甲状腺上动脉的起始位置及临床意义

目的　探讨甲状腺上动脉的起始情况及其临床意义。 方法　解剖118具用福尔马林固定的尸体的双侧颈区,观察甲状腺上动脉的起始情况以及起始部位到颈总动脉分叉处的距离,并进行统计学分析。 结果　甲状腺上动脉的起始情况可分为颈总动脉分叉处（A）、颈外动脉（B）和颈总动脉（C）三种,所占比例分别为30.93%,37.71%和30.51%;左右两侧甲状腺上动脉起始情况分布有显著差异（P<0.05）;起始于颈外动脉的甲状腺上动脉起始处距颈总动脉分叉处的距离小于起始于颈总动脉的甲状腺上动脉起始处距颈总动脉分叉处的距离。 结论　甲状腺上动脉是头颈部外科手术中具有重要临床意义的动脉,其回顾性分析将为临床应用提供解剖学依据。     

颈动脉分叉区域的神经血管解剖及其对颈动脉内膜剥脱术的临床意义

目的　通过对尸体标本的颈动脉分叉区域内的神经、血管进行解剖研究,为安全有效地开展颈动脉内膜剥脱术提供形态学依据及解剖学基础。 方法 选取20例（40侧）无明确心、脑血管疾患的尸体解剖标本（男11例、女9例）,采取颈动脉内膜剥脱术式入路对颈动脉分叉区域内的神经、血管进行解剖研究,明确血管和神经的形态学及结构特点。 结果 颈总动脉分叉部形态可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,分别占比为10%、52.5%、37.5%。分叉位置以甲状软骨为界,左侧颈总动脉分叉部高度在其上缘以上、平上缘和上缘以下的占比分别为55%、37.5%、7.5%;相较之下右侧分别为62.5%、27.5%、10%。男性颈总、颈内、颈外动脉内径均大于女性（P<0.05）;男性颈动脉分叉角度大于女性（P<0.05 ）。双侧颈总、颈内、颈外动脉内径相比无统计学意义（P>0.0 5）;左侧颈动脉分叉角度大于右侧（P<0.05）。 结论　通过对颈动脉分叉区域内的神经、血管进行解剖研究,对颈动脉内膜剥脱术术中血管与神经的保护具有重要的临床意义。     

Superior thyroid artery origin in Caucasian Greeks: A new classification proposal and review of the literature

Studies on the origin of the superior thyroid artery, define that it could originate either from the external carotid artery, (at the level of common carotid bifurcation), or from the common carotid artery. However, there is a classical anatomic knowledge that the superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery. Variability in the anatomy of the superior thyroid artery was studied on 100 carotids. Moreover, a review about the origin of superior thyroid artery between recent and previous cadaveric, autopsy, and angiographic studies, on adults and fetuses, was carried out. The superior thyroid artery originated from the external carotid artery in 39% and at the level of carotid bifurcation and common carotid artery in 61% of cases. The anterior branches of the external carotid artery were separate in 76% of cases, while common trunks between the arteries were found in 24% of the specimens. A new classification proposal on the origin of the superior thyroid artery is also suggested. In this study, the origin of superior thyroid artery is considered at the level of the carotid bifurcation and not from the external carotid artery as stated in many classical anatomy textbooks. This has a great impact on the terminology when referring to the anterior branches of the external carotid artery, which could be termed as anterior branches of the cervical carotid artery. Head and neck surgeons must be familiar with anatomical variations of the superior thyroid artery in order to achieve a better surgical outcome.     

Anatomic evaluation of the carotid artery bifurcation in cadavers: implications for open and endovascular therapy

Knowledge of carotid bifurcation (CB), common carotid artery (CCA) and its branches and their recognition during diagnostic imaging are also important for vascular surgical procedures in the region, such as carotid endarterectomy or radical neck dissection, catheterization and aneurysms. The surgical anatomy of the carotid arteries was studied in 20 cadavers. Micrometric values of the CB and its relation with surrounding structures, measurements belonging to the external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and metric data, such as lower face including the greater horn, laryngeal prominence have been evaluated by making linear measures. The diameter of the CCA at the CB under 2 cm and CB diameter was measured as 8.1 +/- 2.24 mm and 12.79 +/- 2.87 mm, respectively. Evaluating data related to the ICA and the ECA in samples, the aspect was measured the ICA and the ECA in the CB discrimination point as 21.52 +/- 20.53 degrees . In the most location of the ECA origin according to the ICA has been determined as medial position in 35 specimens. The origin of the superior thyroid artery (STA) was found to be at the same level with the CB in 40% and below it in 25% specimens. This study has provided measured objective criteria for the arterial features of the neck region, which are crucial during surgery. The origins of the branches of the CCA act as key landmarks for adequate and appropriate placement of the cross-clamp on the carotid arteries.     

A reassessment of cervical surface anatomy via CT scan in an adult population

Surface landmarks in the neck are important for orientations of cervical glands, arteries, veins, nerves, and vertebrae. Recent research suggests some orientations are not correct. What are the cervical landmark orientations in the Chinese population? In this study, two essential cervical anatomy planes, the thyroid cartilage and C7 planes, were assessed in living adult Chinese subjects using computed tomography (CT), and the hyoid, carotid bifurcation, cricoid cartilage, thyroid arteries, and vertebral artery were simultaneously positioned. After excluding patients with distorting pathology, a total of 108 cervical CT scans were examined. The thyroid cartilage plane commonly passed through the C5 (in males) or C4 (in females) vertebral level. The carotid artery bifurcated most commonly at C3 (left) or C4 (right), more than 10 mm above the thyroid cartilage plane bilaterally in most cases. Orientation of the carotid bifurcation according to the body or greater horn of the hyoid was more accurate. The superior thyroid artery was found a finger‐breadth below the thyroid cartilage plane, and the inferior thyroid artery in the C7 plane. The inferior border of the cricoid cartilage was most often at C7 (in males) or C6 (in females). The vertebral artery entered the C6 transverse foramen in more than 80% of scans. This reassessment of cervical surface anatomy using modern imaging tools in vivo provides both qualitative and quantitative information for surgeons in clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 30:330–335, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

锁骨下动脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉分叉处血流动力学数值模拟

目的:探讨锁骨下动脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉分叉处的血流动力学特性,分析该处发生血管狭窄引起大脑供血不足的 血流动力学原因。方法:采用内蒙古民族大学附属医院神经内科提供的CT数据,应用医学建模软件MIMICS20.0将患者 二维CT数据进行三维血管重建,经过网格划分及边界条件设置后导入计算流体力学软件FLUENT14.5中。计算和分析 不同血液入口速度的锁骨下动脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉分叉处的血流动力学特性。结果:在血液入口速度不同的情况下,锁 骨下动脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉分叉处的血液流场分布、血液压力分布和血管壁面切应力分布有显著变化。在血液入口速 度增大时,锁骨下动脉分叉处和颈总动脉分叉处的血液流速快、血管壁压力大,颈总动脉内侧血管壁面切应力大,但锁骨 下动脉分叉处和颈总动脉分叉处血管壁面切应力数值和变化幅度小,属于低切应力区。结论:通过血流动力学数值模拟 研究,分析锁骨下动脉、颈总动脉和椎动脉分叉处易发生粥样斑块病变导致大脑供血不足的血流动力学原因。     

High bifurcation of common carotid artery, anomalous origin of ascending pharyngeal artery and anomalous branching pattern of external carotid artery

We present a rare case of combined high bifurcation of the common carotid artery, anomalous origin of the ascending pharyngeal artery and unusual branching pattern of the external carotid artery. The right common carotid artery bifurcated at the level between the second and the third cervical vertebrae, giving rise to the ascending pharyngeal artery just below the bifurcation. The right external carotid artery branched directly at its origin into the superior thyroid, lingual and occipital arteries and the distal part of the external carotid artery. The latter gave rise to the right facial artery and finally bifurcated into the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The right posterior auricular artery arose from the right occipital artery. The finding was unilateral and other vascular anomalies were not observed. The embryogenesis of such a combination of anomalies is not clear, but the anatomic consequences may have important clinical implications.     

Anomalous branching pattern of external carotid artery: Clinical relevance to cervicofacial surgery

Anomalous branching pattern of the left external carotid artery (ECA) was detected in an old man. The ECA branched into high submental artery and large transverse facial artery ending as angular artery compensating for concurrent agenesis of ipsilateral facial artery. The lingual artery gave direct branch to the submandibular gland, whereas the superior thyroid artery arose directly from common carotid artery with high bifurcation level. This unreported branching pattern of the ECA may have important clinical relevance to cervicofacial surgery.     

舌骨大角尖端周围血管神经的解剖学研究

目的为临床颈部手术以舌骨大角尖端(THB)为标志定位周围血管神经提供解剖学资料。方法在21例防腐罐注红色乳胶的成人头颈部标本上显露THB及其周围结构(颈总动脉分叉,甲状腺上动脉、舌动脉、舌下神经、喉上神经),通过THB做互相垂直的水平线和垂直线,测量相关结构与此两线间的距离。结果颈总动脉分叉点A位于THB后方8.5±2.3 mm,下方12.8±4.8 mm;甲状腺上动脉起点B位于THB后方4.6±2.2 mm,下方12.8±4.2 mm;舌动脉起点C位于THB后方4.1±2.5 mm,上方0.2±3.8 mm;其弓形最高点D位于THB前方0.2±2.1 mm,上方7.5±2.6 mm;舌下神经与垂直轴交点E位于THB上方5.1±1.6 mm;喉上神经内支与两轴的交点F、G分别距THB后方7.9±2.5 mm,下方6.5±2.0 mm。结论以THB为标志定位其周围血管神经有利于临床医生处理颈部的手术。     

The diameters of common carotid artery and its branches in newborns

The common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation is of clinical importance due to its vascular access site for intravascular intervention. Additionally, it is also one of the most common sites of atherosclerotic plaque formation. There are numerous studies on the diameters of CCA, internal carotid artery (ICA), and external carotid artery (ECA) in adults, but few studies on newborns. Cadaver and angiographic studies have shown dimensional variations in the carotid arteries within/between individuals and also between different sexes. It is well known that the initial lesions of atherosclerosis begin very early in fetal life. Therefore, it is important to know the anatomical details of the CCA and its branches. In the present study, the neck regions of 20 (11 males and 9 females) fixed newborn cadavers were dissected. The CCAs were cut below the bulb of the carotid bifurcation further; ICA and ECA were cut above the bulb of the carotid bifurcation. The internal diameters of the CCA, ICA, and ECA were measured using a light microscopy. ECA/CCA, ICA/CCA, ICA/ECA ratios, and outflow to inflow area ratio were calculated. The mean outflow to inflow area ratio was 1.14±0.28. Our results highly correlated with the defined optimal ratio (1.15). The ECA/CCA, ICA/CCA, and ICA/ECA ratios were 0.78±0.12, 0.71±0.13, and 0.93±0.16, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female and also between right and left sides. These findings are of importance in understanding the anatomy of carotid artery during newborn period.     

颈总动脉分叉部在不同体位条件下的变化

在不同体位条件下,观察了33具成人尸体颈总动脉分叉处的高度及颈外动脉和颈内动脉起始段的位置关系与变化规律,以便为临床上暴露颈总动脉分叉处的血管,施行有关血管手术提供参考资料.     

Thyrolingual trunk arising from the common carotid artery a case report

During a cadaver dissection in the anatomy department of the University of Liege, Belgium, an anatomic variation of the superior thyroid and lingual arteries was observed on the right side in a 68-year-old woman. Both arteries arose from a common trunk located 30 mm beneath the carotid bifurcation. After a 5.2 mm course, the thyrolingual trunk divided into superior thyroid and lingual arteries which followed an unusual course towards their respective organs. Knowledge of this anomaly is important for those who are involved with neck surgery and anatomy.     

颈动脉分叉部的三维CT血管成像解剖测量

背景：解剖测量是临床医学的基础,可为临床影像学诊断与外科手术提供依据与参考。利用三维CT血管成像技术进行相关解剖测量具有明显的技术优势与很好的应用前景。 目的：应用64排螺旋CT血管成像对颈动脉分叉部的形态结构进行测量,为相关研究提供解剖基础。 方法：查阅2008年6月至2010年6月于厦门大学附属中山医院影像科行头颈部64排螺旋CT血管成像受检者的扫描图像,随机选取颈动脉分叉部无明显病变者92例。其中男45例,女47例;≤40岁者40例,> 40岁者52例。利用其断面图像进行三维成像处理,获得满意的三维图像后,对颈动脉分叉部相关结构进行解剖学测量。 结果与结论：三维图像可清晰显示颈动脉分叉部结构,实现其结构的单独和多结构、多方向观察及测量。测量结果显示受试者颈动脉分叉角为(43.5±12.3)°,颈总动脉远端内径(6.83±0.65) mm,颈内动脉膨大区近端内径(7.25±1.04) mm,颈内动脉膨大区最大内径(8.15±1.35) mm,颈内动脉膨大区远端内径(5.03± 0.55) mm,颈外动脉内径(4.22±0.60) mm。与≤40岁组比较,>40岁组颈动脉分叉角度、颈内动脉膨大区近端内径、颈内动脉膨大区最大内径、颈内动脉膨大区远端内径均明显粗大,颈外动脉内径明显细小(P < 0.05),而颈总动脉内径差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。与男性组比较,女性组颈动脉分叉部各测量指标均显著细小(P < 0.05)。左、右侧组测量值比较,除颈动脉分叉角左侧明显大于右侧外,其他测量指标差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。三维CT可客观、准确测量颈动脉分叉部相关解剖值,具有个体化特征,可为相关应用解剖、疾病诊断及介入或手术治疗提供客观依据。     

Thyrolingual trunk arising from the common carotid artery identified by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography

It is well-known that the branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) can show anatomical variation, but it is extremely rare that thyrolingual trunk originates from common carotid artery (CCA). Here we report a case of the thyrolingual trunk arising from the CCA on the right side in a 73-year-old female as revealed by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for vascular mapping of the carotid vessels before head and neck microsurgical reconstruction. The thyrolingual trunk arose from the anterior surface of the right CCA, with an origin 14.5 mm (difference between the carotid bifurcation and upper border of the origin 12.7 mm) below the carotid bifurcation. The inner diameter of origin of the thyrolingual trunk was 3.5 mm, and the angle between the thyrolingual trunk and the CCA was 130°. After a 10.2-mm course, the thyrolingual trunk divided into the superior thyroid artery (STA) and lingual artery (LA). The inner diameters of the origins of the STA and LA were 1.7 and 1.9 mm, respectively, and the angle between the branches was 94°. It is important to recognize this anatomic variation of the branches of the ECA before the microsurgical reconstruction or super-selective intra-arterial chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.     

Trifurcation of the left common carotid artery: a case report

During dissection of the carotid triangle, a carotid trifurcation was encountered. The left common carotid artery gave off three terminal branches: external carotid, internal carotid, and occipital arteries. The level of trifurcation was 35 mm above the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage. Further, the superior thyroid artery arose from the common carotid artery instead of the external carotid. Herein, we describe the detailed anatomical features of the variant branching pattern of the left common carotid artery and its clinical implications.     

Variant origin of the superior thyroid artery in a Kenyan population

Variant anatomy of the superior thyroid artery is important during surgical procedures, interpretation of angiograms, and interventional radiography in the neck. Pattern of the variations shows population differences but there is no data from the Kenyan population. This study therefore investigated the variations in origin of the superior thyroid artery in a Kenyan population. Forty six necks (36 males and 10 females) from 46 cadavers of black Kenyans in Department of Human Anatomy University of Nairobi, Kenya were bilaterally dissected to expose the origin of the superior thyroid artery. Pattern of origin of the vessel was determined on both sides in males and females. It originated from the external carotid artery common carotid artery and linguo-facial trunk in 80%, 13%, and 6.5% of the cadavers respectively on the right side. All but one of the superior thyroid arteries were ventral branches. There was asymmetric origin in 6.5% of cases. Origin from the common carotid artery was associated with high carotid bifurcation. Nearly 20% of superior thyroid arteries showed variant origin. Of these, 6.5% arose from the linguo-facial trunk, much higher than in the Caucasian and Oriental populations. Origin from common carotid artery is substantially lower than prevailing figures from other populations. These findings support ethnic variations. Preoperative angiographic evaluation is recommended.     

颈内动静脉与颅底骨三维空间关系

目的 :显示对比正常侧和病变侧颈内动静脉与周围骨结构的解剖关系 ,以完善术前准备。方法 :10例颌颈部肿瘤患者 ,术前行颈动脉三维CT血管成像 (CTA) ,同步注射造影剂 ,螺旋CT对病变区血管段进行重点薄层螺旋扫描 ,由EasyVision工作站三维重建。结果 :5例颈外动脉和颈内静脉受压狭窄 ,其中 3例出现颈总动脉、颈内动脉向内侧移位 ,另 1例左侧颈内动脉动脉瘤清晰定位。CTA能够显示病变区血管段 (包括颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉、颈内静脉 )与下颌骨、舌骨、颈椎、颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系 ,进行旋转、放大 ,三维测量 ,多视角观察 ,无重叠干扰。结论 :对颌颈、口咽部肿瘤患者术前CTA检查 ,能够判断颈部大血管的情况及颈部巨大肿瘤造成颈内动脉移位 ,CTA可显示血管性肿瘤的三维形状和与颅底骨空间关系 ,为手术入路及术式提供参考 ,有助于降低手术风险     

Superior and middle thyroid arteries arising from the common carotid artery

We report a rare case of a left middle thyroid artery in a 71-year-old male cadaver. The middle thyroid artery arose from the anterior surface of the left common carotid artery. This artery ran anteroinferiorly and then bifurcated as it entered the lower lateral part of the left thyroid lobe. Both the right and left superior thyroid arteries arose from the common carotid arteries below the carotid bifurcation. The presence of a middle thyroid artery may cause unexpected bleeding during thyroid or neck surgery, and this rare variation needs to be kept in mind during the surgery.     

磁共振3D-Tricks技术在评估舌动脉解剖中的应用

目的 评价MR血管成像技术－三维时间分辨力对比剂动力成像(Three-dimenstional 　time-resolved imaging of contrast Kinetics,3D-Tricks)对舌动脉形态显示能力。 方法　纳入研究对象43例进行3D-Tricks序列扫描,其均无颈部和脑部血管性疾病;利用容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)及最大强度投影(MIP)技术对舌动脉进行三维重建,观察舌动脉起源、形态、走行,并测量舌动脉起始点、舌骨大角段距颈动脉分叉距离以及舌动脉起始点距舌骨大角段的距离。 结果　43例研究对象共显示86侧舌动脉,其中58侧直接起始于颈外动脉,27侧与面动脉、1侧与甲状腺上动脉共干且起始于颈外动脉。舌动脉在舌骨大角处较恒定,以颈动脉分叉为标志,舌骨大角段舌动脉位于颈动脉分叉上方45侧,平行于颈动脉分叉9侧,低于颈动脉分叉32侧。86侧舌动脉起始部内径为 (2.88±0.46) mm,距离颈动脉分叉处为 (1.33±0.62) cm,距离舌动脉舌骨大角段为 (1.28±0.61) cm。 结论　3D-Tricks技术能无创性显示舌动脉形态,并能获得活体的解剖学资料,在临床应用中具有重要的指导意义。