有无精神疾病家族史的双相障碍Ⅰ型患者及其亲属认知功能的比较研究

目的探讨有无精神疾病家族史的双相障碍患者及其亲属的认知功能缺陷是否存在差异。方法纳入有和无精神疾病家族史的双相I型患者各52例、正常对照52名,3组的性别、年龄、受教育年限匹配;同样匹配的两组患者的健康一级亲属各28例和正常对照28名。采用数字符号、连线测验(Trail Marking Test,TMT)、数字广度、图形视觉再生、言语流畅性测验、汉诺塔(Tower of Hanoi,TOH)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsincard sorting test,WCST)评估注意、记忆及执行功能,比较各组间认知功能的差异。结果患者研究中,3组间数字符号测验、TMT-A、B时间,数字广度(顺、倒、总分)、图像再生总分,WCST(分类数、总错误数、持续错误数)、TOH(完成任务数、计划时间)的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中有和无家族史患者组的比较中,仅前者的TOH计划时间(执行功能)长于后者(P<0.01),但在控制病期及测评前的稳定时间后两组间则无差异(P>0.05)。亲属研究中,3组间TMT-A时间、WCST分类数的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两个亲属组的认知功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论有和无精神疾病家族史的患者及其健康亲属的认知功能缺陷均未见差异,未支持高遗传负荷家系中认知功能缺陷更明显的研究假设。     

双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能

目的探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能。方法纳入双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属120例和年龄、性别、受教育年限匹配的正常对照100名。采用数字符号、连线测验A(Trail Making Test A,TMT-A)检测注意功能,数字广度、视觉再生检测注意和记忆功能,数字广度倒背和连线测验B(Trail Making Test B,TMT-B)检测执行功能,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果一级亲属组数字符号、数字广度(顺、倒、顺+倒)、视觉再生、TMT-A、TMT-B成绩均较正常对照组差,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.44、-4.23、-4.32、-4.98、-2.59、4.32、3.78,P值均小于等于0.01)。将年龄和受教育年限作为协变量进行两组间协方差分析,结果仍同前,两组间上述所有认知功能指标的差异仍均有统计学意义(P0.05)。按性别分组后比较,男性亲属组所有认知指标的成绩均较男性对照组差(P0.05),但女性亲属组只有数字广度倒背和总分、TMT-A、TMT-B的成绩较女性对照组差(P0.05)。结论双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属存在注意、记忆和执行功能损害,他们可能是双相Ⅰ型的易感素质指标。     

早发与晚发双相障碍I型稳定期的认知功能损害特点

目的研究早发和晚发的双相障碍I型患者稳定期认知功能损害特点。方法纳入首次发病年龄≤21岁(早发组94例)和≥35岁(晚发组41例)的稳定期双相障碍I型患者,以及分别与两组患者年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的正常对照135名(分别设为对照组1共94名和对照组2共41名),均予以7个经典的神经心理测试,评估注意力/处理速度、工作记忆和执行功能等。结果早发组在数字符号、连线测验(trail making test,TMT)A时间、TMT-B时间、数字广度顺背、视觉图形再生c1和c2、言语流畅性、威斯康星卡片测验(Wisconsin card sorting test-modified,WCST)分类数、总错误数和持续错误数以及汉诺塔测验(tower of Hanoi,TOH)总分、完成任务数、计划时间和执行时间共14个指标的成绩较对照组1差(均P<0.05),其中言语流畅性、TMT-A时间、TMT-B时间和TOH执行时间的差异效应量均大于0.4;与对照组2比较,晚发组的TMT-A时间、数字广度顺背、视觉图形再生c1、c2和总分、WCST总错误数、持续错误数以及TOH总分、完成任务数共9个指标成绩较差(均P<0.05),仅TOH两个指标的效应量大于0.4。结论早发和晚发双相障碍I型患者稳定期仍存在多个维度的认知损害,前者的损害可能更广泛、更严重。     

双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者认知功能评估及相关因素分析

目的探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者认知功能损害情况以及相关因素。方法纳入我院稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者100例作为患者组,选取100例正常对照者作为正常对照组。采用数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背、总分)、TMT-A、TMT-B和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对受试者的认知功能进行评定。结果患者组的数字符号、数字广度、TMT-A、TMT-B、WSCT测验成绩均显著差于正常对照组(P<0.05);将患者组分为患者1组(有精神病性症状)和患者2组(无精神病性症状),进行方差分析,结果显示各组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),进一步进行LSD检验,结果显示患者1组上述指标均差与对照组(P<0.05),患者2组数字广度(顺背)与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余各项指标均显著差于正常对照组(P<0.05);进行相关性分析结果发现,患者组数字符号、数字广度(倒背、总分)、TMT-A、TMT-B与患者的HAMD和YMRS评分之间具有相关性(P<0.05),患者发病年龄、稳定时间和认知功能评分之间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者比较显著的注意、记忆和执行功能的一些损害,双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者的HAMD、YMRS评分与其认知功能情况存在一定的相关性。     

双相障碍稳定期患者认知损害的性别差异

目的 探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者认知损害的性别差异.方法 采用数字符号、数字广度、视觉再生、连线测验A(TMT-A)、连线测验B(TMT-B)、威斯康星测验(WSCT)和汉诺塔测验(TOH),检测218例双相障碍Ⅰ型患者(患者组)和318名正常对照(对照组)的注意、记忆和执行功能,并比较2组间的性别差异.结果 分组主效应:患者组在数字符号、数字广度顺背、数字广度倒背、数字广度总分、TMT-A时间、TMT-B时间、视觉再生、WSCT分类数、言语流畅性动物总数、TOH总分、TOH任务数、TOH平均计划时间、TOH平均执行时间、WSCT总错误数、WSCT持续错误数、言语流畅性重复数的成绩均低于对照组(F=66.60、16.10、17.06、20.38、98.77、66.33、23.75、5.65、62.08、21.51、22.08、10.15、19.33,x2=21.53、33.17、12.78),差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).性别主效应:患者组与对照组女性在数字符号测验中的成绩优于男性(F=7.13,P＜0.05),其中男性对照组和患者组分别为(53.30±12.30)分和(46.14±11.72)分,女性分别为(55.38±14.30)分和(47.82±11.95)分;在汉诺塔平均计划时间均短于男性,差异有统计学意义(F=5.13,P＜0.05),其中男性对照组和患者组分别为(5.28±2.65)分和(6.36±3.77)分,女性分别为(5.15±2.82)分和(5.52±3.07)分;2组在分组和性别的交互作用无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 稳定期双相障碍患者存在认知损害,其某些注意和执行功能可能存在性别差异.     

稳定期双相障碍I型患者认知功能及其相关因素研究

目的探讨稳定期双相障碍I型患者认知功能损害及其相关因素。方法纳入108例稳定期双相障碍I型患者(患者组)和108名正常对照者(正常对照组)。分别采用数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背、总分)、连线测验A(TMT-A)、连线测验B(TMT-B)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定受试者。结果 (1)患者组数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背、总分)、TMT-A、TMT-B和WSCT(总错误数和持续错误数)成绩均差于正常对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)按有(n=50)和无(n=58)精神病性症状将患者组进一步分层分析,方差分析显示组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),经LSD检验显示,有精神病性症状组的上述指标均较正常对照组差(P<0.01),而无精神病性症状组除数字广度(顺背)外,余各指标均较正常对照组差(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(3)相关分析显示,患者组数字符号、数字广度(倒背、总分)、TMT-A和TMT-B均与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和Young躁狂量表(YMRS)评分相关(︱r︱=0.20~0.46,P<0.05,P<0.01),未发现发病年龄和稳定时间与任何认知功能指标相关(P>0.05)。结论稳定期双相障碍I型患者存在明显的注意、记忆和执行功能损害,并与临床症状等临床特征相关。     

稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能损害与脑白质病变的研究

目的研究稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能损害与脑白质病变的关系。方法共选择68例诊断双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者,作为观察组,同期选择60例健康志愿者作为对照组;采用数字符号测验、数字广度测验、视觉图形再生测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验和汉诺塔测验7种测量工具评估认知功能,采用扩散张量成像(DTI)技术分析脑白质病变。结果观察组认知功能评估均差于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的胼胝体、颞叶和基底节区FA值明显低于对照组,相应ADC值则高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);额叶、枕叶和小脑区域FA值和ADC值比较无差异(P0.05)。结论稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者存在一定程度的认知功能损害,可能与胼胝体、颞叶和基底节区的脑白质病变有关。     

丙戊酸钠合并齐拉西酮或奥氮平对双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能影响的比较

目的:比较丙戊酸钠联合齐拉西酮或奥氮平对双相障碍I型(BD-I)患者认知功能影响。方法:将BD-I患者随机分为齐拉西酮组(59例,丙戊酸钠+齐拉西酮)和奥氮平组(61例,丙戊酸钠+奥氮平),并给予相应的药物治疗8周。分别于治疗前后应用贝克躁狂量表(BRMS)评定病情,应用数字符号、数字广度、视觉图形再生测验、连线测验(TMT)、言语流畅性测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及汉诺塔(TOH)评估认知功能。结果:治疗后两组BRMS评分较治疗前显著下降,两组间差异无统计学意义;治疗后两组认知功能均有不同程度的改善,在控制BRMS评分、年龄、病程后,齐拉西酮组的数字符号、数字广度顺背、数字广度总分、WCST分类数、TOH总分明显优于奥氮平组(F=3.61,10.24,12.51,4.69,4.27;P均0.05)。结论:丙戊酸钠联合齐拉西酮或奥氮平均能改善BD-I患者的认知功能,但联合齐拉西酮对认知功能的改善更佳。     

双相情感障碍I型患者病情缓解后认知功能的1年随访研究

目的:探讨双相情感障碍I型患者认知功能的损害特点。方法:纳入66例缓解期双相情感障碍I型患者和66名正常对照者,随访1年,分别采用数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背)、连线测验A(TMT-A)、连线测验B(TMT-B)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定,比较基线和1年后认知功能的变化。两次评定时要求患者均处于缓解期。结果:①患者组数字符号、数字广度(顺背、倒背)、TMTA、TMT-B和WSCT(总错误数和持续错误数)成绩均差于正常对照组(P均0.01),1年后这种损害持续存在,并且保持稳定不变(P0.05)。②患者组顺背、倒背、TMT-A和数字符号均与病程显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),患者组顺背、TMT-A和数字符号均与职业情况显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),未发现任何认知功能指标与发病年龄和缓解时间相关(P0.05)。结论:双相情感障碍I型患者病情缓解后仍存在明显的注意、记忆和执行功能损害,并且这种损害1年后持续存在,无进一步恶化。     

碳酸锂、丙戊酸钠及奎硫平对双相障碍患者认知功能的影响

目的:探讨碳酸锂,丙戊酸钠和奎硫平对双相障碍患者认知功能的影响。方法:110例稳定期双相障碍I型患者分成4组,分别是碳酸锂组26例,丙戊酸钠组24例,碳酸锂+奎硫平组27例和丙戊酸钠+奎硫平组33例。采用数字符号,连线测验,数字广度,视觉再生,言语流畅性测验,威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和汉诺塔检测认知功能,比较组间认知功能的差异。结果:Spearman相关分析显示,病程与所有认知功能指标均无显著相关(P均>0.05)。方差分析显示,汉诺塔计划时间组间差异有统计学意义(F=3.5,P<0.05)。LSD检验表明,碳酸锂组的汉诺塔计划时间成绩分别比丙戊酸钠组,碳酸锂+奎硫平组和丙戊酸钠+奎硫平组差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:碳酸锂可能对稳定期双相障碍患者的某些执行功能有损害。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.