计算机导航内半骨盆肿瘤切除及有限元分析辅助重建

目的 探讨计算机导航骨盆肿瘤精确切除与重建的安全性和有效性,评价有限元力学分析辅助骨盆环结构与力学重建的可行性.方法 2008年12月至2010年6月,采用有限元分析辅助肿瘤切除后的组配式假体设计,并通过计算机导航对12例内半骨盆恶性肿瘤患者行肿瘤切除与重建术.男8例,女4例;年龄25～53岁,平均39.7岁.软骨肉瘤4例,成骨肉瘤2例,Ewing肉瘤2例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例,转移瘤3例(肾癌1例、甲状腺癌1例、乳腺癌1例).Enneking原发恶性肿瘤分期:ⅠA期1例,Ⅰ B期2例,ⅡA期2例,ⅡB期4例.术后评价肿瘤学结果和功能恢复情况.结果 术中未发生神经、血管和脏器损伤.术后X线片显示肿瘤切除范围与术前计划匹配,肿瘤切除彻底,组配式骨盆假体安放位置满意,固定钉位置满足术前有限元力学分析要求.全部病例随访8～26个月,平均18.2个月.肿瘤局部复发并肺转移1例,深部感染1例,深静脉血栓形成1例.无假体脱位及内固定松动、断裂,无肢体短缩.术后6个月时1993年美国骨肿瘤学会功能评分平均70%,6例随访超过20个月的患者功能评分平均68%.结论 计算机导航辅助骨盆肿瘤切除重建是一种安全有效的方法,有限元分析可为骨盆环重建提供精确的力学指导.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the security and effectiveness of the accurate resection and reconstruction of pelvic tumor with computer navigation and to evaluate the feasibility of pelvic ring structure and mechanics reconstruction using finite element analysis.Methors From December 2008 to June 2010,tumor resections assisted by computer navigation technology and pelvic reconstructions with assembly prosthesis designed by finite element analysis were performed in 12 patients with internal hemi-pelvic malignant tumors.There were 8 male and 4 female patients,with the average age of 39.7 years(range,25-53).The malignant tumors involved chondrosarcoma(4 cases),osteosarcoma(2),Ewing sarcoma(2),malignant fibrohistiocytoma(1),and metastatic tumor(3,in which including renal cell carcinoma 1 case,thyroid carcinoma 1,and breast carcinoma 1).According to Enneking staging classification,there were 1 case in Ⅰ A,2 cases in ⅠB,2 cases in Ⅱ A.and 4 cases in Ⅱ B.The local recurrence of tumor and functional results were followed up postoperatively.Results There were no nerves,vessels and pelvic organs injuries intra-operatively.The postoperative X-rays showed that the excised regions were proper to the preoperative schedule and en bloc resections were performed in all patients.All assembly prostheses were in satisfactory position.and the screw fixation was accordance with the finite element biomechanical analysis.All the cases were followed up for average 18.2 months (range,8-26).There were 1 case with local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis,1 case with deep infection,and 1 case with deep vein thrombosis.No prosthesis dislocation,loosening,breaking,and limb length discrepancy occurred in all patients.The average MSTS93 functional score was 70%in all patients at 6 months,and 68 % in 6 patients at 20 months follow.up.Conclusion The resection and reconstruction of pelvic tumor assisted by computer navigation is a safe and effective procedure.The finite element analysis can provide accurate biomechanical guidance to the reconstruction of pelvic ring.     

肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤浸润的病理研究

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗肾癌时肿瘤周围正常肾组织安全有效的切除范围.方法2005年10月至2008年10月肾癌标本131例,其中行肾癌根治术103例,行NSS 28例.先行大体病理检查,然后分别在肿瘤假包膜外侧和距离肿瘤边缘3、5、10、15 mm各层面取材,每个层面取4块组织,HE组织染色.观察有无肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤的浸润范围等病理指标,分别测量病变到肿瘤边缘的距离,并统计肿瘤大小与以上指标的相关性.结果 131例肾癌标本中,肿瘤直径＜4.0 cm者61例,均未发现肿瘤周围浸润和卫星灶.肿瘤直径4～7 cm者46例,发现肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶3例(6.5%),其中G3透明细胞癌1例,分别在距离肿瘤10、15 mm处发现卫星灶;集合管癌1例和G3透明细胞癌伴肉瘤样癌1例距离肿瘤周围15 mm均可见肿瘤浸润生长,集合管癌患者同时伴有远处转移和肾静脉瘤栓.肿瘤直径＞7 cm者24例,有肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶4例(16.7%),其中1例G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围3 mm处发现卫星灶,另3例G2、G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围15 mm范围发现肿瘤浸润生长;有肾静脉瘤栓4例(16.7%);远处转移2例(8.3%).肿瘤直径与肿瘤周围浸润生长和卫星灶之间呈显著相关性(P＜0.05).结论直径＜4 cm的肾癌,行距离肿瘤周围正常肾组织切除宽度小的NSS,甚至简单的肿瘤剜除术安全有效;对部分仔细选择的4～7 cm肾癌,只要技术可行能够完整切除肿瘤,采用NSS治疗合理可行;而对于＞7 cm的肾癌,不建议行NSS.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the safe and effective width of a healthy parenchymal surgical margin in nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma. Methods From October, 2005to October, 2008, 131 renal carcinoma specimens (103 cases performed by radical nephrectomy and 28 cases by NSS) were studied. The tissue materials were taken at the site of pseudo-capsule, 3, 5, 10,15 mm laterally from the tumor edge respectively and HE staining. Specimens were examined grossly and microscopically for multifocal tumors, infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule and other pathological features. The correlation between the renal tumor size and the pathological features were analyzed statistically. Results There were 131 specimens of renal carcinoma. In 61 cases with tumor diameter ＜4 cm, no case (0.0%) had multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule. In 46 cases with tumor diameter 4-7 cm, multifocal tumors were found in 3 cases (6.5%), and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 2 cases. Among the 46 cases there was 1 collecting duct cancer accompanied with distant metastasis and renal vein tumor embolus. In 24 cases with tumor diameter ＞7cm, multifocal tumors were found in 4 cases (16. 7%) and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 3 cases. Four cases (16.7%) had renal vein tumor embolus. Two cases (8.3%) had distant metastasis. The renal tumor size was apparently associated with multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule (P＜0. 05). Conclusions Mini-margin NSS, even simple enucleoresection, is a safe and effective approach for treating localized renal tumor of ＜4 cm. For carefully selected patients with tumor 4-7 cm, NSS is reasonable and feasible. But for the patient with tumor ＞7 cm,NSS is not recommended.     

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma in women aged below 30 years

<正> Objective:To study the manifestation,pathohistologic type,stage of disease,treatment andoutcome of epithelial ovarian carcinoma in women under the age of 30 years.Methods:The 21 cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma in women aged below 30 years betweenJan,1986 and Mar,2002 were analyzed retrospectively.Results:The median age at the time of diagnosis was 24 years(range,16-29 years).All car-cinomas occurred after menarche.The most common symptoms were abdominal pain(50%),fol-lowed by tympanites(25%)and menstrual disorders(19%).The initial diagnosis was usuallymade by physical examination,ultrasonography and serum CA125.The mean maximal tumor di-ameter was 17.6 cm.Ten patients had Stage Ⅰ disease(5 Ⅰa,5 Ⅰc),five had Stage Ⅲ disease,andthe other six were unknown during staging operation.There were nine mucinous tumors,six se-rous tumors.Most tumors were well-differentiated and classified as Grade1 in 11 cases,Grade2 in2 cases,Grade3 in 2 cases,unknown in 6 cases.Optimal and suboptimal cytoreduction wasachieved in 14 patients in primary treatment and 5 in recurrent treatment.8 patients were treatedwith conservative surgery.18 patients were treated with chemotherapy and 7 patients had experi-enced six or more than six courses of chemotherapy.The median follow-up was 50 months(range,2-192 months).There were 6 deaths,2 alive with tumor,11 alive without the disease,2losing follow-up.The 3-year survival rate was 89%,and 5-year survival rate was 76%.Conclusion:Young patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma appeared to have a less aggres-sive form of the disease and a more favorable prognosis.     

肾盂鳞状细胞癌临床特点分析

目的 探讨肾盂鳞状细胞癌的诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析1991年10月至2009年5月收治8例肾盂鳞状细胞癌患者资料.临床表现血尿8例,腰痛7例,腹部包块1例.B超检查8例,IVU检查8例,CT检查4例.术前诊断为肿瘤3例,诊断为肾结石5例,结石术中发现肿瘤并经冰冻病理确诊2例.8例患者均经手术治疗,行根治性肾输尿管切除4例、单纯性肾切除3例、姑息性切除术1例.结果 8例病理诊断均为鳞状细胞癌.中分化6例,高分化和低分化各1例;pT1 1例,pT2 1例,pT3 3例,pT4 3例;淋巴结转移2例.获随访7例,失访1例.术后生存时间2～42个月,中位时间6个月,患者均死于肿瘤复发及转移.结论 肾盂鳞状细胞癌恶性程度高,常合并结石,术前诊断困难,确诊时多为中晚期,术后短期内易复发转移,预后极差.

Abstract：

Objective To review the diagnosis and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. Methods The clinical data from October 1991 to May 2009 of eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. The symptoms of the patients were hematuria (eight cases), pain (seven cases) and abdominal mass (one case). All patients underwent B-ultrasound and IVU examination and four cases underwent CT scan. Three cases were diagnosed as having a tumor before surgery. Five cases were diagnosed as renal calculus, two of the five cases were diagnosed by intraoperative frozen section. Radical nephroureterectomy were performed in four cases, nephrectomy in three cases and palliative resection in one case. Results Histological classification revealed that six cases were moderately differentiated, one case was well differentiated and one case was poorly differentiated. Two cases had stage pT1/pT2 and six cases had stage pT3/pT4. 2 cases had regional lymph nodes metastasis. Seven cases were followed-up. All patients died of tumor recurrence or metastasis. The median tumor specific survive time was six months (range from two months to 42 months). Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis is often occurs concurrently with urolithiasis which could lead to difficulty in diagnose before operation. As the most of the patients were diagnosed with advanced stage disease, squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis tended to early recurrence and metastasis and the prognosis was very poor.     

肾嫌色细胞癌临床特征分析

目的 探讨肾嫌色细胞癌的临床特点并分析其预后.方法 对1998年1月至2008年1月期间收治的29例肾嫌色细胞癌患者的临床资料包括临床表现、影像学检查、治疗方法、Ptnm分期和生存期随访等,进行回顾性分析.结果 所有29例患者均缺乏典型的临床症状,术前影像学检查亦未发现特异性表现.23例患者行根治性肾切除术,6例行保留肾单位手术(NSS),病理分期:Pt1n0m0 11例,Pt2n0m0 8例,pT3aN0M0 5例,Pt1nm0 3例,Pt2n1m0 2例.26例患者获得随访,随访24～144个月,平均90个月;3例死于心脑血管疾病,6例局部复发后4例再次手术,1例远处转移,21例无瘤生存.与同期肾透明细胞癌患者相比,累积5年生存率两者分别为83.9%和63.8%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),累积10年生存率分别为77.9%和49.9%,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种少见的具有特殊形态的肾细胞癌病理亚型,主要通过病理学予以鉴别诊断,手术切除是治疗初发或复发的肾嫌色细胞癌的首选方法,其预后较好.

Abstract：

Objectives To explore the clinical, pathological features and prognosis of patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Methods From January 1998 to January 2008, clinical data of 29 patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma including clinical manifestations, imaging examinations,treatment models, pTNM stages and follow-up results, were summarized to investigate its features and prognosis. Results All cases had no obvious clinical and preoperative imaging presentation. There were 23 patients underwent radical nephrectomy, and 6 cases underwent nephron sparing surgery. Postoperative pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Macroscopically, the cut surface of the tumors were generally beige in color. Histologically, it showed polygonal chromophobe cells and small round eosinophilic cells with eccentric hyaline degeneration. These tumor cells had a clear and sharp membrane, lightly stained abundant cytoplasm with a fine reticular translucent pattern and irregular nuclei. And a perinuclear halo was often seen in these cells. Histochemically, the tumor cells generally show a diffuse and strong reaction for CK-8 with a negative expression of Vimentin. The pTNM stages of the tumor were as follows, pT1N0M0 in 11 cases, pT2N0M0 in 8 cases, pT3aN0M0 in 5 cases, pT1N1M0 in 3 cases,pT2N1M0 in 2 cases. Twenty-six cases of patients were followed up (24 to 144 months, with an average of 90 months), 3 cases died of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and local recurrence involved in 6 cases with reoperation in 4 cases, as well as distant metastasis in 1 case. Twenty-one cases survived with tumor-free.The statistical results indicated that the survival rates of the patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in five years and ten years were 83.9%, 77.9%, respectively, compared with renal cell carcinoma of the same stage 63. 8% and 49. 9% at the same periods, and there is no difference in the survival rate of five years( P ＞ 0. 05 ) but significant difference in that of ten years ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusions Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a morphologically uncommon subtype of renal cell carcinoma with the good prognosis. Definite diagnosis depends on its typical pathological feature. Radical nephrectomy is the first choice for the treatment of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.     

后腹腔镜下冷冻消融治疗小肾肿瘤的初步报告

Objective To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors. Methods Ten selected patients cases with 11 renal tumors were included in present study. There were 3 cases of left renal tumor, 6 cases of right renal tumor and 1 case of bilateral renal tumors. Tumors were located at the upper pole (2), middle (6), or lower pole (3). All tumors were located distant from the collecting system, without evidence of metastatic disease. Mean tumor size was 2. 8 cm (range: 1.5-4.0). All the patients were managed with a double freeze-thaw cycle of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. The preoperative Hb was (137± 21)g/L, ESR was (27±12)mm/1 h, SCr was (92±41)μmol/L, GFR was (42±10)ml/min.All the patients were taken routine biopsies. Results Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 patients (11 tumors). The mean time of the operations was (101 ± 31) min, and the mean blood loss was (42±21) ml. None of the cases received blood transfusion post-operation. No operative complication was seen. The postoperative hospital stay was (4±2) d. The postoperative Hb was (129 ±18)g/L,ESR was (31±14)mm/1 h,SCr was (95±39)μmol/L,GFR was (40±11)ml/min. There was no statistic change of Hb, ESR, SCr and ECT-GFR after operations(P＞0. 05). The biopsy results revealed that 8 tumors were renal clear cell carcinomas, and 2 tumors were papillary renal cell carcinomas, and 1 tumor was renal angiomyolipoma. All the patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months (mean 16, range 6 to 21). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesions. Follow-up biopsie of the cryoablated tumor site was negative in the only patient who have undergone the biopsy. No evidence of local or port-site recurrence was found, and no metastatic disease. Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors could be an accurate and effective intervention with a relatively low incidence of complications. Critical long-term data regarding laparoscopic renal cryoablation are awaited.     

多房性囊性肾癌一例报告及文献复习

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and outcome of multilocular cystic renal cell car-cinoma. Methods The clinic data of 1 case of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma were reviewed with its clinical manifestation, imaging, pathology and therapy in our hospital. The male patient aged 49 was incidentally found to have a right renal tumor. The CT scan showed a multiloeular cystic tumor in the low pole of the right kidney with a clear outline. The thin septa were found in the tumor, which were enhanced in the enhancement CT scan. The enhancement MRI showed the cystic wall was en-hanced. Results The patient received a partial nephrectomy as his treatment. The pathological char-acteristics were as following: the multilocular cystic tumor was about 3 cm×2 cm×2 cm with clear serosity in it. The cystic wall was smooth with the width of 0.1-0.2 cm. Most of the cystic cavities were covered by monostratified or stratified cubic clear cells, and some were covered by squamous epi-thelium or no epithelium at all. The septum was composed of collagen fiber, and clear cells were found in it. The clear cells form small collections but do not form expansile nodules. The final pathological diagnosis was multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. The follow-up was 20 months, without local re-currence or distant metastasis was found. Conclusions Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma with a good prognosis. MCRCC is an uncommon tumor of the kidney composed of multiple cysts with clear cells in the septa indistinguishable from grade I renal cell carcinoma. Most patients are asymptomatie and the tumors are discovered inciden-tally. The preoperative diagnosis of MCRCC immediately depends on imaging studies. Pathology is the key to diagnosis.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的超声造影表现

Objective To discuss the imaging characteristics of chromophobic cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) and study the features on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Methods The CEUS features of CCRC in 28 cases identified by pathology were reviewed. The blood supply and enhancement characteristic were observed and analyzed on time intensity curve parameters. Results The 28 cases of CCRC showed poor blood supply in contrast with the renal cortex. The CCRC presented with heterogeneity enhancement, part of the tumor took on a high wash-in and wash-out, and enhanced less intense than the surrounding renal cortex. The actinomorphous strong echo of the tumors might be revealed with CEUS in 15 cases (54%). The time intensity curve analysis demonstrated that the CCRCs' difference of peak intensity and area under the curve were lower than the renal cortex (P＜0.05), but arrival time, time-to-peak and slope of ascending curve were higher than the renal medulla (P＜0.05). Conclusion The actinomorphous enhancement and poor blood supply in the tumor of CEUS could provide diagnostic evidence for CRCC.     

多房性囊性肾癌一例报告及文献复习

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and outcome of multilocular cystic renal cell car-cinoma. Methods The clinic data of 1 case of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma were reviewed with its clinical manifestation, imaging, pathology and therapy in our hospital. The male patient aged 49 was incidentally found to have a right renal tumor. The CT scan showed a multiloeular cystic tumor in the low pole of the right kidney with a clear outline. The thin septa were found in the tumor, which were enhanced in the enhancement CT scan. The enhancement MRI showed the cystic wall was en-hanced. Results The patient received a partial nephrectomy as his treatment. The pathological char-acteristics were as following: the multilocular cystic tumor was about 3 cm×2 cm×2 cm with clear serosity in it. The cystic wall was smooth with the width of 0.1-0.2 cm. Most of the cystic cavities were covered by monostratified or stratified cubic clear cells, and some were covered by squamous epi-thelium or no epithelium at all. The septum was composed of collagen fiber, and clear cells were found in it. The clear cells form small collections but do not form expansile nodules. The final pathological diagnosis was multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. The follow-up was 20 months, without local re-currence or distant metastasis was found. Conclusions Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma with a good prognosis. MCRCC is an uncommon tumor of the kidney composed of multiple cysts with clear cells in the septa indistinguishable from grade I renal cell carcinoma. Most patients are asymptomatie and the tumors are discovered inciden-tally. The preoperative diagnosis of MCRCC immediately depends on imaging studies. Pathology is the key to diagnosis.     

多房性囊性肾癌一例报告及文献复习

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and outcome of multilocular cystic renal cell car-cinoma. Methods The clinic data of 1 case of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma were reviewed with its clinical manifestation, imaging, pathology and therapy in our hospital. The male patient aged 49 was incidentally found to have a right renal tumor. The CT scan showed a multiloeular cystic tumor in the low pole of the right kidney with a clear outline. The thin septa were found in the tumor, which were enhanced in the enhancement CT scan. The enhancement MRI showed the cystic wall was en-hanced. Results The patient received a partial nephrectomy as his treatment. The pathological char-acteristics were as following: the multilocular cystic tumor was about 3 cm×2 cm×2 cm with clear serosity in it. The cystic wall was smooth with the width of 0.1-0.2 cm. Most of the cystic cavities were covered by monostratified or stratified cubic clear cells, and some were covered by squamous epi-thelium or no epithelium at all. The septum was composed of collagen fiber, and clear cells were found in it. The clear cells form small collections but do not form expansile nodules. The final pathological diagnosis was multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. The follow-up was 20 months, without local re-currence or distant metastasis was found. Conclusions Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma with a good prognosis. MCRCC is an uncommon tumor of the kidney composed of multiple cysts with clear cells in the septa indistinguishable from grade I renal cell carcinoma. Most patients are asymptomatie and the tumors are discovered inciden-tally. The preoperative diagnosis of MCRCC immediately depends on imaging studies. Pathology is the key to diagnosis.     

Conservative management of upper urinary tract tumors

PURPOSE: We determined the immediate and long-term results of endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell in regard to rates of tumor recurrence and preservation of renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1990 to July 1999, 61 patients (mean age 66.2 years) underwent endoscopic management of upper tract cell carcinoma. Of the patients 20 (32%) had a solitary kidney. Tumors were resected in a one time procedure by ureteroscopy only in 31.5%, by percutaneous nephroscopy in 29% or both in 8%; multiple treatment was necessary in 31.5% of cases using percutaneous nephroscopy only. RESULTS: Immediate nephrectomy was done in six cases for high grade (three patients), insufficient local control (two cases) or patient's choices (one case). There were six cases of benign tumors excluded from survival Kaplan Meier analysis. With a mean follow-up of 39.9 months, the rate of kidney preservation, recurrence free rate, global survival and specific survival rates were, respectively, 81%, 68%, 77%, and 84%. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing percutaneous management of upper tract cell carcinoma is applicable in a significant number of patients with a filling defect of upper urinary tract TCC. In carefully selected patients the results are at least comparable to other forms of management of tumor control and preservation of renal function.     

Percutaneous management of renal pelvic urothelial tumors: long-term followup

PURPOSE: We present the long-term outcome of percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 patients underwent primary percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor. Patients with low stage pT0-1 disease were treated primarily with percutaneous surgery. All pelvicaliceal tumors were taken for biopsy and treated with percutaneous resection. Patients with multi-segmental pelvicaliceal system involvement, stage greater than pT1, high grade histology or additional ureteral tumors were considered for nephroureterectomy. Topical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or epirubicin) was administered via nephrostomy tube or intravesical instillation after Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) insertion. Surveillance included upper tract cytology, nephroscopy or fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy. Long-term followup was correlated with histopathology. RESULTS: Of the 24 cases 2 had squamous cell carcinoma, 5 had grade III transitional cell carcinoma, 15 had grade I to II transitional cell carcinoma and 2 had no tumor. Control was established with initial percutaneous resection in 18 (75%) cases and second look nephroscopy in 4. Early recurrences were detected by excretory urography (IVP) in 3 cases, small pelvic recurrences by IVP in 2, fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy in 2 and bladder tumors by flexible cystoscopy in 3 after 1 year. A total of 10 nephroscopies were performed in 5 cases, 24 flexible uretereorenoscopies in 9 and IVP in 6. Three synchronous, grade I bladder tumors were managed conventionally. All patients with high grade disease died of malignancy except one (with no further treatment) and 6 of the 15 patients with low grade noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma underwent nephroureterectomy during followup either due to progression of disease, concomitant tumor or complications. Two patients with solitary kidneys died of renal failure unrelated to malignancy. High grade tumors or tumors greater than T1 were treated with nephroureterectomy early during management. There was no perioperative mortality and 9 (60%) of the low grade cases the kidneys were preserved at a mean followup +/- SD of 64 +/- 15 months. All excised tracks from patients who underwent nephroureterectomy and the renal fossae were free of tumor on histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous resection of transitional cell tumor should be considered primarily in patients with early stage disease excluding tumors crossing caliceal infundibula, ureteropelvic junction tumor, tumor extending over multiple calices and synchronous ureteral tumors. The long-term outcome of low grade tumors is good and they should be managed by either form of minimally invasive surgery. Nephron sparing is possible in a large percentage of low grade disease but high grade tumors should be treated with nephroureterectomy.     

联合应用多种内腔镜一期诊断和治疗早期肾盂癌（附8例报告）

目的：探讨多种内腔镜在早期肾盂癌诊断和治疗中的联合应用价值。方法：8例肾盂癌患者运用输尿管软硬镜或经皮。肾镜诊断,并一期采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道输尿管切开,行肾输尿管全长切除及膀胱输尿管开口袖套状切除。术后病理诊断为G,5例,G2 3例,T1N0M0 5例,T2N0M0 3例。结果：8例均顺利完成手术,手术时间平均150min,术中出血量平均120ml。导尿管留置时间为7天左右,术后2～4天下床活动。均无漏尿、切口感染等并发症。仅1例因淋巴漏,皮管引流至术后2周拔除。随访6～18个月,患者均无瘤生存,未见肿瘤复发、转移及切口肿瘤种植。结论：通过联合应用多种内腔镜,可以在明显提高肾盂癌的诊断率的基础上,一期完成腹腔镜肾盂癌根治性切除,最大限度地减少患者手术创伤和手术并发症。     

内镜下钬激光治疗早期上尿路上皮肿瘤特殊病例1O例报告

目的探讨内镜下钬激光治疗特殊早期上尿路上皮肿瘤的安全性及有效性。方法2002年4月～2010年5月,对10例不适合行根治性。肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤患者行内镜下钬激光治疗,其中输尿管肿瘤7例（1例合并膀胱肿瘤）,肾盂肿瘤3例。单发7例,多发3例。术前肿瘤分期cTa～cT1。3例对侧已行肾输尿管全长切除,2例孤立肾,3例肾功能不全,1例2～3级心功能不全,1例肿瘤小（〈1cm,位于。肾盂,单发且表浅）。输尿管硬镜治疗7例,软镜1例,微通道经皮肾镜2例。术后行丝裂霉素上尿路及膀胱灌注化疗。结果10例术后随访2年,无肿瘤死亡。1例术后6个月输尿管狭窄,其余均未出现大出血、严重感染、周围脏器损伤及全身肿瘤转移。复发4例,其中1例输尿管合并膀胱肿瘤者膀胱内复发,1例为肾盂内单发肿瘤复发,2例为输尿管单发肿瘤复发。该4例随访5年,1例未见肿瘤复发与转移,3例复发3—4次,且为尿路多处复发,行肾盂输尿管癌根治术,其中2例术后血液透析1年内肿瘤转移死亡。结论对不适合行根治性肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤,内镜下钬激光治疗短期内是安全有效的。     

大通道经皮肾盂肿瘤电切术治疗孤立肾肾盂肿瘤2例报告

2011年3～7月对2例孤立肾肾盂肿瘤行大通道经皮肾盂肿瘤电切术。1例术后复查CT见肾盂中部不规则组织密度影,考虑肿瘤部分残留,16 d后再次全麻下行经皮右肾盂肿瘤电切术,术中见大小1.0 cm×1.0 cm肿瘤残留,二次电切,留置引流管同前。病理结果:纤维结缔组织,其中脉管组织呈瘤样增生改变。另1例手术时间85 min,术中出血约50ml,术后3 d复查CT,未见明显肿瘤残余组织。病理结果:符合低级别浸润性尿路上皮癌,浸润黏膜固有层。术后2周膀胱灌注卡介苗120 mg+生理盐水至100 ml臀高头低位灌注,通过输尿管内双J管返流肾盂内灌注治疗,每周1次持续6次。2例术后随访3个月,复查CT未见肿瘤复发。我们认为大通道经皮肾盂肿瘤电切治疗孤立肾肾盂肿瘤安全有效,尤其适用于有根治性肾输尿管切除术手术禁忌证的肾盂癌。     

B超引导超声联合弹道EMSⅢ代治疗复杂性肾结石(附180例报告)

目的:探讨B超引导下超声联合弹道EMSⅢ代治疗复杂性肾结石的方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年11月～2011年6月收治180例复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料,包括单发肾盂或肾盏结石25例,多发性结石135例,肾鹿角形或铸型结石20例;其中双肾结石35例,结石合并脓肾3例。B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F24经皮肾镜操作通道,采用超声联合气压弹道碎石清石。结石合并脓肾患者先用超声吸附装置清理脓液和脓栓,并在低压下超声碎石后吸出脓液,再行碎石清石术。结果:所有病例均一次穿刺成功。8例鹿角形巨大结石行双通道取石,余均为单通道取石,全部一期完成手术。手术时间50～120min,平均70min。术中出血量50～300ml,平均120ml。结石一次性取净率91.1%(164/180),残留小结石16例,结石直径<0.7cm,术后1个月行ESWL治疗,结石完全排净。术中术后未发生严重并发症。结论:B超引导下经皮肾镜超声联合弹道碎石清石治疗复杂性肾结石安全、高效,是临床微创治疗复杂性肾结石的理想选择。     

经腹肾癌根治术并系统性淋巴结清扫治疗肾细胞癌临床分析(附136例报告)

目的 评价经腹腔肾癌根治性肾切除术并系统性淋巴结清扫术的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年7月至2008年6月经腹直肌旁切口行根治性肾切除和系统性淋巴结清扫术治疗肾细胞癌136例患者的资料.男92例,女44例;年龄23～81岁,平均54岁.肿瘤最大径15～170 mm,平均55 mm.体检时B超检查发现66例(61%),以皮肤转移为首发症状者2例.术前均进行B超、CT及核素骨扫描检查,肿瘤临床分期:T1 108例,T2 14例,T3 12例,T4 2例.结果 本组手术时间90～180 min,平均120 min.出血量20～400 ml,平均50 ml.术后肠道功能恢复时间为(24±12)h,术后住院天数为(7±2)d.术后病理结果:肾透明细胞癌123例(90.4%),乳头状肾细胞癌6例(4.4%),嫌色细胞癌2例(1.4%),集合管癌2例(1.4%),其他3例(2.2%).淋巴结转移8例.T1期92例,T2期11例,T3期10例,T4期10例.95例(69.9%)获随访,随访时间6～40个月,平均20个月.1、3年生存率分别为95.8%(91/95)、86.3%(82/95).结论 系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术能有效切除肿瘤,可准确分期,防止局部复发,安全可靠,疗效良好.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of abdominal radical nephrectomy and systematic lymph node dissection for treatment of renal carcinoma. Methods A total of 136 patients underwent radical nephrectomy and regional clearance of lymph nodes from July 2004 to June 2008.There were 92 males and 44 females in the study group.Ages ranged from 23 to 81 years,with a mean age of 54 years.The mean tumor diameter was 55 mm (range,15-170 mm).The tumor size detected by CT and MRI was consistent with that detected by B-ultrasound,98 were stage Ⅰ,13stage Ⅱ,12 stage Ⅲ,and 2 stage Ⅳ. Results All 136 cases underwent radical nephrectomy with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.All operations were successful without any major complication.The operative time was 90 to 180 min,with an average of 120 min,and blood loss was 20-400 ml,with an average of 50 ml.The pathological diagnoses were as follows: renal cell carcinoma 123 cases (90%), papillary renal cell carcinoma six cases(4%),chromophobic two cases(1.4%),oncocytoma two cases(1.4%),collecting duct two(1.4%),and others three cases(2.2%).Eight cases reported positive lymph nodes.Of the 136 cases,92 cases were T1 N0 M0,11 were T2 N0 M0,10 were T3 N0 M0,eight were T3 N1 M0 and two were T1 N0 M1.Ninety-five cases (70%) were followed-up at six to 40 months (mean,20 months).The one year and three year survival rates were 96% (91/95) and 86% (82/95),respectively.Conclusions Radical nephrectomy with systematic lymph dissection has advantages of accurate staging,effective resecting of renal tumors and preventing recurrence.Radical nephrectomy is an effective method for the treatment of renal carcinoma.     

复杂性肾结石的经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石治疗

目的：探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的有效性及安全性。方法：对接受经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术的55例复杂性肾结石患者资料行回顾性分析，其中单发肾盂、肾盏结石25例，多发结石18例，鹿角形结石12例，双侧结石7例。结石长径3～7cm，采用B超定位建立经皮肾镜操作通道，EMS第j代气压弹道超声碎石机用于粉碎并清除结石。结果：除1例脓肾作肾造瘘，二周后手术外，其他病例均单通道一期完成手术。手术时间90～180min，平均120min。术中出血量100～700ml，平均200ml。结石一次取净率70.9％（39／55），残留结石16例，其中泥沙样结石7例，术后自行排净，残留小结石9例，术后ESWI。1～2次，结石完全排净。1例脓肾患者行二期手术，术后大出血，改开放手术作肾切除。全部病例随访1～22个月，无严重出血或肾功能损害等并发症。结论：微创经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石具有结石清除率高、安全的特点，值得临床推广。     

Computerized tomography nephroscopic images of renal pelvic carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Computerized tomography (CT) endoscopy is an interactive 3-dimensional image acquired by helical CT. We assess the usefulness of CT nephroscopy in the diagnosis of renal pelvic cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surface rendering CT nephroscopy was performed after intravenous administration of contrast agent and furosemide in 32 patients with suspected renal pelvic carcinoma. Retrospective review revealed that 23 patients later underwent nephroureterectomy. Two observers blinded to the pathology results independently reviewed the CT nephroscopic and axial CT images of the 23 patients to localize pelvic tumors and to determine the extent of the disease. The CT nephroscopic and axial CT images were correlated with the pathological findings. RESULTS: Pathological examination revealed 4 polypoid, 6 pedunculated, 7 sessile, 1 sessile with ulceration and 6 infiltrating renal pelvic carcinomas in the 23 patients. CT nephroscopy revealed 22 carcinomas (92%) and CT demonstrated 20 (83%). CT nephroscopy was superior to axial CT in detecting 4 pedunculated and 3 infiltrating carcinomas but failed to detect 1 sessile carcinoma which completely replaced the upper portion of a double renal pelvis and 1 polypoid tumor associated with infiltrating carcinoma. The CT nephroscopic images correlated well with pathological findings. CONCLUSIONS: CT nephroscopy is useful to visualize the complex morphology of renal pelvic carcinomas noninvasively and is superior to axial CT for the detection of infiltrating and pedunculated carcinomas.