大功率钬激光经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石（附65例报告）

目的：探讨大功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石的方法与效果。方法：应用大功率（60w,3．0J,20Hz）钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石65例,其中多发性肾盂肾盏结石48例（平均直径3．1cm）,鹿角状结石17例（平均直径5．3cm）,统计大功率钬激光碎石术碎石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症等。结果：平均每次手术碎石取石时间为65（36～128）min,一次治疗结石取净率为69％（45／65）,总的取净率为91％（59／65）,术后5例出现发热,6例结合ESWL排净,3例有少量残留结石,1例术后出血较多行超选择性动脉栓塞后治愈,无其他并发症。结论：大功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石能快速粉碎结石,缩短手术时间,出血量少,效率高,是治疗结石的安全、有效方法。     

改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石71例报告

目的探讨改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石的方法及可行性。方法2007年1月至2008年12月,我院采用改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗。肾结石71例,其中单发肾结石37例,多发肾结石34例,鹿角状结石11例,结石直径2．0～6．1cm,平均2．4cm。记录碎石取石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症。结果术中碎石取石时间30～120min,平均56min,一次经皮肾镜取石术结石取尽率为70％（50,71）,总取尽率89％（63／71）。术中术后出血需输血7例,术后感染发热6例,无其它严重并发症。结论改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术中可促进碎石的排出,提高碎石取石效率,缩短手术取石时间,同时负压吸引可减少肾盂内高压灌注液和细菌毒素的吸收,增加手术安全性。     

微造瘘经皮肾镜大功率钬激光治疗肾结石128例报告

目的探讨微造瘘经皮肾镜下大功率钬激光在肾结石治疗中的应用。方法采用8F或9．8FStorz输尿管硬镜，微造瘘经皮肾镜下使用科医人100W钬激光机碎石，功率设置在40-60w。结果本组128例，均穿刺成功。一次性完成碎石取石105例，二次19例，三次4例。单通道取石121例，双通道取石7例。全部病例主要结石均被取出，单纯。肾盂或肾盏结石取净率为94％，多发或铸型鹿角型结石取净率为78．8％。一期取石手术时间为（85±30）min，术后住院时间为（6±2）d。术中术后明显出血2例。无改开放手术或周围脏器损伤病例，无患肾切除或死亡病例。结论微造瘘经皮肾镜取石安全有效，采用大功率钬激光可明显提高碎石效率、缩短手术时间，增加了一次手术结石取净率，而无增加肾脏的损伤。     

大功率钬激光联合超微通道经皮肾镜治疗＞2cm肾结石疗效分析

目的:探讨大功率钬激光联合超微通道经皮肾镜手术(SMP)治疗2cm肾结石的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析我院使用大功率钬激光联合SMP治疗2cm肾结石27例,碎石能量设定为60W(3.0J/20Hz),其中左肾结石13例,右肾结石14例;上盏结石2例,中盏结石5例,下盏结石15例,肾下盏合并肾盂结石5例。结石累计最大直径2.1～4.0cm,平均2.8cm。结石CT值577～1 757HU,平均1 092HU。统计碎石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症等。结果:27例均采用单通道顺利完成手术。术中穿刺上盏、中盏、下盏分别为2、8、17例。手术时间30～84min,平均48min。术后第l天复查KUB结石清除率为88.9%(24/27),1例因残余结石较多行二期输尿管软镜碎石术(RIRS),另外2例给予辅助体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗。1个月后复查KUB或彩超结石清除率达100%。术后血红蛋白下降5～18g/L,平均8.9g/L,术后患者均无需输血。4例(14.8%)患者术后出现发热,无其他并发症。住院时间2～5d,平均3.3d。结论:大功率钬激光联合SMP是一种安全、有效的治疗方式,可以作为治疗2cm肾结石的一种手术方案。     

应用钬激光、气压弹道联合碎石法治疗复杂性肾结石13例临床分析

目的 探讨联合钬激光、气压弹道2种碎石方法在微创经皮。肾镜下治疗复杂性。肾结石的方法及效果。方法 对13例复杂性肾结石患者采用微创经皮肾镜下钬激光、气压弹道联合碎石。结果 13例手术均获成功，结石彻底清除率84．6％。结论 微创经皮肾取石术采用钬激光气压弹道联合碎石法，可以减少出血，缩短手术时间，并提高一期手术成功率。     

微造瘘经皮肾镜大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨微造瘘经皮肾镜大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法 2008年2月～2011年3月68例复杂性肾结石在B超引导下进行穿刺,以筋膜扩张器逐级扩张至F16,建立皮肾操作通道,置入F8/9输尿管硬镜,科以人100 W钬激光碎石机将结石击碎取出,常规留置F14肾造瘘管。结果 59例（86.8%）一期单通道碎石取石,其中54例一次取净结石,一次结石清除率为79.4%（54/68）;余5例残留小结石配合体外震波碎石治疗后排净结石。2例中转开放手术取石,7例二期碎石或取石。手术时间105～220 min,（120.5±39.1）min;术后住院8～13 d,（10.6±2.5）d。68例随访3～36个月,（21.6±7.8）月,3例结石复发,体外震波碎石后治愈。结论微造瘘经皮肾镜下大功率钬激光碎石治疗复杂性肾结石安全、高效,对患者创伤小、出血少、恢复快、结石清除率高,是治疗肾结石安全、有效的方法。     

经皮肾镜联合不同软镜治疗鹿角形肾结石的研究

目的：评价单通道经皮肾镜联合不同软镜下钬激光碎石治疗鹿角形肾结石的手术效果。方法：B超引导穿刺,单通道经皮肾镜联合膀胱软镜和输尿管软镜,行钬激光碎石治疗鹿角形。肾结石93例。结石直径2．6～5．4cm。结果：93例均采用单通道经皮。肾镜联合软镜下钬激光碎石,一期手术平均手术时间为108min,完全清除率为83．9％（78／93）,二期手术平均手术时间为43min,结石完全清除率87．5％（7／8）。全部病例均无肾盂穿孔、气胸、腹腔内脏器官损伤等严重并发症发生。结论：单通道经皮。肾镜联合不同软镜下钬激光碎石治疗鹿角形肾结石具有碎石成功率和结石排净率高、创伤小、手术时间短、并发症少、周围脏器损伤风险小等优点,是一种治疗鹿角状肾结石的理想方法。     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石150例报告

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法连续硬膜外麻醉,经皮肾穿刺,建立手术通道,插入肾镜(WolfF8.5/11.5),见结石后,用200μm钬激光传导光纤(设置功率0.6～1.2J/6～10Hz)将结石粉碎并取出碎石屑。术后保留肾造瘘管3～5d,尿管5～7d,双J管4～8周。结果130例一期手术取石,手术时间40～150min,平均60min,术后住院时间7～10d,平均8.5d;15例二期手术取石,术后住院时间12～16d,平均14d;5例三期手术取石,术后住院时间15～20d,平均17d。150例均为单通道取石,一次手术结石取净率86.0%(129/150),总结石取净率92.0%(138/150)。150例无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石微创、安全、有效。     

肾下盏入路单通道微创经皮肾穿刺取石术联合输尿管镜下取石术治疗肾结石

目的总结肾下盏入路单通道微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)联合输尿管镜下取石术(URL)治疗肾结石的经验。方法建立经皮肾下盏通道后行URL,在完成肾盂内碎石解除肾盂出口处梗阻后输尿管内放置双J管,然后改行单通道MPCNL。结果18例均一次肾造瘘成功。仅1例行URL时因输尿管镜未能触及结石失败,单行PCNL。手术平均时间107min。1次取石13例,2次取石5例。18例中4例有残留结石后均行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL),仅1例随访6个月仍有少量残留结石。术中、术后无严重并发症。结论肾下盏入路单通道MPCNL联合URL治疗肾结石具有效率高、结石取净率高、肾损伤小、并发症少等优点,可作为治疗以肾下盏及肾盂为主肾结石首选方法。     

侧卧位微创经皮肾镜取石术48例报告

目的探讨侧卧位施行微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive pereutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）的可行性与疗效。方法2004年7月-2007年10月48例上尿路结石（鹿角状结石12例,结石直径为2.2-5.8cm;肾盂肾盏多发性结石31例;输尿管结石5例）取侧卧位,头低10°,脚低20°,在C形臂X线机或B超定位下作肾穿刺,建立微创经皮肾取石通道,输尿管镜气压弹道碎石或钬激光碎石,灌注泵冲洗结合取石钳取石。结果除1例因穿刺困难改用俯卧位完成MPCNL外,余47例均顺利完成手术,其中41例为一期手术,6例为一期置管,二期取石。无中转开放手术。手术时间（137.5±39.6）min。一期手术结石清除率82.9%（34/41）。无术中大出血,无胸膜损伤及周围脏器损伤等并发症。21例随访1-3个月,术前肾积水17例中,11例肾积水消失,6例减轻;4例残余结石中,1例1个月后再次体外震波碎石后结石排净,其余3例经中药排石,2例结石排净。结论侧卧位施行MPCNL,有利于术中麻醉监护,在绝大部分情况下可顺利完成MPCNL,手术效果良好。     

输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗23例经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石的疗效.方法 用钬激光治疗仪结合Fr8.0/9.8输尿管硬镜下联合气压弹道碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石23例,观察其疗效.结果 23例患者共有结石103枚,结石大小8 ～ 36mm,结石寻及率100.0％,一次结石粉碎成功率98.1％,无严重并发症发生.结论 输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石是一种可行的疗效优良、安全、经济的微创方法.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石联合排石颗粒治疗肾结石的临床研究

目的 观察输尿管软镜钬激光碎石联合应用排石颗粒治疗肾结石的疗效.方法 将本科室2013年8月至2015年8月收治的192例行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石的肾结石患者随机分为观察组(101例)和对照组(91例).结石最大直径约<25 mm,术前均行泌尿系平片(KUB)+静脉尿路造影(IVU).对照组60例结石位于上盏、中盏或肾盂内,41例位于下盏或多个肾盏,采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石.观察组60例结石位于上盏、中盏或肾盂内,31例位于下盏或者多个肾盏.采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,术后联合排石颗粒治疗.术后4周KUB平片或者双肾CT平扫,评估结石清除率.结果 全部患者进镜顺利并成功碎石.观察组4周后总排石成功率为97.0% (98/101) ,下盏及多盏结石排净率为97.6%(40/41),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率为96.7%(58/60);对照组4周后总排石成功率为90.1% (82/91),下盏及多盏结石排净率为80.6%(25/31),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率为95.0%(57/60) .两组相比总排石率差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05),下盏及多盏结石排净率差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 输尿管软镜激光碎石治疗肾结石尤其是肾下盏结石术后联用排石颗粒可明显提高排石率.     

经皮肾镜取石联合肾盏颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石联合钬激光肾盏憩室颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2016年3月本院泌尿外科收治的21例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料,在B超引导下穿刺结石所在的肾盏憩室,碎石取石后并以钬激光切开憩室颈口,术后留置肾造屡管及双J管。结果21例患者均采用一期单通道碎石,并切开肾盏颈口。手术时间为35~112(50.0±16.3)min;术中出血30~250(52.0±2.3)mL。无大出血或周围脏器损伤等严重并发症发生,无中转开放手术病例,结石清除率为90.5%(19/21),随访3~12个月,所有患者憩室消失或变小。结论经皮肾镜取石联合肾盏颈切开术治疗肾盏憩室结石创伤小、并发症少,效果确切。     

Single upper-pole percutaneous access for treatment of > or = 5-cm complex branched staghorn calculi: is shockwave lithotripsy necessary?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi is reported to have a residual stone rate of 28%, while shockwave lithotripsy alone results in residual stones in approximately 50% of cases. Combination therapy, sandwich therapy, and multiple percutaneous accesses have also been advocated for staghorn stones. We believe these stones can often be removed with a staged procedure via a single upper-pole percutaneous access using flexible nephroscopy and the holmium:YAG laser. Our experience is reviewed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The hospital records of patients having a cumulative stone burden > or =5 cm who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for a single complex staghorn calculus were reviewed. There were 15 male and 34 female patients having 45 complete and 7 partial staghorn calculi constituting a mean stone burden of 6.7 cm (range 5.0-10.0 cm). A calix was punctured that would provide access to the majority of the involved calices. Thirty-five renal units were approached through a single upper-pole percutaneous access, and four and six renal units were accessed through single middle or lower-pole calices, respectively. The remaining seven renal units were treated with multiple percutaneous accesses. RESULTS: In the renal units having only a single access, a mean of 1.6 (range 1-3) procedures were required to achieve stone-free status. The mean operating room time was 2.9 hours (range 2.0-3.5 hours). For the second PCNL, the mean operating room time was 63 minutes (range 30-90 minutes). Two patients (two renal units) had residual stones <1 cm in diameter. One refused additional surgery, and the other is awaiting further treatment. The mean estimated blood loss was 238 mL (range 50-800 mL), with only one procedure (2.2%) necessitating a blood transfusion. One (2.8%) hydrothorax developed among the 35 upper-pole puncture cases. Six patients had transient oral temperature readings >101 degrees F with negative blood cultures. Other early complications included single cases of leg cellulitis, atrial fibrillation, and noncardiac chest pain. There were no delayed surgical complications. Patients were discharged from the hospital a mean 2 days (range 1-10 days) after the first PCNL. CONCLUSION: Use of flexible nephroscopy with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy and Nitinol basket stone extraction has allowed us to render staghorn-containing renal units stone free in a mean of 1.6 procedures. Of the 45 renal units treated through a single percutaneous access, 43 (95%) were rendered stone free. The holmium:YAG laser appears to be a safe lithotrite for the kidney, as no complications occurred from its use.     

Retrograde ureteropyeloscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for large renal calculi

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of the retrograde ureteropyeloscopic holmium laser for treating renal stones that are too large to treat with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients (22 men and eight women, mean age 43 years, range 18-62) with a renal stone burden of > 2 cm were selected for laser treatment. The stones were in the renal pelvis in 16 patients, lower calyx in five, middle calyx in two, upper calyx in one and multiple pelvic and calyceal in six. Lithotripsy was undertaken using a holmium laser through 550 microm and 200 microm laser fibres passed through a semi-rigid fibre-optic long ureteroscope or the actively deflectable flexible ureteropyeloscope, respectively. Success was defined as total fragmentation of the stone to < 2 mm in diameter and/or clear imaging on renal ultrasonography and plain films within the 3-month follow-up. Patients in whom the treatment failed received either alternative therapy or complementary ESWL. RESULTS: Endoscopic access and complete stone fragmentation was achieved in 23 of the 30 patients (77%). The treatment failed in seven patients because of poor visualization, the initial presence of stones in, or migration of their large fragments to, an inaccessible calyx. There were no major intraoperative complications. Minor complications after treatment included haematuria that persisted for 2 days in one patient and high-grade fever in two patients; all were treated conservatively. CONCLUSION: Large renal calculi that are not amenable to ESWL monotherapy can be safely and effectively treated with a retrograde endoscopic technique that seems to compete well with the more invasive percutaneous or open surgical manoeuvres.     

腔内钬激光治疗输尿管结石的疗效分析（附275例）

目的探讨钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性及安全性。方法对275例输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中上段108例,中段68例,下段99例,结石直径5mm～20mm,平均（12±0.3）mm。结果 275例输尿管结石患者一次手术取尽结石260例（94.55%）,10例结石返回入肾内,手术时间（10～90）min,平均（30±5）min,术后平均住院3天。术中3例输尿管针尖状穿孔,无输尿管撕裂等严重并发症。结论对于直径〈2cm,结石处炎症肉芽组织多,输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石是一种理想的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜联合经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗肾囊肿并肾多发性结石

目的 介绍腹腔镜联合经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗肾囊肿并肾多发性结石的技术要点和初步经验。 方法 选取20例肾囊肿并肾多发性结石患者行腹腔镜联合经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗肾囊肿并肾多发结石。结石最大4x3cm,最小1x0.5cm。先用腹腔镜行肾囊肿去顶术。然后根据术前CTA+CTU片制定手术方案和穿刺部位。在腹腔镜监视下行经皮肾穿刺,建立F18取石通道取石。 结果 20例患者均获得成功。结石全部取尽,手术效果满意。手术平均时间90min。没有出现出血、尿漏、肾盏颈撕裂和输尿管狭窄等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间5d。 结论 腹腔镜联合经皮肾穿刺取石术可以同时处理肾脏多种疾病。在处理肾盏内结石或肾盏颈细长,肾内型肾盂的患者较腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术容易操作,盏颈损伤小和结石清除率高。是腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术有益的补充和支持。     

Efficacy of percutaneous treatment of biliary tract calculi using the holmium:YAG laser

Background Few Western studies have focused on percutaneous techniques using percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy (PTHC) and holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (YAG) laser to ablate biliary calculi in patients unable or unwilling to undergo endoscopic or surgical removal of the calculi. The authors report the efficacy of the holmium:YAG laser in clearing complex biliary calculi using percutaneous access techniques. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed 13 non-Asian patients with complex secondary biliary calculi treated percutaneously using holmium:YAG laser. Percutaneous access was accomplished via left, right, or bilateral hepatic ducts and upsized for passage of a 7-Fr video choledochoscope. Lithotripsy was performed under choledochoscopic vision using a holmium:YAG laser with 200- or 365-μm fibers generating 0.6 to 1.0 joules at 8 to 15 Hz. Patients underwent treatment until stone clearance was confirmed by PTHC. Downsizing and subsequent removal of percutaneous catheters completed the treatment course. Results Seven men and six women with an average age of 69 years underwent treatment. All the patients had their biliary tract stones cleared successfully. Of the 13 patients, 3 were treated solely as outpatients. The average length of percutaneous access was 108 days. At this writing, one patient still has a catheter in place. The average number of holmium:YAG laser treatments required for stone clearance was 1.6, with no patients requiring more than 3 treatments. Of the 13 patients, 8 underwent a single holmium:YAG laser treatment to clear their calculi. Prior unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic removal of the calculi had been experienced by 7 of the 13 patients. Five patients underwent percutaneous access and subsequent stone removal as their sole therapy for biliary stones. Five patients were cleared of their calculi after percutaneous laser ablation of large stones and percutaneous basket retrieval of the remaining stone fragments. There was one complication of pain requiring admission, and no deaths. Conclusions The use of PTHC with holmium:YAG laser ablation is safe and efficacious, but requires prolonged biliary access and often multiple procedures to ensure clearance of all calculi.