多烯紫杉醇与碘油混合栓塞联合伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌的疗效

目的:观察多烯紫杉醇与碘油混合经肝动脉栓塞化疗联合伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法:将108例原发性肝癌患者随机分为两组,每组54例。综合治疗组采用两次多烯紫杉醇与碘油混合行肝动脉栓塞化疗中间加入1次伽玛刀立体定向精确放疗;对照组采用单纯两次多烯紫杉醇与碘油混合行肝动脉栓塞化疗。比较两种治疗方法的近期疗效、1年生存率、肿瘤复发与转移情况及不良反应。结果:综合治疗组和对照组的有效率分别为94.4%和81.5%,差异有统计学意义;1年生存率分别为98.1%和85.2%,差异有统计学意义。结论:多烯紫杉醇和碘油混合经肝动脉栓塞化疗联合伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌的疗效优于单纯行多烯紫杉醇和碘油混合经肝动脉栓塞化疗。     

中晚期肝癌肝移植术前介入治疗的临床价值

目的 探讨中晚期肝癌(HCC)肝移植术前介入治疗对预防肝移植后肝癌复发及提高患者生存率的临床价值.方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2005年11月我院接受肝移植的40例中晚期HCC患者的临床资料,其中加例(介入组)术前辅以介入治疗,另外20例作为同期对照组(未介入组),比较两组的累计生存率和无瘤生存率,并观察介入治疗的安全性及不良反应.结果 经统计学分析,介入组和未介入组1、2年无瘤生存率分别为70%、55%和45%、30%,两组累计无瘤生存率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);介入组1、2年生存率(80%、60%)亦高于未介入组(55%、35%),两组术后累计生存率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).介入组患者均未出现与介入治疗相关的肝、肾毒性或影响移植手术的血管性病变.结论 移植前辅以介入治疗可显著提高中晚期HCC术后生存率.     

肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后移植肝再发肝癌的治疗对策——一例长期存活病例报道并相关文献复习

目的总结原发性肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后新肝再发肝癌的治疗经验。方法 2003年11月14日空军总医院肝胆外科为1例肝癌切除术后复发患者施行了同种异体原位肝移植。肝移植术后（以下简称术后）3个月时曾返院化疗。术后19个月时发现移植肝首次出现肝癌复发,随后依次施行经皮肝穿刺射频消融、肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中射频消融及肝左内叶肿瘤切除术等序贯综合治疗。术后32个月时发现移植肝再次复发肝癌,依次给予经肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中肝右前叶肿瘤射频治疗及肝右后叶肿瘤切除等综合治疗。术后5年时发现门静脉血栓,出现肝功能异常,经保肝、抗凝、补充白蛋白等治疗后肝功能逐渐恢复。患者肝移植围手术期及术后接受常规抗乙肝病毒治疗。术后常规服用抗排异药物。结果该患者肝移植手术及术后恢复较为顺利。肝移植术后2次肝癌复发均成功治愈,第2次复发治愈后无肿瘤复发。乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸定量均小于103copies/ml,患者至今仍然健康生存,肝功能基本正常。结论对原发性肝癌切除术后肝癌复发的病例,只要复发肝癌符合中国杭州标准,仍应积极进行肝移植。对于肝移植术后新肝复发肝癌的患者,积极的序贯综合治疗及手术切除仍可能获得治愈。     

原发性肝癌双介入治疗疗效的临床研究

目的 评价双介入方法治疗原发性肝癌的临床应用价值.方法 选择2001年3月至2003年2月在我院进行介入治疗的原发性肝癌患者68例,其中,单纯性肝动脉化疗栓塞36例(TACE组),行肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)和经皮肝穿注射无水乙醇(PEI)双介入治疗32例(双介入组).全部病例定期做CT复查和AFP测定,观察肿瘤的客观疗效.结果 TACE组肿瘤客观有效率(CR PR)36.1%,AFP下降幅度56.1%,2 a生存率44.4%;双介入组客观有效率65.7%,AFP下降幅度78.6%,2 a生存率62.5%,两组间有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论 双介入方法治疗原发性肝癌疗效肯定,优于单纯应用TACE.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术在原发性肝癌根治术中的应用价值

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术在原发性肝癌根治术中的应用价值。方法：对24例原发性肝癌患者，男23例，女1例，年龄38～69岁，采用术前介入化疗和栓塞，栓塞后3～7日内择期手术，术后再行介入化疗和栓塞治疗。结果：24例肿瘤根治术及术前术后168次肝动脉灌注术(TAI)、肝动脉化学栓塞术(TACE)均为100％成功率。复查AFP 19例恢复正常，5例有明显下降，6～24个月复发21例，经TACE治疗，复发灶均有不同程度缩小。死亡2例，中位存活期19．5月。存活着22例，中位存活期已达23．5月。结论：术前行TACE有利于争取手术机会和手术根治，防止术后复发。介入治疗和手术结合是提高肿瘤整体疗效及病人存活率的重要方法。     

原发性肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘的介入栓塞治疗策略及疗效探讨

目的探讨原发性肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘(arteriovenous shunting,AVS)的介入栓塞治疗策略及疗效。资料与方法 39例原发性肝癌合并AVS患者,超选择插管造影明确AVS的类型、分流量及肿瘤血供后,按不同方式进行堵瘘及肿瘤化疗栓塞治疗。术后观察临床症状改善及肿瘤变化,随访生存期3～12个月。结果 37例完成化疗栓塞,2例仅行化疗灌注。首次治疗瘘口消失或分流减少35例,CT显示碘油较好沉积或肿瘤稳定缩小34例。术后大部分顽固性腹腔积液、腹泻及上消化道出血等症状控制或改善,无肺栓塞、肝功能衰竭等并发症。3个月、6个月、12个月生存率分别为94.9%、87.2%、41.0%。结论精细的超选择插管造影及瘘口封堵有助于原发性肝癌合并AVS的大部分栓塞,改善患者临床症状并延长生存时间。     

热化疗栓塞术治疗中晚期原发性肝癌的疗效观察

目的 探讨热化疗栓塞术治疗中晚期原发性巨块型肝痛的疗效.方法 163例中晚期原发性巨块型肝癌患者,分成A、B 2组.A组123例,按化疗和碘油乳剂栓塞行经皮经导管肝动脉栓塞术(TACE)治疗;B组40例,按最大剂量的碘油乙醇乳剂栓塞 热灌注化疗 栓塞和间接门静脉化疗法进行治疗,并进行治疗前后肿瘤大小及AFP变化的对比分析.结果 2组治疗前后肝内肿瘤大小变化及AFP变化的比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.01),经6～36 月随访,A组和B组6、12、24、36月生存率分别为82.9%、72.4%、33.3%、13.0%和97.5%、90.0%、70.0%、37.5%(P＜0.05).结论 肝动脉热化疗栓塞组治疗中晚期原发性巨块型肝癌效果优于常规的TACE组,安全有效.     

经肝动脉热化疗及热碘油栓塞治疗原发性肝癌

目的 评价经肝动脉热化疗及热碘油栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的疗效.方法 将116例原发性肝癌分为3组.A组(常规组)38例,采用常温动脉灌注化疗及常温碘油栓塞.B组40例,采用热化疗及常温碘油栓塞.C组38例,采用热化疗及热碘油栓塞.B组加C组为热疗组.结果 热疗组肿瘤缩小率优于常规组,3组术后肝功能变化情况无显著性差异.6、12、18、24个月生存率常规组分别为97%、58%、39%和18%,热疗组分别为99%、79%、57%、36%.B组和C组间在肿瘤缩小率及生存率方面均无显著性差异.结论 肝动脉热化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌有明显的疗效,而对肝功能无明显的损害.     

原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的"双介入性"治疗

目的评价"双介入性"灌注及栓塞治疗原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的临床应用价值,探讨有效的治疗方案和方法. 资料与方法对47例肝内单个或2个以上病灶并均有门静脉癌栓者,行直接肝动脉和间接门静脉血管造影,明确肿瘤、门静脉癌栓及血供情况.视门静脉癌栓的程度制定出介入化疗栓塞方案.采用三联用药、超液化碘油及酌情加用明胶海绵颗粒,对肝内肿瘤和门静脉癌栓进行直接或间接介入栓塞治疗.其介入治疗后6～36个月患者的总生存率分别与单纯化疗药物灌注组和无门静脉癌栓组患者的总生存率进行比较和统计学处理分析. 结果经介入治疗后,实验组患者6、12、24、36个月的总生存率(98.9%、84.3%、46.7%、4.2%)显著高于单纯化疗药物灌注组(P＜0.001);与无门静脉癌栓组患者的总生存率相近(P＞0.05). 结论原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓并非栓塞的禁忌症.采用"双介入性"的化疗及栓塞为行之有效的介入治疗方法,取得与无门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌的介入治疗相近、个别甚或超过的效果,具有重要的临床治疗价值.     

干扰素治疗原发性肝癌的实验和临床研究

原发性肝癌的治疗逐渐发展成为以手术切除、介入肝动脉化疗栓塞、肝移植等多种方法序贯联合的综合性治疗模式.尽管疗效得到提高,但因原发性肝癌起病时的隐匿性和治疗后相当高的复发和转移率使得远期生存率仍不能令人满意.新的用于治疗原发性肝癌的药物和新的治疗方式在不断地探索之中.     

Radiofrequency ablation of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient after liver transplantation: two-year follow-up

Orthotopic liver transplantation is frequently performed for patients with end-stage liver disease complicated by the development of small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Since the adaptation of the Milan criteria, the rate of posttransplantation recurrence has significantly decreased to a rate of 10%-20%. In the setting of recurrence after transplantation, survival rates are poor, with a median of 9 months. Survival can be extended with use of definitive therapies, most often surgical. The present report describes a patient with recurrent intrahepatic HCC after liver transplantation who was treated with radiofrequency ablation and has survived 24 months with normalization of alpha-fetoprotein levels and no evidence of viable tumor on imaging.     

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: percutaneous radiofrequency ablation after hepatectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the liver after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with 53 recurrent HCC tumors in the liver underwent percutaneous RF ablation with ultrasonographic guidance. All patients had a history of hepatic resection for HCC. The mean diameter of recurrent tumors was 2.1 cm (range, 0.8-4.0 cm). All patients were followed up for at least 10 months after ablation (range, 10-40 months; mean, 23 months). Therapeutic efficacy and complications were evaluated with multiphase helical computed tomography (CT) at regular follow-up visits. Overall and disease-free survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: At follow-up CT after initial RF ablation, 11 (21%) of 53 ablated HCC tumor sites showed residual tumor or local tumor progression. After additional RF ablation, complete ablation of 46 (87%) of 53 tumors was attained. Also at initial follow-up CT, before either additional RF ablation or other treatment was performed, 21 (47%) of 45 patients were found to have 41 new HCC tumors at other liver sites. Of these, nine tumors in eight patients were treatable with a second application of RF ablation. Overall survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 82%, 72%, and 54%, respectively. No deaths or complications requiring further treatment occurred as a result of RF ablation. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous RF ablation is an effective and safe method for treating recurrent HCC in the liver after hepatectomy, with a good overall patient survival rate.     

Review on transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications

The current review provides an overview on the palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is based on an analysis of the current literature and the experience of the authors on the topic. Chemoembolization combines the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs with particle embolization. Tumor ischemia raises the drug concentration compared to infusion alone, extends the retention of the chemotherapeutic agent and reduces systemic toxicity. Palliatively, TACE is performed to control symptoms and prolong survival in HCC patients; in some indications TACE allows a local tumor control of 18-63%. For combined indications, excellent results were achieved by combined therapies, such as percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI)/TACE, radiofrequency ablation (RF)/TACE, and laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT)/TACE. As a neoadjuvant therapy prior to liver resection TACE showed 70% tumor control. Though debatable, TACE still plays a role as a bridging tool before liver transplantation. Symptomatic indication of TACE in ruptured HCC showed 83-100% control of bleeding but survival was poor. Thus, TACE represents an important therapeutic tool against HCC in general in addition to its special role in cases of unresectable HCC.     

Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts

PurposeTo evaluate the toxicity and response to radioembolization with yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) glass microspheres in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and existing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS).Materials and MethodsFor treatment of unresectable HCC, 12 patients with a patent TIPS underwent a total of 21 infusions of ⁹⁰Y. Toxicity within 90 days of treatment was assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). Imaging response within the index lesion was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) guidelines. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsAll patients had a patent TIPS on imaging before treatment. Clinical toxicities included fatigue (83%), encephalopathy (33%), and abdominal pain (25%). Three patients (25%) experienced new grade 3 or 4 bilirubin toxicity. Imaging response was achieved in 50% and 67% of patients according to WHO and EASL criteria. Six patients (50%) went on to liver transplantation. Median survival censored for liver transplantation was 498 days (95% confidence interval [CI],100–800 d), and uncensored median survival was 827 days (95% CI, 250–2,400 d).Conclusions⁹⁰Y radioembolization may be a safe and effective treatment for patients with unresectable HCC and existing TIPS. This minimally embolic therapy may be particularly useful as a bridge to curative liver transplantation.     

进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用奥沙利铂联合氟尿嘧啶-甲酰四氢叶酸钙辅助化疗的安全性

目的探讨进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用＂奥沙利铂（Oxaliplatin,OXA/L-OHP）＋氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）＋甲酰四氢叶酸钙（CF）＂辅助化疗的临床安全性分析。方法分析我院施行了原位肝移植手术的58例进展期原发性肝癌（HCC）伴肝硬化患者,其中治疗组为26例不符合米兰标准的肝癌患者,术后进行辅助化疗;其余32例行单纯手术治疗。采用＂OXA/L-OHP＋5-Fu＋CF＂化疗方案,每次化疗间隔21 d,共6个周期。治疗期间及治疗后记录患者的不良反应和生存情况。结果化疗患者术后3年的生存率为78.8%;未化疗患者术后3年的生存率为53.6%。化疗不良反应以骨髓抑制为主。27例出现骨髓抑制的患者中,24例出现白细胞减少,其中12例接受重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子治疗;7例出现血小板减少,其中仅4例接受重组人血小板生成素治疗。无1例出现排异反应以及发生与治疗相关的死亡及感染。无1例患者因化疗毒副反应中断化疗。结论进展期肝癌肝移植术后采用＂OXA/L-OHP＋5-Fu＋CF＂辅助化疗是安全,可行的。     

Review on transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: Palliative,combined, neoadjuvant,bridging, and symptomatic indications

The current review provides an overview on the palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is based on an analysis of the current literature and the experience of the authors on the topic. Chemoembolization combines the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs with particle embolization. Tumor ischemia raises the drug concentration compared to infusion alone, extends the retention of the chemotherapeutic agent and reduces systemic toxicity. Palliatively, TACE is performed to control symptoms and prolong survival in HCC patients; in some indications TACE allows a local tumor control of 18–63%. For combined indications, excellent results were achieved by combined therapies, such as percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI)/TACE, radiofrequency ablation (RF)/TACE, and laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT)/TACE. As a neoadjuvant therapy prior to liver resection TACE showed 70% tumor control. Though debatable, TACE still plays a role as a bridging tool before liver transplantation. Symptomatic indication of TACE in ruptured HCC showed 83–100% control of bleeding but survival was poor. Thus, TACE represents an important therapeutic tool against HCC in general in addition to its special role in cases of unresectable HCC.     

Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: where does the truth lie?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most highly lethal cancers in the world. It continues to be plagued by a shortage of effective therapeutic options and consequently is a major cause of death, especially in eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In the United States, the incidence of HCC has been rapidly and steadily increasing in the past 20 years because of the concomitant epidemic rise in hepatitis C virus infection. Surgical resection and liver transplantation offer the only chance for a cure, but, unfortunately, tumors in most patients are found to be unresectable at presentation and the patients are therefore left with palliative options only. Of those, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization has been the most widely used over the years and has become the mainstay of therapy for patients with unresectable HCC. Yet, controversy has surrounded its efficacy and impact on patient survival. After a period of initial enthusiasm followed by encouraging results from retrospective and prospective studies, several randomized trials failed to show any survival advantage of chemoembolization over supportive care. So where does the truth lie? The publication this year of two separate high-quality randomized trials, one in Hepatology from Hong Kong and the other in Lancet from Spain, should help answer this question and finally establish the usefulness of chemoembolization as an effective palliative therapy against HCC.     

MRI findings of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: preliminary results

Purpose

To describe the patterns of recurrence and serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods

All cases of recurrent HCC after transplantation between September 2002 and August 2009 that underwent MRI including precontrast T1, T2‐weighted images, and postgadolinium dynamic images were reviewed. On MRI we evaluated the characteristics and patterns of recurrent HCC after transplantation.

Results

A total 7 of 76 transplanted patients (four men, three women, age range, 45–63, mean 52.7 years) were included in this study. Four patients (57.1%) were identified to have a pattern of persistent local disease (PLD) near the transplanted liver, hepatorenal space, or suture site within 2.75 years (range, 2–4 years). Two patients showed recurrent HCC in the allograft alone within 5 years. One patient showed an intraperitoneal seeding (IPS) pattern which demonstrated diffuse peritoneal infiltration and thickening within 9 months. The diffuse metastatic disease (DMD) pattern was observed as a late manifestation of PLD and IPS. The most prominent volume of recurrent tumor burden was found in an extrahepatic (5 of 7 patients) compared to an intrahepatic (2 of 7 patients) location. The signal intensities and enhancement patterns did not exhibit change with disease progression.

Conclusion

We describe four patterns of recurrence of HCC following transplant. The most prominent tumor burden was located in an extrahepatic compared to an intrahepatic location. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:1399–1405. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

原发性肝癌栓塞后的再治疗

目的：本研究探讨不能手术切除的中晚期肝癌行介入治疗后的再治疗方法。材料和方法：９２例中晚期肝癌患者行肝动脉栓塞（ＴＡＥ）治疗后其中５０例（甲组）获二期手术切除，另４２例（乙组）重复行ＴＡＥ治疗。对比观察两组的临床疗效。结果：甲组１、２年累计生存率分别为７１％和５０％，乙组１、２年累计生存率为７３％和４３％，二组间无显著差异。甲组ＯｋｕｄａＩ期患者的生存率优于乙组，而ＯｋｕｄａⅡ期患者的生存率乙组优于甲组。结论：中晚期肝癌行ＴＡＥ治疗后二期手术切除的必要性尚有待讨论，二期切除不能改善ＯｋｕｄａⅡ期患者的生存情况。     

Chemoembolization in the therapy of hepatocarcinoma. A 3-year experience]

This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of chemoembolization (CE) to improve survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our results were compared with the natural history of HCC. Sixty-two consecutive patients with HCC in Okuda's stages I and II underwent CE. Forty-seven patients were treated with CE alone; 9 patients had CE prior to surgery, and 6 patients had it after surgery because of recurrent HCC. One hundred and nine CEs (mean: 1.8 CEs/patient) were performed with Lipiodol UF, epirubicin and gelatin sponge. Actuarial survival was calculated considering Okuda's stage, neoplasm size, and evidence of pseudocapsule. The mean cumulative survival of the 47 patients treated with CE alone was 13.2 months; survival (+/- SE) at 12, 24 and 36 months was 0.75 (+/- 0.07), 0.46 (+/- 0.10) and 0.28 (+/- 0.12). Survival was not affected by Okuda's stage, neoplasm size, evidence of pseudocapsule (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the patients with early HCC had better prognosis. Eighteen patients (42.9%) died during follow-up, 12 of whom (66.7%) from hepatic failure. The mean survival of patients with recurrence of HCC after surgery was 41 months (range: 24.8-74.9 months) since initial diagnosis of HCC, and 14.8 months (range: 7.1-29.6 months) since diagnosis of recurrence. Two of these patients died from hepatic failure. All the patients who underwent also surgery after CE are still alive (mean survival: 14.7 months). Histologic findings of resected specimens revealed viable neoplastic cells in all cases. Twenty-one major complications (20.2%) occurred in 18 patients (29%); the outcome of complications was favorable in all but one patient who died from sepsis. CE is a reliable and safe treatment for unresectable HCC. Small HCCs should be preferably treated with surgery or, alternatively, with percutaneous alcohol injection.