侵袭性肺真菌病

侵袭性肺真菌病（invasiv pulmonary fungal infection，IPFI）指真菌直接侵犯（非寄生、过敏或毒素中毒）肺或支气管引起的急、慢性组织病理损害所导致的疾病。这个定义强调的是对肺组织的直接病理损害，因此排除了寄生、过敏或毒素中毒等致病因素，如曲菌不是IPFI，但慢性空洞型肺曲霉菌病就被归于IPFI。但一种真菌虽然可以通过不同病理生理过程导致不同疾病，     

肺部真菌感染的诊断和治疗

真菌感染分为浅表真菌病和深部真菌病，前者指表皮、毛发和指甲等的真菌感染，后者指人体表层以下的组织，包括皮下组织、内脏器官及中枢神经系统的真菌性疾病。近几十年来，临床上广谱抗菌素的大量应用，破坏了细菌和真菌间的正常菌丛共生关系；皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、放疗和化疗的使用，使机体对真菌的抵抗力降低；     

侵袭性肺部真菌感染诊治新进展

侵袭性肺部真菌感染（invasion pulmonary fungal infection,IPFI）是真菌直接侵犯（非寄生、过敏或毒素中毒）肺或支气管引起的急、慢性组织病理损害所导致的临床疾病。近年来,随着人类平均寿命延长,肿瘤放化疗、导管介入等的大量开展,广泛使用抗生素、激素和免疫抑制剂,器官移植、免疫缺陷、自身免疫性疾病病患增多,IPFI的发病率及死亡率不断攀升。     

侵袭性肺真菌病的诊治

侵袭性肺真菌病（IPFI）指真菌直接侵犯（非寄生、过敏或毒素中毒）肺或支气管引起的急、慢性组织病理损害所导致的疾病。这个定义强调的是对肺组织的直接病理损害，因此排除了寄生、过敏或毒素中毒等致病因素，如曲菌肿不是IPFI，但慢性空洞型肺曲霉菌病就被归于IPFI。但一种真菌虽然可以通过不同病理生理过程导致不同疾病，如曲霉菌可以引起侵袭性肺炎、脓胸、气管炎、过敏性哮喘、过敏性肺泡炎、中毒性肺炎等具有不同临床特征的疾病，可这些致病因素的作用同样可以出现在IPFI的发病过程中，如侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者可同时伴有难治性哮喘。     

根治灰指（趾）甲的各种方法

灰指（趾）甲是甲癣的俗称,该病主要是指皮肤癣菌侵犯患者的甲板或甲下组织引起的感染。酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性霉菌也可以导致灰指（趾）甲。目前,临床上已经把凡是由各种真菌引起的甲板或甲下组织感染统称为甲真菌病。这些真菌侵犯人的指（趾）甲后可引起甲板的增厚或萎缩、变脆、凹凸不平,并可造成甲分离、甲破损、甲的颜色混浊等不同形式的损害。甲真菌病大多是由足癣继发感染而引起的,只有极少数是由于指（趾）甲受伤后感染了真菌而引起的。     

常见深部真菌感染的治疗进展

深部真菌感染,又称侵袭性真菌感染,指致病性真菌侵及人体表层以下的组织引起的疾病,严重时甚至可以导致全身性感染,危害性极大。在正常情况下,寄生于人体内的真菌一般不会危害机体,是否致病,主要取决于机体所处的免疫状态。随着人口老龄化、艾滋病以及糖尿病发病率的不断上升,广谱抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素、抗肿瘤药物和免疫抑制剂等在临床中的广泛使用,以及骨髓器官移植、介入治疗等技术不断的推广,     

肺真菌病

真菌(fungus)是一种真核细胞微生物，种类繁多，有10万余种。广泛存在于自然界中，而引起人类疾病的真菌仅100多种。某些导致机体深部感染的真菌常寄生于机体体内，如口咽部、消化道及皮肤，这些真菌又称为条件致病菌。当机体免疫功能低下，或长期大量使用抗生素，抑制了敏感菌，导致菌群失调，使真菌大量繁殖，从而发生机体深部感染。其最常见的受累器官是肺。     

浅析消炎药与抗菌药

消炎药指的是解热镇痛抗炎药，它是一类具有解热，镇痛，多数还有抗炎，抗风湿作用的药物。由于其化学结构和抗炎机制与糖皮质激素甾体抗炎药（SAIDS）不同，故称为非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDS）。抗菌药是对细菌具有抑制或杀灭作用，包括抗生素和人工合成抗菌药（唑诺酮类，磺胺类等）。抗生素指某些微生物（细菌、真菌等）产生的具有抗病原体作用和其他活性的一类物质。     

侵袭性肺真菌病

侵袭性肺真菌病(invasiv pulmonary fungal infection, IPFI) 指真菌直接侵犯(非寄生、过敏或毒素中毒)肺或支气管引起的急、慢性组织病理损害所导致的疾病.     

病毒性心肌炎的免疫研究进展

病毒性心肌炎（viral myocarditis，VMc）是指病毒侵犯心肌或间质，引起心肌细胞变性坏死和间质炎性细胞浸润及纤维渗出为主要病理变化的疾病。但本病发病机制至今仍不十分清楚，一般认为与病毒在心肌内持续感染和机体免疫反应损伤有关，本文重点讨论VMC的免疫研究进展。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.