石膏前后夹板外固定腕关节功能位治疗桡骨远端骨折

<正>桡骨远端骨折是临床上最常见的骨折之一,约占急诊骨折患者的1/6[1],目前治疗桡骨远端骨折的方法很多,有手法复位石膏外固定、闭合复位外固定架固定、切开复位克氏针内     

T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

桡骨远端骨折是一种常见的骨折,其发生率约占急诊骨折的17%[1]。大多数病例通过传统的闭合复位石膏或夹板外固定治疗能够取得良好的疗效,但对于不稳定桡骨远端骨折,尤其是关节内骨折,手法复位困难,复位后丢失率高,容易遗留肢体短缩、关节畸形、活动受限及创伤性关节炎等后遗症。随着对桡骨远端骨折的认识不断深化,对于桡骨远端不稳定骨折越来越倾向于手术治疗。我院自2001-2004年使用T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折18例,疗效满意。1临床资料本组18例,男10例,女8例;年龄23~68岁,平均45岁;左侧7例,右侧11例。根据AO分类:B3型5例,C1型8…     

桡骨远端骨折治疗进展

桡骨远端骨折是临床最常见的骨折[1],其治疗仍存在争议。对这类骨折的处理许多学者强调了解剖复位、稳定的固定及早期关节功能锻炼的重要性[2],如果治疗不当将会产生明显的并发症。以往桡骨远端骨折治疗的主要方     

小夹板治疗桡骨远端骨折并尺骨茎突骨折60例

目的探讨手法复位后采用小夹板治疗桡骨远端骨折并尺骨茎突骨折的疗效。。方法对60例桡骨远端骨折并尺骨茎突骨折患者采取手法复位加小夹板外固定治疗法,回顾性分析患者的骨折及关节面复位、愈合情况以及腕关节功能等临床资料。结果本组患者桡骨远端骨折均愈合良好,尺骨茎突骨折愈合优良率73.33%;7例患者出现并发症(11.67%),其中创伤性关节炎3例,畸形愈合2例,下尺桡关节分离1例,前臂旋转受限1例。结论小夹板治疗桡骨远端骨折并尺骨茎突骨折具有创伤小、稳定性好、恢复快及并发症少等优点,值得临床推广使用。     

手法整复小夹板外固定治疗儿童尺桡骨远端骨折

<正>儿童尺桡骨远端双骨折是儿童常见骨折之一,尺桡骨完全骨折后,骨折端常发生旋转、成角或背向重叠移位,尤其背向重叠移位在临床上尤为多见[1],其治疗难点,一是复位困难;二是复位后易重新移位;三是儿童骨骺尚未闭合,尽量不考虑手术治疗。若处理不当,可引起腕关节及前臂的功能受限。2009年急诊科采用手法复位小夹板外固定治疗儿童尺桡骨远端骨折29例,现总结报告如下。     

介绍一种改良的AO尺桡骨双骨折复位技术

<正>尺桡骨骨折的手术治疗多采用尺桡骨双骨折复位技术[1],在手术操作过程中由于体位、骨折类型及肢体重量等原因,在维持骨折端的复位及钢板预弯固定时往往不能处于一个相对稳定环境,使得钢板固定后易出成角和旋转畸形,尤其是在粉碎性尺桡骨骨折的手术治疗过程中难以达到小骨块的解剖复位。笔者在尺桡骨双骨折复位技术中加用了骨圆针技术,取得了良好的效果,现介绍如下。     

桡骨远端不稳定骨折的手术治疗体会

桡骨远端骨折系指发生于旋前方肌近侧缘以远部位的骨折,是人体最常发生的骨折之一,约占所有骨折的17%[1]。本院对桡骨远端不稳定骨折进行了手术复位,2003年3月至2008年11月共收治桡骨远端不稳定骨折26例,疗效满意。现总结如下。     

微创穿针治疗新鲜孟氏骨折

Monteggia（孟氏）骨折原指尺骨上1/3骨折合并桡骨头脱位,后来许多学者使该损伤概念扩大指尺骨不同水平骨折或尺桡骨双骨折合并桡骨头脱位。该骨折是临床常见的一种前臂骨折,对于严重移位及脱位的不稳定骨折,难以手法复位,且手法复位后小夹板或石膏很难维持,一般主张采用切开复位内固定[1],环状韧带修补的治疗方法。     

小夹板和锁定钢板治疗老年人桡骨远端关节内骨折的比较

[目的]比较闭合复位小夹板外固定和切开复位锁定钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端关节内骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2013年1月~2014年12月,将66例桡骨远端关节内骨折的患者随机分为手法复位小夹板外固定治疗(保守组)和切开复位锁定钢板内固定(手术组)各33例。分别于治疗前、复位后、骨折愈合时,记录患者骨折复位状态(掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高)。记录患者骨折愈合时间。于骨折愈合时,记录腕关节活动度(屈伸活动度、桡尺偏活动度、旋前后活动度)、Mayo腕关节评分。[结果]治疗前,两组患者一般情况及骨折状况,差异无统计学意义。复位后、骨折愈合时,手术组患者掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高好于保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨折愈合时,手术组的掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高与复位后比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);骨折愈合时,保守组的掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高与复位后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。保守组骨折愈合时间短于手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨折愈合时,两组患者腕关节活动度、Mayo腕关节评分,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]手法复位小夹板外固定及切开复位锁定钢板内固定均可有效治疗老年桡骨远端关节内骨折。保守治疗存在骨折复位丢失的情况;保守治疗的患者骨折愈合时间相对短;采用手术治疗可获得良好的骨折复位;保守和手术的中远期腕关节功能无差别。     

动力跨关节型外固定架治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折

[目的]探讨手法复位或辅以有限内固定结合动力跨关节型外固定架跨腕关节固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的效果.[方法]应用手法复位或辅以内固定结合动力跨关节型外固定架跨腕关节固定治疗65例不稳定性桡骨远端骨折,骨折愈合后拆除外固定架.[结果]随访6～16个月,骨折愈合时间7～9周.最后一次随访时,按Cooney腕关节评分系统(包括疼痛、功能状况、腕关节活动度、握力):优40例,良21例,可2例,差2例,优良率为93.8%.[结论]手法复位或辅以有限内固定结合动力跨关节型外固定架跨腕关节固定治疗桡骨远端骨折既能使骨折复位、固定满意,又有利于术后早期手和腕部的功能康复锻炼,是治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的有效方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.