利用Unigraphics软件三维模拟寻找枢椎侧弓安全钉道的研究

目的:对枢椎标本进行薄层CT扫描,利用Unigraphics NX软件进行计算机虚拟三维实体重建和模拟,寻找安全的侧方椎弓螺钉钉道.方法:对4例干燥标本和8例新鲜枢椎标本进行薄层CT扫描(层厚、层距均为0.6 mm),利用Unigraphics的自由建模功能进行三维重建.根据需要建造出不同直径和形状的螺钉模拟体模拟侧方椎弓螺钉进钉,寻找出安全的进针点和进针方向.结果:薄层CT扫描可见枢椎侧方椎弓横突孔区域的外侧骨皮质很薄,部分标本存在滋养动脉孔,使得横突孔区域侧方椎弓外侧骨皮质先天不完整.以横突后结节为界,侧方椎弓的前部与后部的走行方向不一致,左右侧不相同.横突孔区域上部的走行方向与中下部的走向亦不一致.侧方椎弓的安全钉道方向同侧方椎弓的前部与后部的走行方向均不相同,但主要由横突孔区域的中下部分的外界所限定.对4例干燥标本按照计算机模拟的安全钉道方向进针取得了成功.结论:横突孔区域滋养动脉孔的存在使得传统的判定螺钉钉道是否正确的方法受到挑战.利用UG软件对枢椎标本进行计算机三维重建可模拟出安全的进针点和钉道,并测出螺钉直径和长度,为术中提供参考.     

枢椎侧方椎弓的临床解剖学测量

目的:探讨国人行枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的可行性。方法:测量57例干燥枢椎标本侧弓前部内倾角α s、上倾角Y、上宽Ws、中宽Wm、下宽W、上高Hup下高Hip及上关节突厚度Hsa,Ebraheim进针点O距下关节突外缘和下缘距离Lla和Hia钉道表观长度Ls、实际长度La,O点距上关节突后缘和峡部的距离Los和Loi。结果:左／右αs=37.78°±7.87°／40.23°±7.73°,y=62.92°±9.25°／62.41°±8.41°,Ws=7.40±1.69 mm／6.86±1.71 mm,Wm=5.18±1.48 mm／5.17±1.40 mm,Wi=4.17±1.13 mm／4.21±0.98 mm.Hsa2 07±0.94 mm／1.97±0.87 mm,Hup=5 09±1.39 mm／5.00±1.43 mm,Hip=6.05±1.48 m／5.84±1.20 mm.Lla=4.19±1.17 mm／3.94±1.06 mm,Hia=9.38±1.60 mm／9.44±1.82 mm,Ls=29.43±2.61 mm／30.02±2.70 mm,La=26.63±2.37 mm／26.42±2.72 mm,Los=6.37±1.48 mm／4.96±1.54 mm,Loi=4.42±1.30 mm／2.64±1.25 mm。左右侧分别有45.6％(26)／47.3％(27)例的Wm≤5.0 mm(3.5 mm螺钉的安全界限)。如以仅α作为进针方向,左、右侧分别有63.2％(36)、70.2％(40)的螺钉将进入对侧。结论:国人Wm偏小,3.5 mm椎弓根螺钉内固定风险较大。Ebraheim进针点偏前、偏内、偏上,进钉的内倾角偏大、上倾角偏小。应行调整。     

寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定新定位标志透视参数的解剖研究

目的:探讨寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定新的定位标志及其X线透视中相关量化参数值.方法:在40例国人的干燥寰枢椎配对标本上确定新的定位标志并测量与X线透视相关的解剖数据.结果:新定位标志在枢椎椎弓根的轴向平分线外侧或恰在其上,枢椎上关节面出钉点透视参数:到外缘距左(7.1±0.9)mm,右(6.8±0.9)mm;到后缘距左(6.3±0.7)mm,右(6.5±0.7)mm;到内缘距左(15.2±1.2)mm,右(15.5±1.1)mm;骨性钉道总长左(36.7±2.8)mm,右(36.2±2.9)mm.结论:新定位标志为枢椎下关节突下缘正中点,解剖标志容易明确,螺钉固定术中透视参数容易把握,钉道长,固定可靠.     

经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的临床应用解剖学

目的:为经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定系统的临床应用提供解剖学依据.方法:60具成年人枢椎干骨标本,观察并确定前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点,测量其与枢椎上关节面、前正中矢状面及与横突孔内侧壁的距离,前路枢柞椎弓根螺钉的骨性钉道长度,安全的进钉方向(向外倾斜角度、向下倾斜角度).结果:经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点为:与枢椎上关节面的距离为(5.0±1.0)mm;与前正中矢状面的距离为(7.8±0.7)mm;与横突孔内侧壁的距离为(6.1±1.7)mm.前路枢椎椎弓根的骨性钉道长度为(26.4±1.5)mm.安全置钉方向为向外倾斜(18±4)°,向下倾斜(14±4)°.结论:(1)经几前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的最佳进钉点为:枢椎上父节面下5.0 mm,距离前正中失状面7.8 mm处;(2)安全进钉方向为:向外倾斜18°,向下倾斜14°,置入的枢椎椎弓根螺钉均位丁骨性钉道内,安全可靠.     

枢椎交叉椎板螺钉置钉的应用解剖

目的:测量中国成年人枢椎椎板的相关解剖学参数,探讨枢椎交叉椎板螺钉置钉的可行性.方法:取60具成年人干燥枢椎标本,测量双侧椎板的厚度、高度、钉道长度以及椎板长轴和矢状面的夹角.结果:成年男性枢椎椎板的厚度、高度、钉道长度以及椎板长轴和矢状面的夹角分别为(5.93±1.54)mm、(10.98±1.47)mm、 (28.04±3.41)mm、 47.840±6.380,成年女性分别为(5.18±1.32)mm、 (9.97±1.64)mm、 (25.89±3.85)mm、 46.160±5.820,不同性别间的椎板厚度、高度、钉道长度差异有统计学意义,左、右侧之间差异无统计学意义.85.8%的椎板厚度大于或等于4 mm,78.3%大于或等于5 mm.结论:枢椎交叉椎板螺钉在解剖学上是可行的,能够在直视下操作,可准确估计钉道的长度以及进钉角度,避免椎动脉和神经根的损伤.     

1~6岁儿童枢椎经椎板螺钉内固定的可行性研究

目的　探讨1~6岁儿童枢椎经椎板行3.5 mm螺钉内固定的可行性。 方法 选取1~6岁儿童45例,每两岁一组分为A、B、C 3组,将其颈椎CT原始数据行三维重建后测量椎板上、中、下缘宽度,椎板高和长度,椎板上倾角及内倾角等参数。 结果　椎板各指标随年龄增长呈上升趋势。限制枢椎板螺钉置钉的主要因素是椎板中缘宽（LWM）和进钉点至椎板外缘距离（ELE）,LWM中A组为（4.69±0.45）mm;B组（7.13±1.61）mm;C组（7.72±1.28）mm。ELE中A组为（15.44±6.98）mm,B组（23.67±1.86）mm;C组（27.75±2.39）mm。模拟椎板螺钉置入时,A组入钉点为同侧棘突左、右分支交界处;B组入钉点为螺钉所在椎板对侧的棘突分支中缘;C组入钉点为螺钉所在椎板对侧的棘突分支上缘。 结论 1~6岁儿童枢椎板均具有置入3.5 mm螺钉的可行性,但不同年龄置钉方式应有所不同。     

寰枢椎的解剖学测量及其临床意义

目的 :为寰枢椎区病损机制和手术治疗提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 15 0例中国成年人干燥寰枢椎标本上 ,对具有临床意义的数据进行解剖学测量。结果 :寰椎上关节面内倾角、下关节面外倾角及侧块内倾角两侧不对称分别占 19.3 %、10 .7%和 7.3 % ;椎动脉沟处形成沟环者占 16 .0 % ;所有横突孔的前后径和横径均大于 4mm ;后弓内侧半距仅为外侧半距的 1/2。枢椎椎弓根内倾角变异较大 (-3 .5°～2 1.5°) ;齿突腰部宽度小于 9mm者占 71.2 % ,齿突后倾角的变异较大 (0°～ 2 2°) ;2 7.5 %的椎动脉在经过枢椎侧块下方时会形成一动脉压迹沟 ,致使侧块外端和椎弓根变薄。结论 :①寰枢椎的解剖学形态与其生物力学性质及损伤机制密切相关 ;②手术时寰椎前弓向外显露不宜超过 2 0mm ,后弓切除向外不宜超过 10mm ,经寰枢外侧关节融合或内固定术应选择在关节的内侧 2 /3 ;③大部分中国人不适宜于两枚齿突螺钉内固定术 ;④ 2 7.5 %的中国人不适宜于经椎弓根螺钉固定术 ,枢椎椎弓根变异较大 ,手术前应作CT检测。     

三维CT重建参照下徒手寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入内固定治疗外伤性寰枢椎不稳

背景：寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定在三维CT重建参照下比传统方法能提高置钉的准确率,减少置入并发症。 目的：探讨以寰枢椎三维CT重建为参照,进行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗外伤性寰枢椎不稳的方法,明确其手术指导意义以及临床治疗效果。　 方法：对30例因外伤导致寰枢椎不稳需行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗的患者内固定置入前行三维CT重建。 结果与结论：与螺钉置入前设计钉道内倾度、设计钉道测得进钉点与中线的距离比较,经C1、C2椎弓根螺钉实际钉道内倾角及进钉点与中线的距离差异均无显著性意义。30例患者观察到的C1后弓及C2椎弓表面解剖特征与置入前CT容积再现的影像一致。说明根据三维CT重建图像为参照进行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,徒手置入,节省时间,并减少术中接收X线辐射,个性化置钉,精确、安全性高、疗效优良。     

经口咽枢椎椎弓根逆向精确置钉的个性化组合式导航模板的研究

目的　利用CT三维重建、计算机辅助设计与快速成型技术为经口咽枢椎椎弓根逆向置钉设计制作一种新型的组合式个性化精确定位置钉的导航模板。 方法　取4具成人颈椎标本进行CT扫描,在Mimics14.11中重建寰枢椎三维模型,将该模型结合经口咽寰枢椎复位钢板（transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate, TARP）导入Solidworks 2014软件,设计经口咽枢椎椎弓根组合式个性化导航模板。采用快速成型技术制备组合式个性化导航模板,经该导航模板辅助在枢椎标本上置入椎弓根钉,根据术后CT数据评价椎弓根钉道位置。 结果　使用4个导向模板辅助置入8个枢椎椎弓根钉道,术后CT扫描计算水平面绝对偏差值为（0.85±0.70）mm,矢状面为（0.88±0.53）mm,水平面和矢状面的偏差值均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。在椎弓根螺钉钉道评价分析中,I型螺钉为7枚（87.5%）,II型螺钉1枚（12.5%）,所有螺钉处于可接受位置。 结论　本研究提出了一种新型组合式个性化导航模板用于辅助经口咽枢椎椎弓根螺钉准确置入,其操作简单,准确性高,为经口咽枢椎椎弓根精准置钉提供了一种全新、安全的方法。     

枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定可行性的CT测量研究

目的:探讨枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性,为临床应用提供依据。方法:利用CT扫描50例干燥枢椎标本,测量枢椎椎弓根上缘、下缘和中部的宽度以及椎弓根的内、外缘高度。结果:椎椎弓根的上缘宽度为(7.67±1.33)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm;中部宽度平均(5.75±1.59)mm,19%小于5.0mm;下缘宽度平均(3.87±1.09)mm,84%小于5.0mm。枢椎椎弓根的缘高度平均(5.66±1.43)mm,40%小于5.0mm;内缘高度平均(8.80±0.74)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm。结论:国人中约81%的患者适合进行枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,术前CT扫描可明确个体的置钉可行性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998