上海市三级医疗机构成果转化与管理的现状及对策研究

目的 全面了解本市三级医疗机构成果转化现状,针对存在的问题和困难提出对策建议,提高成果转化工作成效。方法 采用问卷对本市47家三级医疗机构科研成果转化与管理现状进行调查,并对管理人员和科研人员开展实地访谈。结果 近3年本市三级医疗机构成果转化率仅为2.8%,存在科研人员成果转化意识较薄弱、专利质量总体偏低、专职管理人员数量不足、管理方式不够灵活和高效等问题。未来在主体责任、成果管理、制度建立、人才培养、资源共享、部门协同等方面有待提升。结论 本市三级医疗机构成果转化率较低,在诸多方面存在问题和困境,亟需有针对性、切实高效的对策进一步促进成果转化。     

立足临床做好临床科研工作

临床与科研工作脱节,是目前医学科研工作中的一个常见现象.事实上,立足临床,做好临床科研,既具有很大的价值,又是国家重点支持的方向.解决临床问题时的各种探索和思考,本质上即为科研的一部分,与科研成果近在咫尺.要将这一过程转化为高质量的临床科研成果,需要有钻研的精神,需要运用循证医学的方法,需要一个知识与技术结构合理的团队.     

立足临床做好临床科研工作

临床与科研工作脱节,是目前医学科研工作中的一个常见现象.事实上,立足临床,做好临床科研,既具有很大的价值,又是国家重点支持的方向.解决临床问题时的各种探索和思考,本质上即为科研的一部分,与科研成果近在咫尺.要将这一过程转化为高质量的临床科研成果,需要有钻研的精神,需要运用循证医学的方法,需要一个知识与技术结构合理的团队.     

护理人员应用科研成果影响因素及对策研究

目的 为了了解护理人员应用科研成果的阻碍因素和促进因素,促进护理科研成果转化.方法 选择来自全国26个省市自治区直辖市的502名护理人员,采用自设问卷进行调查.结果 护理人员应用科研成果的阻碍因素维度从大到小依次为研究维度、呈现维度、组织维度、护士维度.促进因素主要为提高管理层对应用科研成果的支持和鼓励、进行更多与临床相关的研究、接受继续教育来增加研究的知识基础.结论 管理者应加强护理人员科研知识及技能的培训,提高科研质量及论文写作水平,建立健全护理科研成果转化的组织机构,提高护理人员应用科研成果的主动性.     

科技期刊助力科研成果转化的模块化服务研究

【目的】 探索科技期刊助力科研成果转化的模块化服务构成。【方法】 以模块化为理论视角,结合文献研究和归纳归类法,在厘清相关概念的基础上分析科技期刊助力科研成果转化的意义和现实考量,探究科技期刊助力科研成果转化服务的建设。【结果】 科技强国的内在诉求要求科技期刊实现科研理论探索、科研影响力提升和科研成果转化的渐进式发展,长期以来科技期刊工作主要围绕前两者展开,弱化了科研成果转化。科技期刊可以通过构建不同的服务模块,有选择性地参与到科研成果转化中。【结论】 科技期刊助力科研成果转化可通过匹配性地筛选由互为关联又可独立运转的科研资源集成、科研价值开发、科研成果检验、科研应用对接四大模块来展开,为科技期刊助力科研成果转化提供思路。     

中国研究型医院的内涵和建设策略

系统梳理研究型医院的概念和内涵,从资金投入、人才队伍建设以及科研成果转化等方面分析我国研究型医院建设存在问题,在总结研究型医院国际发展经验的基础上,提出优化策略：打造研究型医院建设标杆,拓展医工合作新模式;加大研究型医院科研投入,优化投入结构;落实分级诊疗,构建适用于研究型医院的评价机制;优化人员激励机制,加强临床科研队伍建设;加强平台建设,提高科研转化能力。     

推动卫生科技成果应用的管理对策研究

科技是支撑经济发展和推动社会进步的根本力量,企业自主创新的能力虽然要大力体现在对科研成果的研发与钻研上,但是如果失去了将科研成果转化为实际生产力以及产业化的创新能力,也无法为企业和国家带来真正意义上的经济财富。在科技是第一生产力的今天,科研成果向产业化模式的转变对企业以及国家来说都具有非常重要的意义。作者从我国科研成果产业化转变工作中存在的主要问题分析入手,针对问题,结合当前我国科研企业的具体工作实际谈谈如何进一步提升我国科研成果向产业化转变的具体措施,以供参考。     

开发研究基金在促进科技成果转化中的作用

实现科研成果的转化是科研工作的最终目的,如何在科研基金拨款方面促进科研成果的转化,是科研所科技体制改革过程中必须面对的问题之一。本文通过对军事医学科学院开发研究基金运行8年来的分析,探讨了一种新型的科研基金资助项目的方式及其对促进科研成果转化的作用。     

公立医院在供给侧改革中的作用

公立医院在医疗领域有着重要的作用,该文认为当前公立医院在供给侧方面存在定位模糊、对新增医疗需求缺乏有效应对、科研成果转化不足、经营压力大等问题,在此基础上,有针对性地提出了解决办法:准确的诊疗服务功能定位、优质的防治康服务体系、有效的创新转化平台、精细化的多维管控措施.     

医学科研成果转化可行性评价指标体系的构建研究

对科研成果转化可行性进行前瞻性评价是医学科研评价工作的重要组成部分.本研究采用Delphi专家咨询法,建立了医学科研成果转化可行性评价指标体系,为开展医学科研成果转化的可行性评价提供理论指导和评价方法.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.