胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗C型Pilon骨折

目的探讨应用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗C型Pilon骨折的疗效。方法对18例C型Pilon骨折患者行切开复位胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定,部分辅助外固定。采用Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统进行评定。结果患者术后伤口均愈合良好。14例获得随访,时间5～17(7±2)个月,骨折均愈合。Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统评定结果:优1例,良11例,可2例。结论应用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折效果较好。     

胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的介绍胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效及优越性。方法采用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折12例。结果随访5~22个月,术后踝关节功能参照Mazur评价标准:优7例,良3例,可1例,差1例。结论胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板较普通钉板固定更牢固,术后出现关节并发症少,故可广泛应用于各种类型的胫骨远端骨折,尤其是Pilon骨折。     

关节镜辅助下微创治疗Ruedi-Allgower Ⅲ型胫骨Pilon骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下联合运用间接复位技术及经皮钢板技术微创治疗Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型胫骨Pilon骨折的疗效。方法采用股骨撑开器及关节镜辅助复位,经皮钢板固定闭合性Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型胫骨Pilon骨折20例,所有患者均经股骨撑开器间接复位以恢复胫骨远端高度及轴向对线,关节镜下处理关节面骨折及下胫腓关节关系,全部采用经皮钢板和(或)联合经皮钢针固定。结果本组获得随访10~36个月,一期愈合18例,时间为3~6个月,延迟愈合2例。所有患者均未出现严重骨筋膜室综合征等并发症。术后1年踝关节功能评分(OAFAS)结果显示:优6例,良12例,可2例。结论关节镜辅助下联合运用间接复位技术及经皮钢板技术微创治疗Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型胫骨Pilon骨折,能更明确关节内损伤情况,更利于骨折精确复位,进一步减少骨折术后并发症。     

前外侧锁定加压钢板治疗高能量胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压钢板内固定治疗高能量胫骨远端骨折的疗效。方法按照踝关节三柱理论,踝前正中入路,应用胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压钢板治疗15例高能量胫骨远端骨折患者。结果 15例全部获得随访,时间5~13个月,骨折全部愈合。踝关节功能参照Baird-Jackson踝关节评分系统评价:优9例,良4例,可2例。结论踝关节三柱理论指导下,前外侧锁定加压钢板内固定治疗高能量胫骨远端骨折固定牢固,可早期功能锻炼,效果满意。     

锁定钢板治疗胫骨远端Pilon骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端锁定解剖钢板在胫骨远端Pilon骨折的临床应用疗效。方法对于25例胫骨远端Pilon骨折采用胫骨远端锁定解剖型钢板内固定。结果 24例随访12～18月,踝关节关节外观正常,采用Mazur等制定的踝关节症状与功能评分系统,其中优16例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率达87.5%。结论胫骨远端锁定解剖钢板具有高度的稳定性,是治疗胫骨远端Pilon骨折,尤其是粉碎性及骨质疏松性骨折的理想方法。     

胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗27例Pilon骨折

目的 探讨胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折的方法、时机及疗效.方法 对27例Pilon骨折采用胫骨远端锁定钢板固定胫骨和重建钢板固定腓骨,6例Ⅲ型骨折同时行克氏针固定,11例植骨(Ⅲ型骨折均植骨).结果 随访8～18个月.踝关节功能按Mazur标准:优14例,良9例,可3例,差1例.27例均达到骨性愈合,平均愈合时间15.4周.结论 胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗Rnedi-AllgowerⅡ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折效果良好,Ⅲ型骨折均需植骨.一期膊骨内固定或有限内固定能明显降低二期手术难度和并发症.     

胫骨远端锁定加压钢板治疗高能量Pilon骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端锁定加压钢板(LCP)治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法对30例高能量Pilon骨折均行胫骨远端LCP内固定术,其中25例应用MIPPO技术治疗。结果 29例切口一期愈合,1例出现2 mm的切口边缘坏死,经换药后愈合。30例均获随访,时间8~16个月。骨折愈合时间8~24周。根据Teeny-Wiss评分系统进行评定,踝关节功能:优24例,良4例,可2例,优良率为93.3%;放射学评价:优17例,良9例,可4例,优良率86.7%。结论胫骨远端LCP治疗高能量Pilon骨折疗效满意,但应注重术前软组织处理,术中采取正确的骨折固定顺序,术后及时进行合理的功能锻练。     

胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗后Pilon骨折的疗效分析

[目的]分析胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板治疗后Pilon骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2015年3月~2016年3月收治15例后Pilon骨折患者,采用后外侧入路应用胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗。根据AOFAS评分标准评价踝关节功能。[结果]15例均获得随访,随访时间12~24个月,平均18.5个月。术后骨折均临床愈合,踝关节功能基本恢复正常。优10例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率86.7%。[结论]对于后Pilon骨折,尤其伴有腓骨骨折采用后外侧入路应用胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板固定是一个较好的选择,疗效满意。     

胫骨远端内侧解剖锁定钢板内固定联合透明质酸钠治疗Pilon骨折

目的观察胫骨远端内侧解剖锁定钢板内固定术后踝关节腔内和肌间隙注入透明质酸钠治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法自2009-01—2014-01对29例Pilon骨折采用胫骨远端内侧解剖锁定钢板内固定,复位固定满意后在踝关节腔内和肌间隙注入透明质酸钠治疗。结果术后关节复位质量按Burwed-Charnley标准评定:良好27例,一般2例。29例平均随访18个月,所有患者均达到骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间4~9个月,平均4.2个月。末次随访时按照Mazur评分系统评估疗效:优22例,良5例,可2例,优良率93.1%。结论胫骨远端内侧解剖锁定钢板联合踝关节腔内和肌间隙注入透明质酸钠治疗Pilon骨折创伤小,对骨折血供影响小,有利于关节软骨的修复和预防创伤性关节炎和肌腱粘连。     

胫骨Pilon骨折手术治疗方法的选择及临床疗效分析

目的通过对严重胫骨Pilon骨折患者行不同内固定物手术治疗,观察其临床疗效。方法选取2011年11月至2013年12月来我院诊治的胫骨Pilon骨折120例患者,通过术前检查及常规术前处理,分别行胫骨远端解剖钢板、胫骨远端锁定钢板及有限内固定结合外固定架手术治疗.术后观察3组骨折愈合时间、术后并发症发生及术后踝关节功能恢复情况,并发症包括伤口有无感染、内固定物是否松动及骨髓炎是否发生。踝关节功能恢复根据Mazur评价标准。结果胫骨远端锁定钢板组术后骨折愈合时间及踝关节功能恢复优于其他两组,且并发症的发生少于其他两组,胫骨远端锁定钢板组与其他两组比较有统计学差异性（P〈0.05）。解剖钢板组与有限内固定结合外固定架组组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论虽然解剖钢板和有限内固定结合外固定架内固定物在治疗严重胫骨Pilon骨折效果较好,但本文认为胫骨远端锁定钢板在治疗此类骨折效果更佳,值得临床广泛应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.