旋股外侧血管单一穿支皮瓣的游离移植

目的 探讨旋股外侧血管单一穿支皮瓣的设计和应用特点.方法 以髂髌连线(A线)的中点为O点,以O点为中心在A线两侧3 cm范围内应用多普勒血流探测仪探测旋股外侧血管皮穿支,如未探测到,位置下移,在O点上方5 cm偏外侧(约1 cm)的H点附近探测.根据探测点的回声强弱确定皮穿支的浅出点(P点),经过P点与A线平行的线为B线,据P点及B线设计皮瓣,仅保留1支穿支血管.结果 临床应用22例皮瓣,术前探测旋股外侧血管皮穿支与术中应用的(肌)皮穿支全部相符合;21例移植皮瓣均成活,仅1例少许表皮坏死.供区愈合好,功能损失小.结论 术前多普勒血流探测仪对旋股外侧血管皮穿支的定位能提高皮瓣切取的成功率,旋股外侧血管单一穿支皮瓣对供区破坏损失小,且能提供充足的皮肤软组织量,是修复大面积皮肤软组织缺损的理想选择.     

游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣治疗下肢骨外露围手术期的护理

目的总结游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣治疗下肢骨外露的护理体会。方法对2015-01—2017-01间郑州市骨科医院收治的25例下肢骨外露患者实施游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣移植修复期间,给予心理干预、术区皮肤准备、严密观察皮瓣血液循环等病情变化,康复指导等护理措施。结果 25例患者均顺利完成手术,术后出现静脉危象1例、皮瓣下血肿1例、感染2例,经及时报告医生并配合处理后痊愈。其余皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣外观满意,活动功能正常。结论积极做好术前心理护理、术后严密观察皮瓣血液循环情况、及时开展功能锻炼指导,是游离旋股外侧动脉降支穿支皮瓣治疗下肢骨外露手术成功的重要保障。     

Ⅲ型旋股外侧动脉斜支穿支皮瓣的血管解剖及临床应用北大核心CSCD

目的探讨Ⅲ型旋股外侧动脉斜支穿支皮瓣的血管解剖及该皮瓣游离移植修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的疗效。方法对1具灌注红色乳胶的43岁男性尸体标本进行大腿股前外侧皮瓣的血管解剖,观察旋股外侧动脉斜支走行及穿支分布情况。采用回顾性病例系列研究分析2018年1月—2019年9月收治的12例四肢皮肤软组织缺损患者临床资料,其中男9例,女3例;年龄18~65岁,中位年龄32岁。损伤部位:足踝部7例,小腿3例,手部2例。创面范围为9 cm×7 cm~28 cm×10 cm。受伤至手术时间1~2周,平均10 d。均采用Ⅲ型游离旋股外侧动脉斜支穿支皮瓣修复,切取单叶皮瓣3例,双叶皮瓣6例,三叶皮瓣3例;皮瓣范围为15 cm×5 cm~28 cm×10 cm。供区直接缝合或采用局部皮瓣修复。术后观察皮瓣成活及并发症发生情况。结果血管解剖研究结果示,旋股外侧动脉发出横支、斜支和降支,斜支沿途发出多个肌穿支,穿支穿过股前外侧肌,供血范围为股前外侧区域皮肤。临床研究结果示,所有皮瓣完全成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合;均无血管危象等并发症发生。12例患者均获随访,随访时间3~12个月,平均7个月。皮瓣外观、质地良好;末次随访时根据英国医学研究院(BMRC)神经外伤学会标准评价,皮瓣感觉恢复达S2级9例、S3级3例。供区残留线性瘢痕,无疼痛、瘙痒、触觉过敏等不适。患者及家属均满意。结论Ⅲ型旋股外侧动脉斜支穿支皮瓣血供可靠,切取面积大,可切取多种形式的穿支皮瓣,可修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣或隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨利用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣或隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的效果及手术技术.方法 2006年8月至2012年4月,对足踝部软组织缺损患者25例,创面范围4.0cm×5.5 cm～11.0 cm×23.0 cm.其中,足背软组织缺损采用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复20例,足底软组织缺损采用游离隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复5例.结果 术后25例皮瓣全部成活.术后随访3～ 50个月,平均(18.0±0.8)个月.皮瓣修复后外形大部满意,皮瓣末梢二点辨别觉为10～22 mm,股前外和隐动脉穿支皮瓣组术后3个月随访,恢复S2+以上感觉分别为13/20和5/5例.结论 股前外穿支皮瓣修复足背软组织缺损较合适,隐动脉穿支用于修复足底软组织缺损.避免受区二次手术整形,重视皮瓣供区处理.负压封闭引流技术对开放性损伤导致创面的皮瓣成活有明显促进作用.     

高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣的应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支时皮瓣移植的可能性。方法总结15年来股前外侧皮瓣移植160例的经验,及其临床所见的血管走行、分布、起始部位及血管外径等解剖特点与移植成活的关系。其中有10例以高位直接皮支为蒂的皮瓣移植术,占本组的6.3%。切取皮瓣的范围10cm×14cm～12cm×18cm,修复体表皮肤软组织缺损。结果术后10例高位直接皮支皮瓣游离移植,均获得完全成活。结论高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣是一种血供良好,切取范围较大、简便的皮瓣,当股前外侧皮瓣降支的第1穿支缺乏时,是一种最理想的选择。     

高频彩色多普勒超声联合宽景成像在股前外侧穿支皮瓣术前导航中的应用

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声(high frequency color Doppler ultrasound,HFCDU)联合宽景成像在股前外侧动脉穿支皮瓣术前导航中的应用价值。方法 2017年1月—2018年3月,收治28例皮肤软组织缺损患者。男22例,女6例;年龄17～66岁,平均33.5岁。致伤原因:烫伤瘢痕2例,重物砸伤7例,交通事故伤12例,摔伤4例,机器绞伤2例,感染溃疡1例。损伤部位:手、腕部6例,小腿12例,足10例。清创后创面范围为6.0 cm×3.5 cm～24.0 cm×9.0 cm,均行游离旋股外侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复术。术前利用HFCDU结合宽景成像探测旋股外侧动脉穿支血供来源、数量、走行、体表位置、血流动力学特点及与体区关系等,根据源动脉的宽景成像显示的穿支信息确定优势穿支作为血管蒂设计皮瓣。皮瓣切取范围为7.0 cm×4.5 cm～26.0 cm×7.0 cm。供瓣区直接拉拢缝合。结果 28例患者术前利用HFCDU结合宽景成像均成功探测到优势穿支,术中证实该穿支存在,定位准确,走行特点与宽景成像结果一致。术后27例皮瓣完全成活;1例皮瓣边缘局部坏死,经换药后愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间3～12个月,平均9个月。皮瓣血运佳、弹性好,供区及受区外形、功能均良好。结论股前外侧皮瓣术前利用HFCDU结合宽景成像导航,可显示其穿支特点、血流动力学信息及与体区关系,使术者能更加准确、直观了解穿支情况,提高了皮瓣切取的成功率及手术效率。     

改良血管端侧吻合方式在游离穿支皮瓣修复创面中的应用

目的探讨改良血管端侧吻合方式在游离穿支皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损创面中的临床疗效。方法对2021年6月-12月收治的16例四肢软组织缺损创面均采用游离穿支皮瓣并行改良血管端侧吻合的方式修复。游离穿支皮瓣来源于桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹穿支皮瓣及股前外侧动脉斜支穿支皮瓣。术后严密观察皮瓣血运及成活情况,随访创面外观及皮瓣质地、弹性,供区瘢痕增生、感觉功能恢复情况。结果术后皮瓣均顺利成活且血运良好,随访12~20(16±2)周,皮瓣外观、质地及弹性良好,无色素沉着,供区存留线性瘢痕,无感觉功能异常,临床效果满意。结论游离穿支皮瓣血管蒂部动脉行改良端侧吻合的方式,更符合血流动力学原理,不损伤受区血供,安全可靠,临床疗效满意。     

高频彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管在股前外侧皮瓣手术中的应用

目的探讨术前采用高频彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管在股前外侧(anterolateral thigh,ALT)皮瓣手术中的应用价值。方法 2011年2月-2012年7月,收治8例拟行ALT皮瓣修复手术的患者。男5例,女3例;年龄21～46岁,平均34岁。其中头皮鳞状细胞癌术后缺损2例,头皮撕脱伤2例,颈部外伤后皮肤软组织坏死1例,腹股沟区隆突性纤维肉瘤术后缺损1例,腹股沟区黑色素瘤术后缺损1例,面部凹陷畸形1例。软组织缺损范围为12 cm×7 cm～22 cm×18 cm。术前采用高频彩色多普勒超声检测旋股外侧动脉降支穿支血管,选取管径较粗、流速快、穿肌肉走行距离最短的穿支血管设计皮瓣,并将术前检测结果与术中观察情况进行比较。皮瓣切取范围为14 cm×9 cm～25 cm×20 cm。供区均游离植皮修复。结果术前高频彩色多普勒超声检测共发现皮瓣范围内穿支血管19支,术中证实穿支血管18支,准确率为94.7%。术中见穿支血管出肌点及肌肉内走行方向与术前检测基本一致。术后1例出现皮瓣下部分脂肪液化,经换药2周后愈合;其余皮瓣均顺利成活,创面均Ⅰ期愈合。供区植皮均成活。患者均获随访,随访时间4～16个月,平均8个月。皮瓣色泽、质地良好。结论 ALT皮瓣术前应用高频彩色多普勒超声定位并选取合适的穿支血管能有效提高皮瓣切取的准确性。     

以膝降动脉为蒂的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复小腿保肢术后创面的临床效果

目的探讨以膝降动脉为蒂的游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复小腿保肢术后创面的临床效果。方法采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2019年1月—2021年6月, 苏州瑞华骨科医院收治12例符合入选标准的小腿保肢术后创面患者, 其中男6例、女6例, 年龄17～74岁, 原始创面面积为17 cm×9 cm～40 cm×15 cm, 5例患者创面有感染。创面均采用对侧游离大腿股前外侧穿支皮瓣(面积为18 cm×10 cm～37 cm×9 cm)修复, 皮瓣动脉均吻合于膝降动脉, 供区创面直接缝合;7例患者另移植对侧大腿刃厚皮片覆盖皮瓣无法覆盖的剩余创面, 供区创面予油纱覆盖。术中记录皮瓣携带的穿支类型、受区动静脉类型。术后记录皮瓣成活和血管危象发生情况、皮片成活情况、供受区创面愈合情况、皮瓣移植术后患者住院时间。随访记录皮瓣色泽和质地、小腿再次感染情况及骨折愈合情况。末次随访时根据陈中伟断肢再植的功能评定标准评价患者的保肢效果。结果皮瓣携带的穿支类型:仅携带旋股外侧动脉降支者6例, 仅携带旋股外侧动脉斜支者3例, 携带旋股外侧动脉降支+旋股外侧动脉斜支并吻合穿支进行内增压者3例。皮瓣受区动脉类型:膝降动脉主干者1...     

以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的 设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股部皮肤穿支血管的嵌合皮瓣,为修复口腔颌面部的大面积、复杂的洞穿性缺损提供一种新的方法.方法 根据旋股外侧动脉降支的走行及分支、其在股部正面及两侧可能存在的皮肤穿支血管,设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损8例.此种皮瓣可分为3种类型:股前外侧皮瓣+股前内侧皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股直肌穿支皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股前外侧皮瓣.结果 术后8例16块皮瓣均成活,无并发症,且供区均直接拉拢缝合,未行皮片移植.术后随访1～9个月,患者面部外形和功能均良好,供区畸形和功能障碍均不明显.结论 以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣吻合血管数量少,较切取2个皮瓣供区损伤小,组织量大,适合口腔颌面部大型复杂的组织缺损的修复.     

小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损

目的:探讨小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣转移的手术方法和临床效果.方法:1998年5月至2009年1月临床应用带小腿内、后、前外、后外侧穿支血管的筋膜蒂皮瓣邻近转位,对下肢皮肤软组织缺损创面进行修复共62例,男50例,女12例;年龄7～78岁.其中应用带胫后动脉穿支的小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣23例,带腓动脉终末穿支小腿前外侧筋膜蒂皮辩9例,带腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂皮瓣22例,带腘外侧动脉小腿后外侧筋膜蒂皮瓣8例.结果:除2例术后皮辩远端表皮坏死结痂,1例皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死行Ⅱ期植皮,其余皮瓣均完全成活.随访1个月～3年,皮瓣外观满意,功能良好.结论:小腿部单个穿支血管供血面积有限,应用带穿支血管营养血管链的筋膜蒂度瓣可扩大小腿皮瓣的裁取面积,保证皮瓣的血供及回流.     

显微修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的：探讨显微修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足踝部软组织缺损方法及其临床效果。方法 ：自2017年3月至2022年1月,采用显微修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足踝部软组织缺损20例患者,男13例,女7例,年龄22～58(36.45±12.36)岁。切取皮瓣面积为8.0 cm×5.0 cm～20.0 cm×12.0 cm。术前先用便携式多普勒探测仪探测股前外侧区穿支血管位置,标记。对于创面缺损宽度<8 cm,11例采用单一皮瓣修复;对于创面宽度>8 cm无法直接缝合,9例采用分叶皮瓣技术,化宽度为长度,供区直接闭合者。所有皮瓣显微镜下以蒂部为中心向周边呈阶梯式修薄。观察皮瓣的成活情况及外形、质地、感觉功能恢复,采用Maryland足功能评定标准评价足部功能恢复情况。结果：移植20例显微修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣全部成活。其中1例因皮下血肿发生静脉危象,经拆除缝合,清除血肿后危象解除,皮瓣顺利成活。供、受区创面愈合良好,供区仅遗留线状瘢痕。20例术后均获随访,时间3～26个月,皮瓣外形美观,不臃肿,质地优良,游离皮瓣两点辨别觉为9.0～16.0 mm,恢复保护性感觉,踝部屈伸功能...     

数字化股前外侧皮瓣的可视技术在临床中的初步应用

目的 探讨股前外侧皮瓣的三维重建技术在临床中的初步应用. 方法 对需游离股前外侧皮瓣创面修复的8例患者,术前注射造影剂后采用CT或MRI扫描,应用Amira 4.1软件对股前外侧皮瓣结构进行三维重建,构建患者个性化皮瓣.根据三维构建的个性化皮瓣,于患者股部进行股前外侧皮瓣的点、线、面描记,用以指导手术切取.结果 三维重建患者个性化皮瓣8例,所重建个性化股前外侧皮瓣,能够清晰显示血管、皮肤及其毗邻结构的三维关系.其中5例显示皮瓣主要穿支及主干,与术中检查相符;3例显示皮瓣主干血管,但穿支显示不清,术中探查2例最大穿支血管约0.5mm,1例穿支均小于0.3 mm.术后7例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣边缘出现部分坏死. 结论 通过血管造影下肢CT或MRI扫描,采用数字化三维重建技术可以提供股前外侧皮瓣的三维动态解剖,重建皮瓣能够准确指导术中的皮瓣切取.     

Reconstruction of Large Area of Deep Wound in the Foot and Ankle with Chimeric Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical application and surgical efficacy of the chimeric perforator flap pedicled with the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the lateral thigh muscle flap for the reconstruction of the large area of deep wound in foot and ankle.MethodsClinical data of 32 cases who underwent chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap to repair the large area of deep wound of the foot and ankle from January 2015 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The sizes of the defects ranged from 18 cm × 10 cm to 35 cm × 20 cm, with exposed tendon and bone and/or partial defects and necrosis, contaminations, accompanied by different degrees of infection. Following the radical debridement and VSD, chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap was employed to repair the deep wounds according to the position, site and deep‐tissue injury of the soft‐tissue defects. The skin flap and muscle flap were fanned out on the wound, and single‐ or two‐staged split‐thickness skin grafting was performed on the muscle flap. The operation time and blood loss were recorded. The survival and healing conditions of the operational site with chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap were evaluated post‐operationally. Complications at both recipient site and donor site were carefully recorded.ResultsThe mean time of the operation was 325.5 min and average blood loss was 424.8 mL. Among the 32 cases, two cases developed vascular crisis, which were alleviated with intensive investigation and treatment; Four cases suffered from partial necrosis of the flap or skin graft on the muscle flap or on the residual local wound, which were improved after treatment of further dressing change and skin grafting. Another four cases experienced post‐traumatic osteomyelitis accompanied by bone defect were treated with simple bone grafting or Mesquelet bone grafting at 6–8 months after wound healing. Postoperatively, the wounds were properly healed, and the infection was effectively controlled without sinus tract forming. Overall, all 32 cases received satisfactory efficacy, without influencing subsequent functional reconstruction, and observed infection during the 12–36 months post‐operational follow‐up.ConclusionThe chimeric perforator flap pedicled with the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the lateral thigh muscle flap provides an effective and relative safe procedure for the repair of a large area of deep wound in the foot and ankle, particularly with irregular defect or deep dead space.     

Free tensor fascia lata perforator flap as a backup procedure for head and neck reconstruction

Free tissue transfer is an essential part of the head and neck reconstruction. Despite several flap options, free perforator flaps have become very popular for head and neck. Anterolateral thigh perforator flap has multiple advantages among other options and is preferred by most of the reconstructive microsurgeons. Besides its advantages, sometimes it is impossible to harvest an anterolateral thigh perforator flap, and the surgeon has to shift to another option. Between January 2002 and June 2005, 5 tensor fascia lata perforator flaps were used for head and neck reconstruction because anterolateral thigh perforator flap could not be elevated due to absence or insufficient musculocutaneous perforators. Only 1 flap was reexplored and salvaged by redoing the venous anastomosis. All flaps survived without any other problem. Donor sites were covered by split-thickness skin grafts in 4 patients and closed directly in 1 of them. Doppler examination is important in planning of anterolateral thigh perforator; if the signals of the perforators are absent or very weak, the surgeon can shift to another flap. This decision may also be made during the operation when insufficient perforators are seen. Based on our experience, tensor fascia lata perforator flap is a safe alternative when anterolateral thigh perforator harvest is not possible. Tensor fascia lata perforator flap can be harvested from the same anatomic region with almost same morbidity.     

An anterolateral thigh flap based on the superior cutaneous perforator artery: an anatomic study and case reports

This study was performed to observe the patterns of the superior perforator artery as a pedicle for an anterolateral thigh flap and report the results of clinical application. The perforator arteries at the anterolateral part of the thigh were observed on 50 lower limbs from embalmed cadavers and the results of 65 clinical cases who received transfer of the anterolateral thigh flap, which adopted the superior perforator artery as the pedicle. This study found that 34 superior perforator arteries presented in 29 of the 50 cadaveric limbs (58%), which might arise from the ascending branch, the transverse branch, and the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. All flaps of the 65 clinical cases survived postoperatively. Our results showed that the superior perforator artery has a high occurrence and a relative constant location. We thought that it could be adopted as a complement of the conventional perforator artery.     

Anterolateral thigh flap: A review of 168 cases.

The anterolateral thigh flap based on the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral vessel is one of the musculocutaneous or septocutaneous flaps in the thigh. The descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral vessel has either perforating branches or direct cutaneous branches from the intermuscular space to the anterolateral femoral skin. Since 1983, we have transferred 168 anterolateral thigh flaps for reconstruction of old burn scars, infected wounds, carcinoma excisions, for coverage of open bone fracture of the lower leg, and for congenital diseases. One hundred fifty-two cases were free flaps. The other 16 cases were pedicled flaps. The skin branches were divided into four types in our clinical series: musculocutaneous perforators (135/168 [80.4%]); intermuscular cutaneous perforators (16/168 [9.5%]); direct cutaneous branches (14/168 [8.3%]); and tiny cutaneous perforators (3/168 [1.8%]). The results were satisfactory. Only one case resulted in a failure due to tiny cutaneous branches.     

Alternative Regional Flaps When Anterolateral Thigh Flap Perforator is not Feasible

This paper presents the scheme to select alternative flaps limited to the region of the ipsilateral thigh when the perforator of the anterolateral thigh flap is not feasible. Total of 564 consecutive microsurgery cases using anterolateral thigh perforator flap was reviewed from March of 2001 to January of 2009. Total of 12 cases used a contingent flap due to anatomical and technical complications of the anterolateral thigh perforator. The alternatives were skin perforator flaps adjacent to the initial flap (3 cases of upper anterolateral thigh flap, 4 cases of anteromedial thigh flap), vastus lateralis muscle flap with skin graft (2 cases), and anterolateral thigh flap as septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator on the septum (3 cases). All flaps survived and provided coverage as planned but one case using septocutaneous flap without a prominent perforator was noted with partial necrosis. Adjacent flaps around the anterolateral thigh perforator flap may provide useful alternative flaps in cases of failed elevation. Limiting the contingent secondary flap to this region may reduce further donor site morbidity and still provide an adequate flap for reconstruction.     

Versatility of the free anterolateral thigh flap: clinical experience in a series of 20 patients

The main nutrient vessel of the anterolateral thigh flap is the perforator originating from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). It supplies a large area of skin on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. We present the experience of 20 consecutive anterolateral thigh flaps used for a variety of soft tissue defects. Fourteen flaps were used for lower leg reconstruction, four in the head and neck, and the remaining two in the hand. The largest flap was 30᎗ cm. All flaps survived except two which had partial skin necrosis, but the underlying adipose tissue survived and was grafted. Reexploration was needed for one patient in whom a thrombus blocking the vein was removed, and the flap survived completely. The anterolateral thigh flap has the advantage of a long vascular pedicle, large-caliber vessels, availability of a large skin flap area, and suitability as a flow-through flap.