124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药性与耐药基因突变关系的研究

目的分析临床分离结核分枝杆菌耐药性与耐药基因突变的关系。方法用绝对浓度法和基因测序技术检测临床分离的22株结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)、卡那霉素(KM)、氧氟沙星(OFLX)、对氨基水杨酸(PAS)耐药性和相应耐药基因kat G、rpo B、rpsl、rrs、gyr A、thy A的突变。结果 22株结核分枝杆菌中耐药菌株占45.5%。INH耐药率为18.2%,RFP耐药率为27.3%,SM耐药率9.1%,KM耐药率为18.2%,OFLX的耐药率为13.6%,PAS耐药率为4.5%。敏感菌株中均未检测到耐药基因突变。耐药菌株中除2株外均检测到相应耐药基因突变。结论结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药物耐药性与相关耐药基因突变密切相关。     

徐州市耐多药结核耐药分析及分枝杆菌基因突变特征研究

目的 研究徐州市耐多药结核(MDR-TB)耐药表型、耐INH或RFP相关基因突变情况,分析耐药表型与基因突变间关系,为耐多药结核疾病的诊断提供科学依据。方法 采取随机方法抽取徐州市115例MDR-TB菌株和66株全敏感菌株进行耐药情况分析,使用基因芯片检测技术对耐INH相关基因katG、 inhA和aphC以及耐RFP相关基因rpoB突变位点进行检测,对结果进行t检验分析。结果 徐州市MDR-TB菌株耐药表型有9种组合,主要是以耐INH+RFP组合为主,比例为47.83%,其次为耐INH+RFP+SM组合,比例为20.00%。与耐INH的相关基因突变率87.83%,基因突变类型分别为单基因katG(64.35%)和inhA(3.48%),双基因katG+inhA(12.17%)和katG+aphC(12.17%)。耐多药株(115例)和敏感株(66例)总体变异率均数比较(t=107.56,P<0.05), 其中katG基因突变率比较(P<0.05),二者差异均有统计学意义。与耐RFP相关rpoB基因总突变率86.09%,耐RFP相关rpoB基因突变类型分别为单531(45.22%)、516(8.70%) 和526位点,双(531+516)(13.91%)、(531+513)(12.17%)和516+533突变位点, 531+516+513(3.48%)三位点突变。耐多药株和敏感株总体和单个位点突变率均数比较(t=94.92,P<0.05), 531(P<0.05)、516(P<0.05)、533(P<0.05),二者差异均有统计学意义。结论 研究发现了徐州市MDR-TB耐药表型特征。徐州市MDR-TB菌株与耐INH和RFP相关基因突变客观存在,并表现出多态性和地区性。与耐INH相关katG基因、与耐RFP的相关rpoB基因531、516、533位点突变相对稳定,有临床应用价值,可作为徐州市耐药结核菌株快速诊断的指标。     

结核分枝杆菌链霉素耐药临床分离株rpsL基因突变特征分析

目的了解我国结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB）rpsL基因突变特征及其与链霉素耐药的相关性,并评价其应用价值。方法对302株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的rpsL基因采用聚合酶链反应-直接测序（PCR-DS）进行检测。结果 59株对INH、RFP、SM、EMB和PAS全部敏感,rpsL基因没有突变,61株对SM敏感的耐药株有6株突变,SM敏感菌株突变率为5.00%（6/120）。182株SM耐药MTB,rpsL基因突变率为70.33%,其中43位密码子赖氨酸转变为精氨酸（Lys43Arg）突变率为52.20%;88位密码子有4种突变类型,突变率为17.58%;86位密码子精氨酸转变为谷氨酰胺（Arg86Gln）突变率为0.55%。SM耐药株的rpsL基因突变率明显高于SM敏感株的基因突变率,两者之间的差异有统计学意义,χ2=125.05,P〈0.05。结论 rpsL基因突变与结核分枝杆菌链霉素耐药高度相关,其中Lys43Arg突变是主要突变类型,PCR-DS检测rpsL基因突变可以用于临床结核菌链霉素耐药的快速检测。     

结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼和利福平的耐药水平与其耐药基因突变的相关性研究

目的 探讨Mtb耐药相关基因katG、inhA、oxyR-ahpC突变与对INH的耐药水平及rpoB突变与对RFP的耐药水平的关系。 方法 采用微孔板Alamar blue显色法分别检测59株耐INH的Mtb临床分离株对INH和30株耐RFP菌株对RFP的最低抑菌浓度（the minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）,同时用直接测序法检测对INH耐药菌株katG、inhA、oxyR-ahpC和对RFP耐药菌株rpoB的突变情况。 结果 INH MIC为0.2500~1.0000 μg/ml（低水平耐药菌株）和 MIC≥2.0000 μg/ml（高水平耐药菌株）的INH耐药株,inhA启动子突变率前者高于后者［53.8% (7/13),4.3% (2/46)］,katG 315突变率前者低于后者［15.4% (2/13),76.1% (35/46)］,χ²值分别为15.57和13.48,P值均为0.000。RFP MIC为0.5000～16.0000 μg/ml和MIC≥32 0000 μg/ml的RFP耐药株,rpoB 531和526位总突变率前者低于后者［62.5% (5/8),95.5%(21/22)］,P_确切概率＝0.048。 结论 INH耐药菌株inhA启动子突变与INH低水平耐药有关,katG 315突变与INH高水平耐药有关;rpoB 531和526位突变与RFP高水平耐药有关。     

结核耐药基因rpoB/katG/inhA早期筛查MDR-TB的临床研究

目的评估结核耐药基因rpo B/kat G/inh A筛查耐多药结核的可行性及临床意义。方法对2016年1月至2017年5月我科住院的228例肺结核患者分别采用结核耐药基因检测法和改良罗氏培养比例法检测利福平、异烟肼是否耐药,比较两种检验方法诊断的一致性。结果以改良罗氏培养比例法为金标准,228例患者中结核耐药基因检测法利福平耐药的灵敏度为88. 24%,特异度为97. 63%,异烟肼耐药的灵敏度为92. 31%,特异度为99. 01%。两法有较高的一致性(无统计学差异)。结论结核耐药基因rpo B/kat G/inh A可早期、快速、准确检测利福平、异烟肼的耐药性,可作为耐多药结核早期筛查的方法,对结核病防与治有重要意义。     

宁波地区耐多药结核分枝杆菌喹诺酮耐药gyr基因突变研究

目的 为阐明宁波地区耐多药结核分枝杆菌(Multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB)的gyr基因突变特征,深入研究MDR-TB对喹诺酮类药物耐药与gyr基因突变特征的关系。方法 采用1%比例法对MDR-TB进行氧氟沙星药敏检测实验,通过 DNA直接测序法分析MDR-TB的gyr基因突变情况。结果 120株MDR-TB临床分离株中有34株对喹诺酮耐药,总耐药率为28.33%(34/120)。34株耐喹诺酮菌株中,30株gyr基因发生突变,突变率为88.24%(30/34)。30株gyr基因发生突变的菌株中gyrA基因突变有29株,占96.67%(29/30),突变位点包括90、91和94位氨基酸;gyrB基因突变有2株,其中1株均合并gyrA基因突变,占6.67%(2/30),突变位点包括499和502位氨基酸。结论 宁波地区MDR-TB对喹诺酮类药物耐药形势较为严峻,gyrA基因突变与MDR-TB对喹诺酮类药物耐药相关。     

耐多药结核分枝杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性与gyr基因突变的初步研究

目的分析耐多药结核分枝杆菌（Multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB）临床分离株的gyr基因突变特点,探讨MDR-TB对喹诺酮类药物耐药产生与gyr基因突变的关系。方法采用比例法对耐多药结核临床分离菌株进行氧氟沙星的药物敏感性检测,应用DNA直接测序法检测MDR-TB的gyr基因突变情况。结果 125株MDR-TB临床分离株中,50株对喹诺酮类耐药,耐药率为40%。50株耐药菌株中,40株gyr基因发生突变：其中39株gyrA基因突变,突变率为78%,突变位点包括90,91和94位氨基酸;5株gyrB基因突变,其中4株合并gyrA基因突变,gyrB基因突变位点为500,506,534和539位氨基酸。结论 MDR-TB中的喹诺酮类药物耐药态势比较严峻,其对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制主要与gyrA基因突变有关。     

应用基因芯片分析结核分枝杆菌常见耐药基因型的研究

目的应用基因芯片快速检测结核分枝杆菌耐药基因型,建立一种新的分子药敏试验方法。方法以传统药敏试验和PCR-直接测序方法为对照,应用基因芯片快速检测157株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)和乙胺丁醇(EMB)耐药基因(katGr、poB、rp-sLr、rs和embB)的带荧光素标记的PCR产物。结果PCR-直接测序和基因芯片检测36株结核分枝杆菌药物敏感株的5种耐药基因均为野生型。121株结核分枝杆菌耐药分离株中,56株耐INH分离株,katG基因突变率为62.5%,其中katG缺失率为7.5%,315位密码子突变率为55.4%,279位密码子突变率为1.8%;104株耐RFP株,rpoB基因突变率为94.2%,最常见的突变位点为531位和526位密码子(突变率分别为60.6%、15.4%),双位点突变率为5.8%,还发现511、513、515、516、517、518和533位密码子突变;62株耐SM分离株,rpsL和rrs总突变率为88.7%(两者分别为82.3%、6.5%),rpsL突变位于43位和88位密码子(突变率分别为77.4%、4.8%),rrs突变位于513位和516位碱基(突变分别为4.8%、1.6%);57株为耐EMB株,embB基因突变率为61.4%,均为306位密码子突变,最常见的突变为ATG→GTG或ATA(突变率分别为35.1%、15.8%),还发现306位密码子ATG→ATC、ATT和CTG突变。通过基因芯片检出的突变与基因测序结果一致。结论应用基因芯片可分析大多数结核分枝杆菌耐药基因型,弥补传统药敏试验方法的不足,指导临床治疗。     

应用基因芯片分析结核分枝杆菌常见耐药基因型的研究

目的应用基因芯片快速检测结核分枝杆菌耐药基因型，建立一种新的分子药敏试验方法。方法以传统药敏试验和PCR－直接测序方法为对照，应用基因芯片快速检测157株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株异烟肼（INH）、利福平（RFP）、链霉素（SM）和乙胺丁醇（EMB）耐药基因（katG、rpoB、rpaL、rrs和embB）的带荧光素标记的PCR产物。结果PCR-直接测序和基因芯片检测36株结核分枝杆菌药物敏感株的5种耐药基因均为野生型。121株结核分枝杆菌耐药分离株中，56株耐INH分离株，katG基因突变率为62．5％，其中katG缺失率为7．5％，315位密码子突变率为55．4％，279位密码子突变率为1．8％；104株耐RFP株，rpoB基因突变率为94．2％，最常见的突变位点为531位和526位密码子（突变率分别为60．6％、15．4％），双位点突变率为5．8％，还发现511、513、515、516、517、518和533位密码子突变；62株耐SM分离株，rpsL和ITS总突变率为88．7％（两者分别为82．3％、6．5％），rpsL突变位于43位和88位密码子（突变率分别为77．4％、4．8％），rrs突变位于513位和516位碱基（突变分别为4．8％、1．6％）；57株为耐EMB株，embB基因突变率为61．4％，均为306位密码子突变，最常见的突变为ATG→GTG或剐rA（突变率分别为35．1％、15．8％），还发现306位密码子ATG→ATC、ATT和CTG突变。通过基因芯片检出的突变与基因测序结果一致。结论应用基因芯片可分析大多数结核分枝杆菌耐药基因型，弥补传统药敏试验方法的不足，指导临床治疗。     

Genomic mutations in the katG, inhA and aphC genes are useful for the prediction of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.

Genotypic analysis of isoniazid (INH) resistance in 79 isolates of M. tuberculosis (MTB) was undertaken by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), Msp1 restriction enzyme analysis and sequence analysis of specific regions of three genes (part of the coding sequence of katG, and promoter regions of the inhA operon and ahpC) in order to determine the particular allelic variants within these genes. The epidemiologic relatedness was determined using IS6110 and polymorphic G-C region (PGRS (MTB484(1)) based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Mutations in katG, inhA locus and ahpC were identified in 77/79, 19/79 and 10/79 isolates respectively. The ability of PCR-SSCP to detect mutations associated with INH resistance in katG, inhA and ahpC genes was 100% (CI 91.2-99.7%), 98.7% (CI 74.0-99.9%), and 100% (CI 69.2-100%) respectively. Specificity was 100%. All isolates with mutations in the 209 bp fragment of the MTB katG gene containing the Ser315Thr codon were positive by PCR-RFLP using Msp1 enzyme restriction analysis. Sixteen of 19 isolates with alterations on the 3' end of the ribosome binding site upstream of mabA in inhA locus simultaneously harbored Ser315Thr mutations in KatG. In 9/10 isolates, mutations in the ahpC promoter region were located in the 105 bp oxyR-ahpC intergenic region. None of 17 INH drug susceptible isolates harbored mutations in any of the three genetic regions, although the katG1 allele (Arg 463 Leu) was present in one isolate. Characterization by IS6110/PGRS(MTB484(1))RFLP analysis revealed that a number of drug resistant clones are widespread in the community. We conclude that the frequency of the Ser315Thr katG mutation in the local strain population makes the PCR-RFLP MTB katG assay a reliable, rapid and useful method for detecting INH resistance.     

福建省结核分枝杆菌异烟肼耐药相关基因突变特征初步分析

目的 了解福建省结核分枝杆菌异烟肼耐药相关基因的突变特征,为异烟肼耐药快速检测方法的建立提供一定的科学依据。方法 对来源于福建省结核病耐药性监测30个监测点纳入的75株耐多药和10株全敏感结核分枝杆菌分离株,进行katG、inhA、oxyR-ahpC基因片段PCR扩增并测序分析,用RD105缺失基因检测法进行北京家族基因型鉴定,使用卡方检验分析相关性。结果 10株全敏感株未检测到突变。75株耐多药结核分枝杆菌检测到72株katG、inhA、oxyR-ahpC发生单一或联合基因突变,突变率为96.0%(72/75)。其中,65株(86.7%,65/75)发生katG突变,涉及5个位点,最常见位点突变的密码子是315,突变率为82.7 %(62/75),最常见突变形式为Ser315Thr(77.3%,58/75);8株(10.7%,8/75)发生inhA突变,突变形式均为C(-15)T;5株(6.7%,5/75)发生oxyR-ahpC突变,突变形式为C(-39)T或C(-46)A。katG、inhA和oxyR-ahpC 在北京家族基因型菌株和非北京家族基因型菌株中的突变率分别为83.9 %(47/56)、12.5%(7/56)、7.1 %(4/56)和94.7 %(18/19)、5.3 %(1/19)、5.3 %(1/19),差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.23、0.38、0.78)。结论 福建省结核分枝杆菌异烟肼耐药性相关基因突变绝大多数发生在katG、inhA和oxyR-ahpC基因位点,且以katG突变为主。初步分析显示北京家族基因型菌株流行与异烟肼耐药基因突变特征无关。     

Molecular characterization of rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is one of the 14 countries with a high rate of morbidity due to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in WHO European region. The aim of our study was to characterize mutations associated with drug resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kazakhstan. M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from TB patients in different regions of Kazakhstan. A drug susceptibility test was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen medium using the absolute concentration method. Sequencing analysis was performed of the rpoB rifampicin resistance-determining region and the katG gene, the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region, and the inhA promoter region in 259 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates, in 51 isoniazid-resistant isolates, and in 13 rifampicin-resistant isolates. The mutational analysis revealed that the most frequent mutations associated with rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis are the substitutions at codons 531 (82.7%) and 315 (98.4%) in the rpoB and katG genes, respectively. In addition, we have found mutations with lower frequency at codon 526 (8.4%), 533 (1.5%), and 516 (1.1%) in the rpoB gene. In 6.2% of the isolates, no mutations were found in the rpoB gene. The findings of this study provide useful data for a better understanding of the mutation spectrum of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance among strains isolated from patients in Kazakhstan. Our results are also useful for the development of diagnostic tests of MDR M. tuberculosis.     

重庆地区结核分枝杆菌异烟肼和丙硫异烟胺耐药及其交叉耐药相关基因突变研究

目的 研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)对异烟肼(INH)和丙硫异烟胺(Pto)的耐药情况,分析INH耐药相关基因(katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA)及与Pto交叉耐药相关基因的突变特点。方法 对233株INH耐药MTB临床分离株(37株对Pto同时耐药)的katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA基因进行扩增及序列分析。结果 耐异烟肼菌株中未发现katG完全缺失,223株 (96.5%)耐药株katG存在点突变、插入,其中 2个突变位点未见报道。195株 (83.6%)耐药株的第 315位点突变;189株 (81.1%)耐药株第463位点突变(R463L),其中166株 (71.2%)与第 315位点联合突变;在其他位点发生突变的菌株4株,包括D448G 1株、D419H 1株和2株同义突变。 11株(4.72%) INH耐药菌株中inhA点突变,包括S94A 1株、I194T 1株,C-15T 9株。37株Pto耐药的菌株中,8株点突变且均为inhA C-15T(4株为inhA单基因点突变C-15T,4株发生katG S315T和inhA C-15T的双基因联合突变)。全部耐药菌中有1株为ahpC基因突变,未发现有kasA基因突变。结论 进一步证实katG315和inhA-15基因位点突变与MTB对INH耐药密切相关;INH与Pto存在着交叉耐药,但耐药率较低,Pto耐药的发生与inhA-15位点突变密切相关。     

Use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer for rapid detection of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.

SETTING: Rapid detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important to select effective treatment and prevent transmission of resistant isolates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for rapid detection of isoniazid (INH) resistance in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. DESIGN: One hundred INH-resistant and 50 INH-susceptible isolates of M. tuberculosis were included in the study. The drug susceptibility of all isolates was determined by the standard agar proportion method, and all isolates were then tested by FRET. Three genes associated with INH resistance, katG, inhA and ahpC, were analysed. All isolates were amplified with three pairs of primers. Three pairs of fluorescently labelled DNA probes specific to codon 315 of katG, nucleotide 209 in the regulatory region of inhA and a frequent mutation site in the intergenic region of oxyR-ahpC, were used for mutation detection. RESULTS: The results obtained using FRET were compared with those from the proportion method. The sensitivity and specificity of FRET were respectively 76% and 100%. The frequencies of mutations were 48% in katG, 17% in inhA, 8% in ahpC, 2% in inhA-ahpC and 1% in inhA-katG. CONCLUSION: FRET is a rapid, specific method that can be useful to detect INH resistance in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.     

耐异烟肼结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药相关基因突变研究

目的阐明结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼临床分离株katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA及oxyR基因突变特点。方法对144株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株(耐异烟肼菌株101株;异烟肼敏感株43株)的katG、inhA、kasA、ahpC及oxyR基因进行DNA片断扩增及DNA序列分析,与GeneBank中结核分枝杆菌标准序列进行比较。结果(1)耐异烟肼菌株中未发现katG完全缺失,81株耐药株(80.2%)katG存在点突变、缺失或插入,其中16个突变位点未见报道;39株(38.6%)耐药株第315位点突变,低耐药菌株(1μg/ml)第315位点突变率显著高于高耐药菌株(10μg/ml;χ2=9.31,P<0.05);58株(57.4%)耐药株第463位点突变。23株(53.3%)敏感株第463位点突变。(2)5株(4.9%)耐药株inhA发生突变。敏感株inhA无突变。(3)3株(2.9%)耐药株ahpC发生突变。敏感株ahpC无突变。(4)17株(16.8%)耐药株kasA发生突变。敏感株中3株菌株Gly312Ser突变。(5)在全部菌株中未发现oxyR基因突变。(6)综合本项研究中各基因的突变情况,共有91株耐异烟肼菌株发生与异烟肼耐药相关的突变。结论本项研究进一步证实了结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼与katG、inhA、ahpC及kasA基因突变之间的关系,并且提示还有其他机制参与异烟肼耐药。     

应用基因芯片方法检测结核分枝杆菌利福平和异烟肼的耐药性

目的 应用基因芯片方法检测结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)对利福平和异烟肼的耐受性,评价其临床应用价值。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增-基因芯片杂交的方法检测经常规药敏实验证实的30株Mtb利福平和异烟肼敏感株和50株耐利福平和异烟肼分离株的rpoB基因及katG和inhA基因突变,同时以PCR-直接测序法为对照。结果 应用PCR-基因芯片与基因测序方法检测30株Mtb利福平敏感株rpoB基因和异烟肼敏感株katG基因和inhA基因均为野生型。50株Mtb利福平耐药株中,PCR-基因芯片与基因测序分析3株rpoB基因均为野生型,41株均为突变型;6株PCR-基因芯片与基因测序结果不一致。50株Mtb异烟肼耐药株中,PCR-基因芯片与基因测序分析16株katG基因和30株inhA基因均为野生型,31株katG基因均为315位密码子突变,7株inhA基因均为15位突变型,其中2株为katG和inhA双重突变;3株katG和13株inhA PCR-基因芯片与基因测序结果不一致。结论 应用PCR-基因芯片方法可快速、有效地检出大多数Mtb耐多药分离株,指导临床用药。     

Anti-drug pattern of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and analysis of mutation in drug-target genes

The antimycobacterial susceptibility test was performed and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to drugs was determined in 98 strains of Mycobacteium tuberculosis (MTB) isolated in Tokyo from 2000 to 2003, to find which were resistant to any of the four main anti-MTB drugs, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), streptomycin (SM), and ethambutol (EMB). 27strains of them were resistant only to SM, and 16 strains were resistant only to INH. 51 strains of them were resistant to not only INH but also other drugs. 38 strains were resistant to both INH and RFP. 19 strains were resistant to all four drugs, including 7 strains resistant to new quinolon anti-biotics also. Nucleotide or amino-acid mutations in drug resistant MTB genome were determined by DNA sequencing method. Mutation of codon 516, 526, or 531 of rpoB gene was detected in 98% of MTBs resistant to RFP. Deletion or insertion of katG gene or nucleotide mutation at regulatory region of ahpC gene was detected in MTBs highly resistant to INH. Amino acid mutation of katG gene, especially at codon 315, was detected in MTBs resistant to INH intermediate. Nucleotide mutations at regulatory region of inhA gene were detected in MTBs resistant to INH at low level. Amino acid mutation at codon 43 or 88 of rpsL gene was detected in MTBs highly resistant to SM, and nucleotide mutation at 512, 513, or 516 of rrs gene was detected in MTBs resistant to SM at low level. Amino acid mutation at codon 306 of embB gene was detected in 87% of MTBs resistant to EMB.