,差异具有统计学意义.女性青春期以前也大于上述两地区,17～18岁低于上述两地区人群,差异具有统计学意义.结论:掌骨宽、髓腔宽、骨皮质厚度随年龄递增,15岁以后各掌骨宽和髓腔宽存在性别差异;第2掌骨骨皮质厚度处于领先地位.     

拉萨藏族成人体成分现状

目的:了解拉萨藏族成人体成分现状,进一步探讨拉萨藏族与锦州汉族体成分差异。方法:随机抽取拉萨藏族健康成人1 149例(男为560例,女为589例),采用生物电阻抗法对所有受试者进行体成分的测量。所得数据经SPSS 20.0统计软件包进行统计学处理。结果:拉萨藏族成年男性除脂肪量、体脂率低于女性外,其他各项指标均高于女性,且性别间差异具有统计学意义。随着年龄增加,拉萨藏族成年男女性身高、蛋白质含量均逐渐降低,去脂体质量保持相对稳定,身体水分变化幅度相对较小;体质量、肌肉量、骨含量男性在30岁组、女性在40岁组达峰值,之后呈逐渐降低趋势;身体质量指数随年龄增加呈波动变化,男性30岁组出现1次小高峰,50岁组达峰值后开始下降,女性则是40岁组达峰值后出现一过性下降,50岁组后又开始呈增加趋势。男性脂肪含量出现2次高峰,分别是30岁组和50岁组,之后开始下降;体脂肪率随年龄增长呈增加趋势,50岁后女性增加幅度更明显,但男性呈下降趋势。拉萨藏族成人体成分各指标均值均低于锦州汉族成人男、女性,且差异具有统计学意义。结论:拉萨藏族成人体成分随年龄的增长发生变化,尤其在30、40岁年龄组变化明显;藏汉族体成分差异的原因,可能与两地居民生活环境、经济文化水平不同有关,尤其是海拔的差异可能是主要原因。     

西藏藏族成人体成分与骨量异常的相关性

目的探讨西藏藏族成人骨强度指数的变化特点,并分析骨量异常与体成分的相关性。方法抽取西藏藏族自治区日喀则市藏族成人560例,采用生物电阻抗分析仪及超声骨密度仪分别测量被研究者体成分各指标及右足跟骨骨强度指数、T值等,采用非条件Logistic回归法分析骨量异常与体成分间的关系。结果西藏藏族男女性成人骨强度指数均在18~30岁达到峰值,之后随年龄增长而下降;50岁以上男女性骨质疏松症检出率分别为7.6%及11.7%;Binary Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(B=0.046,OR=1.047,P0.01)、内脏脂肪量(B=0.452,OR=1.572,P0.05)是西藏藏族成人发生骨量异常的危险因素,而皮下脂肪含量(B=-0.181,OR=0.835,P0.01)及肌肉量(B=-0.055,OR=0.947,P0.05)是骨量异常的保护性因素,腰臀比与骨量异常无相关性。结论西藏藏族50岁以上人群骨质疏松症发病率相对国内其他报道的民族同龄人群较低;内脏脂肪量越高、皮下脂肪量及肌肉量越低者,发生骨量下降及骨质疏松症的危险性越高。     

兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数特点及其与体成分的关系

目的调查分析兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数特点及其与体成分之间的关系,为该地区骨质疏松的预防和干预提供参考依据。方法采用超声骨密度仪及生物电阻抗分析仪测量2291例(男1021例,女1270例)兰州市汉族成人右足跟骨骨强度指数及体成分等相关指标,采用多元逐步回归法分析骨强度指数与体成分各指标之间的关系。结果兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数随年龄增长而持续降低,峰值骨量出现在20~30岁。其中男性20~30岁和50~60岁两个年龄段骨强度指数下降较快,而女性50岁后骨强度指数迅速下降;兰州市汉族男性各年龄组骨强度指数均高于同龄组女性。与采用相同方法测量其他民族、地区人群有关指标进行比较得知,兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数值和兰州汉族女性峰值骨量值均较低。多元线性回归分析显示,肌肉含量、皮下脂肪、身体质量指数与骨强度指数呈正相关,内脏脂肪与骨强度指数呈反比。结论兰州市汉族成人骨强度指数和兰州市汉族女性峰值骨量均处于较低水平,且峰值骨量出现的年龄较早,50岁以后女性是骨质疏松的危险人群;肌肉量、皮下脂肪量以及BMI是骨质疏松发病的保护性因素,而内脏脂肪量是骨质疏松发病的危险因素。     

健康绝经妇女体成分差异对跟骨骨密度的影响

目的探讨锦州市健康绝经妇女身体质量指数(BMI)、左下肢肌肉含量及脂肪含量等身体组成成分与左侧跟骨骨密度(BMD)的关系。方法使用体成分仪及骨密度仪测量421例健康绝经妇女的体成分和左侧跟骨骨密度。结论左侧跟骨BMD与年龄呈负相关,与左下肢肌肉量、BMI呈正相关关系,而与左下肢脂肪量没有相关性。结论 BMI是影响绝经妇女BMD的重要因素,加强运动、增加身体肌肉含量对预防骨质疏松有重要作用。     

RWT法评价拉萨藏族儿童青少年膝部骨龄

目的：探讨拉萨藏族儿童青少年膝部骨发育规律。方法：随机选取世居拉萨、父母为藏族的7～21岁儿童青少年1 496名为研究对象,拍摄膝部X线片,以RWT法评价膝部骨龄。结果：骨龄与日历年龄高度相关；各年龄组骨龄显著小于日历年龄；骨龄存在性别差异。结论：RWT法可以预测骨龄；托萨藏族儿童青少年膝部骨龄小于日历年龄,提示该地区骨发育存在延缓的特点。     

布依族的人体组成成分分析

目的 :研究布依族人体组成成分现状与特点。方法 :随机抽取贵州黔西南布依族832例(男338例,女494例),采用生物电阻抗法进行人体组成成分测量。运用SPSS18.0统计软件对数据进行统计学处理。结果 :布依族男性、女性全身脂肪分布特点均为躯干脂肪率、下肢脂肪率高于上肢脂肪率,男性身高、体质量、总肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、内脏脂肪等级、四肢肌肉量和躯干肌肉量均高于女性,四肢脂肪率、总体脂率及身体质量指数(BMI)女性则明显高于男性。随年龄增长,身高、体质量、四肢脂肪率和肌肉量、总肌肉量、骨量、总能量代谢呈下降趋势,内脏脂肪等级增加。结论:贵州黔西南布依族男性、女性总体脂率、BMI值均在国际规定肥胖判定标准的正常范围,与云南布朗族、河南回族、辽宁喀喇沁左翼蒙古族、昆明汉族相比偏低,与海南黎族相近。     

Body composition characteristics are associated with the bone density of the proximal femur end in middle- and old-aged women and men

OBJECTIVES: In the present study the associations between bone density of the proximal femur end and weight status, fat distribution patterns (FDI) and body composition parameters i.e. amount of body fat and lean body mass were tested in a sample of old aged women and men. METHODS: In 77 healthy women ranging in age from 60 to 92 years (x=71.8 years) and 62 healthy men ranging in age from 60 to 86 years (x=71.5 years) the bone mineral density (BMD of the proximal femur end and the body composition parameters absolute fat mass, relative fat mass, lean body mass and bone mineral content were estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Additionally, the weight status (body mass index, BMI) and the FDI were calculated. The bone density of the proximal femur end was correlated with the absolute fat mass and the lean body mass as well as with the BMI and the FDI. RESULTS: BMD correlated in females significantly positively with parameters of body composition, in males no significant correlations between fat mass (absolute and relative) and BMD as well as BMD/stature was found. Furthermore, it was shown that the weight status (BMI; r(2)=0.13, P<0.0003 in males and r(2)=0.27, P<0.000 in females), and the lean body mass (r(2)=0.21, P<0.001 in males, r(2)=0.36, P<0.004 in females) were associated significantly positively with the BMD of the proximal femur end in both sexes. The absolute fat mass had a significant impact on BMD in the female subsample only (r(2)=0.24, P<0.000). CONCLUSIONS: A lower weight status and a low amount of lean body mass, indicating not only lack of biomechanical forces of the proximal femur end, but also a lack of physical activity can be assumed to be associated increased bone loss and the development of osteoporosis in both sexes. An association between low amount of fat tissue and decreased BMD was especially found in women and may be due to the reduced conversion rates from androgens to estrogens in a low amount of fat tissue.     

甘肃裕固族成人骨强度和体成分变化特点及相关性分析

目的分析甘肃裕固族成人骨强度和体成分随年龄变化特征并探讨骨强度与体成分的相关性。方法2015年7月至2016年8月选取甘肃省肃南裕固族自治县成人725例(男性354例,女性371例),年龄20~86岁,采用超声骨密度仪和生物电阻抗分析仪,分别测量跟骨骨强度及体成分指标。结果甘肃裕固族成年男性骨强度在20~29岁低于女性(P0.05),50岁后高于女性(P0.01);男性各年龄段的肌肉量均高于女性(P0.01);各年龄段的总脂肪量、皮下脂肪含量均低于女性(P0.01);内脏脂肪含量仅在20~29岁及70岁后低于女性(P0.01)。男女骨强度分别在30~39岁和20~29岁达峰值、50~59岁和40~49岁开始较前出现差异(P0.05),男性在70岁后和女性在50岁后骨强度低于之前各年龄组(P0.01)。男性躯干及四肢肌肉量均在40~49岁及60~69岁呈现双峰,女性躯干及四肢肌肉量均在40~49岁达峰值。甘肃裕固族成年身体各部位的脂肪含量变化同步,男女性分别在60~69岁和50~59岁达峰值。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,骨强度与四肢肌肉量和皮下脂肪量正相关(P0.01),与内脏脂肪量负相关(P0.01)。结论随年龄增长,甘肃裕固族成人身体各部位的同种体成分呈同步变化,女性骨强度较男性下降时间早且速度快。裕固族成人骨强度由肌肉和脂肪共同决定且与其分布部位有关。裕固族70岁以上男性及50岁以上女性是骨质疏松性防治的重点人群;男女性应分别从50岁后和40岁后应加强肢体锻炼、增加四肢肌肉量、控制内脏脂肪,预防骨质疏松。     

Precedence of bone loss over changes in body composition and body fat distribution within a few years after menopause

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena with a few years after menopause: bone mineral loss, decrease in lean body mass, increase in body fat mass, or the shift toward upper body fat distribution. METHODS: Subjects were 64 postmenopausal women aged 50-53 years with right side dominance (mean age+/-S.D., 51.4+/-1.1 years), and 59 age-matched regularly menstruating premenopausal women (51.7+/-1.2 years) serving as controls. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)), age at menopause (in postmenopausal women), and years since menopause (YSM) were recorded. Anthropometries, bone mineral density (BMD), and body fat distribution were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Age at menopause and YSM in postmenopausal women were 51.7+/-1.2 and 2.3+/-1.7 years, respectively. Age, height, weight, BMI did not differ between the two groups. BMD of the bilateral arm, lumbar spine (L2-4), pelvis, and total body were significantly lower in postmenopausal women. However, leg BMD, trunk-leg fat ratio, body fat mass, and the lean body mass did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Within a few years after menopause, bone mineral loss precedes lean mass loss, increase in body fat mass, and a shift toward upper body fat distribution. We can say that bone tissue is more sensitive to hypogonadism than lean and fat tissues are.     

Short sleep duration and adiposity in Chinese adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between sleep duration and adiposity measurements in rural Chinese adolescents. METHODS: This report is based on a cross-sectional analysis of 500 Chinese adolescent twins. Anthropometric measurements and direct adiposity measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were taken for all subjects. Standard sleep questionnaires and a 7-day diary were administered to assess sleep duration. RESULTS: Sleep duration decreased with increasing age during adolescence, reaching a nadir at approximately 15 years of age. While BMI and body fat increased through the entire range of adolescence for both genders, after the age of 12, females had much higher amounts of total and truncal fat than males. Graphic plots showed that among females, both long and short sleepers tended to have higher adiposity measures than medium duration sleepers. The association of short sleep duration with higher adiposity measures was significant even after adjustment for covariates. This association was stronger for total and truncal fat and waist circumference (P < 0.05) than for BMI (P = 0.06). In contrast, consistent relationships between sleep duration and adiposity measures were not seen in males. CONCLUSION: Even in this relatively lean Chinese adolescent cohort, short sleep duration was significantly associated with higher adiposity measures and lower lean body mass in females. The results of this study indicate that the observed association between short sleep duration and higher BMI is most likely mediated by factors associated with total and central adiposity rather than lean body mass.     

Lean body mass and bone mineral density in physically exercising postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the relative contribution of body composition (lean and fat mass component) to postmenopausal bone mineral density (BMD) differs between women participating in physical exercise and sedentary women. METHODS: Subjects were 45 postmenopausal women participating in regular physical exercise and 89 sedentary controls aged 50-60 years. Baseline characteristics included age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI, Wt/Ht(2)), age at menopause, and years since menopause (YSM). Body fat mass, percentage of body fat, lean body mass, and lumbar spine BMD (L2-4) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Although age, height, weight, BMI, and YSM did not differ between the two groups, lean body mass and lumbar spine BMD were significantly higher (P<0.05 and <0.001, respectively), while body fat mass and percentage of body fat mass were significantly lower in exercising women than in sedentary controls (P<0.05 and <0.05, respectively). In exercising women, BMD was positively correlated with lean body mass (r=0.415, P<0.01) but not with body fat mass (r=0.155, NS). Conversely, in sedentary controls, BMD was correlated with body fat mass (r=0.251, P<0.05) and lean body mass (r=0.228, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lean body mass is a more significant determinant of postmenopausal BMD in physically exercising women than in sedentary women.     

Body composition characteristics and body fat distribution in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Body composition, fat distribution and bone mineral density were examined in lean women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compared with body composition and fat distribution characteristics of weight-matched lean controls. Ten women with PCOS and a body mass index (BMI) below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) and 10 healthy women with a BMI below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) matched for age and weight and BMI as controls were enrolled in this study. Body composition and bone density were measured by dual-energy- x-ray-absorptiometry and fat distribution patterns were calculated. Although matched for age, weight and BMI, lean PCOS patients showed a significantly higher amount of body fat and lower amount of lean body mass than the controls. The majority of PCOS patients showed an intermediate or android kind of fat distribution. Only 30% of the lean PCOS patients corresponded to the definition of gynoid fat distribution while this was true of all lean controls.     

Relative contribution of aging and menopause to changes in lean and fat mass in segmental regions

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the relative contribution of aging and menopause to the changes in lean and fat mass in segmental regions. Materials and methods: Subjects were 365 pre- and 201 postmenopausal Japanese women aged between 20 and 70 years old. Age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI, Wt/Ht²), age at menopause, years since menopause (YSM), and menopausal status were recorded. Lean and fat mass of the arms, trunk, legs, total body, and the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass amount (trunk–leg fat ratio) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Regional (arms, lumbar spine, pelvis, legs, and total body) bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by DEXA. Results: Total body lean mass and regional BMD decreased (P<0.001), while percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, and trunk–leg fat ratio increased (P<0.001) with aging and after menopause. On multiple regression analyses, trunk and total body lean mass were inversely correlated with menopausal status (P<0.001 and 0.05, respectively) but not with age. Trunk fat mass, trunk–leg fat ratio, and percentage of body fat were positively correlated with age (P<0.01) but not with menopausal status. Regional BMD were more inversely correlated with menopausal status (P<0.001) than age. Conclusion: Decrease in lean mass and BMD are more menopause-related, while the shift toward upper body fat distribution and overall adiposity are more age-related. Lean tissue is similar to bone tissue from the viewpoint of more undergoing menopausal effect.     

湘西州7~15岁土家族学生皮褶厚度及体成分分析*

目的：了解湘西州7~15 岁土家族学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育规律。方法：分层整群随机抽取湘西州7~15 岁土家族学生1 472 名（ 男生800 名,女生672 名）,测量身高、体质量和肱三头肌、肩胛下、腹部的皮褶厚度。 根据长岭和Brozek 公式估算体成分。结果：随着年龄的增长,土家族男生皮褶厚度在7~8 岁、9~11 岁、女生在 13~15 岁增长较为明显;多数年龄组皮褶厚度均值女生大于男生,7 岁、10 岁和13~15 岁等年龄组差异有统计学 意义。体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数均值女生高于男生,在7 岁、9 岁、13~15 岁等年龄组差异具有统计学意义。男 女生瘦体质量及其指数年龄变化曲线逐渐上升并出现2 次交叉,在12 岁交叉后比较差异有统计学意义。除男生体 脂率外,3 项皮褶与体成分各指标均与年龄呈正相关。与12 个族群比较,土家族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度与重庆汉 族和云南摩梭人、肩胛下皮褶厚度与重庆汉族和内蒙达斡尔族较为接近;而女生肱三头肌皮褶厚度与内蒙古达斡 尔族和广东瑶族、肩胛下皮褶厚度与潍坊汉族和广东瑶族较为接近。结论：湘西州土家族学生皮褶和体成分发育 符合儿童少年生长发育一般规律,并存在性别、年龄差异,体脂含量低于新疆维吾尔族等其他族群学生。