HPLC法测定利奈唑胺的有关物质

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定利奈唑胺原料药的有关物质。方法：采用InertSustain十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm）色谱柱，以0.1%三氟乙酸溶液-0.1%三氟乙酸乙腈溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL·min-1，柱温30 ℃，检测波长251 nm。结果：利奈唑胺与10个已知杂质A~K色谱峰之间的分离度良好；各成分检测限0.25~1.27ng，定量限0.79~2.54ng，在0.25~1.0μg·ml-1范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r＞0.999 0），各杂质平均回收率87.8~102.9%。3批利奈唑胺样品测定结果显示，已知杂质及其他最大单个杂质均小于0.1%，杂质总含量小于0.15%。结论：经方法学验证，本方法灵敏、快速、专属性强、准确度高，可用于利奈唑胺原料药有关物质的测定。     

HPLC外标法测定孟鲁司特钠的有关物质

目的：建立一种有效测定孟鲁司特钠中有关物质的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用苯基柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相A为0.15%三氟乙酸水溶液;流动相B为0.15%三氟乙酸乙腈溶液,梯度洗脱,柱温为35℃;检测波长为238 nm;体积流量为1.5 ml/min;进样量为20μl。结果：孟鲁司特《欧洲药典》中的各杂质都具有良好的线性关系（r〉0.999 5）。结论：本方法简便准确、重现性好、精密度高,可有效地检测孟鲁司特钠中有关物质。     

加校正因子的主成分自身对照法同时测定利培酮中2种氧化性杂质

目的:建立加校正因子的主成分自身对照法测定利培酮中2种氧化性杂质的含量。方法:采用ZORB-AX Extend C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以流动相A:0.1%三氟乙酸溶液-乙腈(80∶20)(用氨水调pH 3.0)和流动相B:0.1%三氟乙酸溶液-甲醇(61∶39)(用氨水调pH 3.0)作为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为2.5 mL·min^-1,检测波长为275 nm,进样量为10μL,柱温为30℃。测定利培酮与2种氧化性杂质的标准曲线方程,以斜率比值计算氧化性杂质相对于利培酮的校正因子,用系统适用性试验溶液结合相对保留时间对氧化性杂质进行定位。结果:2种氧化性杂质的相对保留时间分别为1.55与1.71,校正因子分别为1.14与1.15。结论:本方法可用于利培酮中2种氧化性杂质的定性及定量分析,采用加校正因子的主成分自身对照法更加准确测定2种氧化性杂质的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定艾普拉唑中的有关物质

建立高效液相色谱法测定艾普拉唑的有关物质。采用Agilent ZORBAX Extend300 C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,柱温：30℃,流动相A:0.01 mol/L磷酸氢二钾溶液(用10%磷酸溶液调节pH值至7.5),流动相B:乙腈,梯度洗脱,波长：237 nm,体积流量1 mL/min,样品室温度：4℃,进样体积：20μL,溶剂：乙腈-0.01 mol/L磷酸氢二钾。艾普拉唑在0.060 2～0.722 9μg/mL内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),杂质Ⅰ在0.060 2～1.505 0μg/mL内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),杂质Ⅱ在0.059 9～1.497 5μg/mL内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6)。杂质Ⅰ的平均回收率为99.61%(RSD=2.28,n=9),杂质Ⅱ的平均回收率为100.10%(RSD=1.47,n=9)。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,适用于艾普拉唑有关物质的测定。     

HPLC法同时测定N-芴甲氧羰基-O-叔丁基-L-苏氨酸中的6个杂质

目的:建立高效液相色谱同时测定N-芴甲氧羰基-O-叔丁基-L-苏氨酸中6个特定杂质的方法。方法:采用YMC Triart C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 3μm)色谱柱,以0.1%三氟乙酸水溶液为流动相A,以0.1%三氟乙酸乙腈溶液为流动相B,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱,检测波长265 nm,柱温30℃,进样体积10μL。结果:N-芴甲氧羰基-O-叔丁基-L-苏氨酸与相邻杂质峰的分离良好;6个杂质分离度均大于1.5;且在相应质量浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r≥0.999);6个杂质检测限和定量限分别约为0.03μg·mL^-1和0.06μg·mL^-1;6个杂质的平均回收率(n=9)在97.6%～98.8%范围内。3批N-芴甲氧羰基-O-叔丁基-L-苏氨酸测定结果显示,杂质1的含量<0.2%,杂质4的含量<0.1%,其他4种杂质未检出,总杂含量<1%。结论:本方法分离度好,灵敏度高,专属性强,适用于N-芴甲氧羰基-O-叔丁基-L-苏氨酸中有关物质的检测。     

达卡巴嗪原料药中N-亚硝基二甲胺和N-亚硝基二乙胺的UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS方法的建立

目的:采用UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS法测定达卡巴嗪原料药中的N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)和N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA),建立控制该药品遗传毒性杂质的方法。方法:采用Kinetex F5色谱柱(3 mm×100 mm,2.6μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸溶液-甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,质谱离子化方式为APCI,正离子模式,多重反应监测,检测离子对为m/z 75.1/58.0(NDMA),103.0/47.0(NDEA)。结果:NDMA和NDEA在一定范围内线性关系良好(r>0.990),检出限溶液浓度分别为0.03030、0.003787 ng·mL(-1),精密度、稳定性试验满足检测要求,回收率为97~115%,RSD均小于5%。结论:本文建立的方法准确、快速灵敏、专属性强,可用于控制达卡巴嗪原料药中遗传毒性杂质NDMA和NDEA的含量。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定注射用头孢美唑钠中潜在亚硝胺类物质的含量

目的:建立一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法,用于测定注射用头孢美唑钠中的13个潜在亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质的含量(NDELA、NMOR、NPYR、NMPhA、NEPhA、NDiBA、NDBzA、NDBA、NDMA、NDEA、NPIP、NDiPA和NDPA)。方法:使用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₈(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm)色谱柱和Agilent Infinity Lab Poroshell120 Bonus-RP(100 mm×3.0 mm, 2.7μm)色谱柱,流动相为0.1%甲酸(A)-甲醇(B),梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL·min^-1,采用APCI离子源,在多反应监测模式(MRM)下,对全国20个生产厂家以及国外原研厂家的样品进行分析。结果:该方法能同时测定13个亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质。其线性范围、灵敏度、精密度、回收率均满足分析要求。在21批注射用头孢美唑钠中,10批检出了NPIP,但均小于定量限。结论:注射用头孢美唑钠中存在亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质的风险可控;所建立的方法高效灵敏,性能优异,专属性强,可为以四氮唑环...     

高效液相色谱法测定利奈唑胺滴眼液的含量

目的建立测定利奈唑胺滴眼液含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法采用Eclipse XDB-C8柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）为色谱柱;流动相：水∶乙腈（80∶20,v/v）,柱温50℃,流速1.4 ml/min,检测波长251 nm。结果在0.025～0.8 mg/ml浓度范围内,利奈唑胺峰面积和质量浓度呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 5）,平均回收率为100.7%,RSD为0.6%,精密度高,耐用性好,样品溶液可以在室温环境下24 h内稳定。结论本方法专属性强,操作简便,结果准确,可用于测定利奈唑胺滴眼液的含量。     

柱前衍生化HPLC法检测艾拉莫德中特戊酰氯的残留量

摘要：目的:建立柱前衍生化HPLC法测定艾拉莫德中潜在遗传毒性杂质特戊酰氯残留量的方法。方法:用2-硝基苯肼对样品进行衍生化,HPLC-UV法进行测定:色谱柱DiamonsilTMC18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.1%磷酸-乙腈（48:52）为流动相进行等度洗脱流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为395 nm,柱温为30℃进样量为20μl。结果:衍生化产物在4 h内稳定。特戊酰氯在150～1 000 ng·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.998 6）,检测限为50 ng·ml-1,平均加样回收率为95.86%（RSD=1.52%,n=9）。结论:本法专属性好,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于艾拉莫德原料药中特戊酰氯的残留量的测定。     

注射用糜蛋白酶溶解后稳定性及雾化粒径考察

目的 建立测定注射用糜蛋白酶溶解后含量的反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法,并考察注射用糜蛋白酶雾化吸入溶液(简称雾化溶液)的稳定性和雾化粒径分布.方法 色谱柱为Grace 214TP C4柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1％三氟乙酸水溶液-0.09％三氟乙酸乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL...     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.