旋股外侧血管横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨中上段的解剖及应用

目的：为股骨干骨缺损、骨折骨不连修复提供新的手术方法，方法：在４０侧标本上对旋股外侧动脉横支进行解剖学观察，设计了以该血管为蒂大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨干中、上段及股骨头颈部骨折、骨缺损。结果：该动脉外径２．５ｍｍ，长度５．１ｃｍ，在股外侧肌深面和外缘发出２～４支外径在０．４～１．１ｍｍ的骨膜支到大转子前外侧，供应范围３．５ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ。结论：以旋股外侧动脉横支为蒂大转子骨瓣移位修复股骨中段或上段骨缺损具有可行性，临床应用１５例，疗效满意。     

以第1或第2穿动脉为蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距提供解剖学依据。方法：３０侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本，对第１、２穿动脉起始、走行、分支分布和骨膜支进行详细的解剖学观察。结果：股深动脉在小转子尖下４．５±１．３ｃｍ、９．３±２．７ｃｍ处分别发出第１、２穿动脉，外径分别为２．８±０．７ｍｍ、２．４±０．６ｍｍ。穿动脉发出１～３支外径在１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于股骨后部中上段骨膜。结论：可以第１或第２穿动脉为蒂设计股骨瓣，可转位重建股骨距或修复股骨颈。     

股骨前面血供分布特点与骨膜（骨）瓣设计

目的：为股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损设计骨膜（骨）瓣修复术式提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，对股骨前面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及其吻合进行观测，并在标本上进行摹拟术式设计。结果：股骨前面骨膜血供，来自股外侧肌支、股中间肌支、膝降动脉、膝上外动脉、股动脉和股深动脉肌间隔支呈节段性分布的肌骨膜支和骨膜支。肌骨膜支外径１．４～１．７ｍｍ，长度１．７～５．６ｃｍ；骨膜支外径０．４～０．６ｍｍ，长度１．２～１．５ｃｍ。骨膜血管多呈向下或水平走行，达骨膜后分出升支、降支及吻合支，相互吻合成网。结论：可以节段骨膜支为蒂设计股骨前面骨膜瓣，修复股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损     

股骨中段骨膜瓣移植的解剖及其临床应用

在４５侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测了股中间肌近端血管及其骨膜支的来源，分支分布。结果表明：近端的股动脉来自旋股外侧动脉占５７．５％；来自股深动脉占２８．９％；来自股动脉占１３．１％。肌动脉干长１５．８±０．７ｍｍ，外径２．２±０．７ｍｍ。８８．９％的骨膜支来自肌动脉，经股中间肌与股内侧肌之间的间隙，达股骨中段前份。骨膜支干长３６±１１ｍｍ，外径１．５±０．４ｍｍ。以肌动脉为蒂，     

第1穿动脉升支大转子骨瓣在股骨颈（距）重建中的应用

目的：报道应用第１穿血管升支大转子骨瓣转位重建股骨颈（距）手术方法。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，解剖观察了第１穿动脉的分支分布情况。结果：股深动脉于小转子尖下方４．５±１．７ｃｍ处发出第１穿动脉，外径为２．８±０．７ｍｍ，第１穿动脉分为升支和降支，升支走向大转子方向，发出外径１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于臀大肌下部和大转子等处，并参与十字吻合。自１９９１年始，以第１穿动脉为蒂切取大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨颈和股骨距缺损８例，疗效满意。结论：以第１穿血管为蒂的大转子骨瓣，可用于股骨颈及股骨距缺损的修复与重建     

带蒂筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣肘关节成形术的应用解剖

目的：为肘关节成形术填充物的选用提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注颜料的上肢标本上,解剖观测了臂内、外侧筋膜,前臂后筋膜和尺、桡骨前部骨膜的血管来源、分支分布;血管蒂长度及筋膜瓣、骨膜瓣的切取面积等。结果：观测了以尺、桡侧返动脉为蒂的臂内、外侧筋膜瓣;以骨间后动脉为蒂的前臂后筋膜瓣;以骨间前动脉为蒂的尺、桡骨前部骨膜瓣。这些瓣膜的血管蒂长,血供丰富,可取面积大,质地坚韧致密。结论：上述带血管蒂的筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣可作为肘关节成形术的填充物,讨论了临床应用解剖学要点     

带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：寻找一种不牺牲小腿主于血管的带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，修复胚骨中、下段骨不连接，方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测胫骨外侧中、下段骨膜血管来源、分支、分布及其吻合。结果：胚骨中、下段外侧，主要有来自胚前、胫后动脉穿支呈节段分布的骨膜主和肌骨膜支４～８支。每支间距４．６±１．６ｃｍ，蒂长０．９±０．５ｃｍ，动脉外径０．６±０．３ｍｍ，有２条伴行静脉。血管到达骨面多呈向上或水平走行。在胫骨外侧，骨膜支之间有分支形成吻合网。在胫骨前缘处分出升支、降支和皮支，并形成吻合链。结论：以节段血供的胫骨骨膜支为蒂作成胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，可用于治疗胫骨中、下段骨不连接。     

股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的应用解剖

目的：为股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：在５０侧成人尸体上观察了股深动脉的类型，测量了各分支的长度和外径。结果：股深动脉主要从股动脉后方（６０％）和后外侧（２６％）发出，分为深全干型（６０％）、深外干型（２０％）、深内干型（１４％）和深孤独干型（６％）。各主要血管外径为：股深动脉５．７±１．６ｍｍ；旋股内侧动脉３．６±１．０ｍｍ，其升支２．０±０．９ｍｍ；旋股外侧动脉３．７±１．１ｍｍ，其升支２．５±０．８ｍｍ。结论：该项研究为提高股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的成功率提供了详尽的解剖学依据。     

骨间返动脉为蒂尺骨上段骨膜瓣移位的应用解剖

目的：为尺骨中上段和肱骨下段骨不连提供带血管蒂明膜瓣移位修复的解剖学基础，方法：在３６侧成人上肢标本上，观测了骨间返动脉的走行，分布和吻合，结果：骨间返动脉起始部距尺骨膺咀最突出点的长度为６．８９±１．１３ｃｍ，其动脉外径为１．３７±０．２９ｍｍ骨膜支外径为０．５４±０．２７ｍｍ，骨间返动脉母末支到肘后部与桡侧返动脉 ，桡别墅劝背侧支和中副动脉等构成吻合。结论：以骨间返动脉为蒂的尺骨上段骨膜瓣移闰     

胫后血管肌间隙支胫骨内侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：为胫后血管肌间隙支胫骨内侧骨膜瓣修复胫骨中、下段骨折、骨不连提供解剖学基础。方法：４０侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本，观测胫骨内侧面骨膜血管来源、走行、分支分布及其吻合。结果：胫后动脉发肌间隙支２～７支，平均每侧２．２支，外径１．１±０．２ｍｍ。肌间隙主分出升支、降支，分布胫骨内侧中、下段骨膜，形成骨膜动脉网。结论：以胫后血管肌间隙支为蒂设计胫骨内侧骨膜瓣，可修复胚骨中、下段骨不连，已应用于临床。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.