胎儿颜面部少见畸形的产前超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿颜面部少见畸形的产前超声表现与显示方法,提高此类畸形的产前检出率.方法对近40 000例胎儿颜面部进行冠状、横切及矢状切面超声扫查,当上述两个正交方向的切面均表现出畸形特征时,才作出颜面部少见畸形的诊断.将引产后的胎儿标本行模拟宫内超声检查.结果产前超声共检出36例胎儿颜面部少见畸形(36/39),漏诊3例;产前超声检出每例胎儿畸形累及面部一个或多个器官,按畸形的类型分类,共计80处(80/84),漏诊4处.在产前超声所示畸形的类别中以小下颌畸形最常见(17/80),最严重的面部畸形为独眼畸形(5/80).结论产前超声检查可准确显示胎儿颜面部,是诊断胎儿颜面部少见畸形可靠的影像诊断方法.     

妊娠晚期筛查胎儿心脏畸形的常见胎位主要切面法

目的探讨超声筛查胎儿心脏畸形的快速、准确的检查方法。方法在常规的胎儿心脏筛查工作中,根据常见胎位正常胎儿心脏主要切面的声像图特点结合各扫查方法,判断心脏各切面与上述常见胎位正常胎儿心脏的主要切面有无不同及异常,有异常者进一步做胎儿超声心动图详细检查确诊。结果4526例胎儿中经引产后病理或新生儿超声心动图证实有先天性心脏畸形者25例,产前超声共检出心脏畸形16例(复杂先心病15例),漏诊室间隔缺损9例(生后证实均<5mm),检出率64%(16/25),而其中严重复杂的心脏畸形的检出率为100%(15/15)。其他病例经临床或新生儿超声心动图证实未见明显心脏畸形。结论常见胎位主要切面扫查法是产科超声医生筛查胎儿严重心脏畸形时的一种快速、较准确的筛查方法。     

多切面连续超声筛查法诊断胎儿颜面部畸形的临床价值

目的分析胎儿颜面部畸形产前超声显示率偏低的原因,探讨多平面连续超声扫查法在显示胎儿颜面部畸形中的应用价值。方法将9240例产前超声筛查的孕妇随机分为常规超声筛查组4445例和多切面连续超声筛查组4795例,比较两组胎儿颜面部异常检出情况。结果 9240例胎儿产后或引产后证实胎儿颜面部畸形31例(0.34%),40处畸形,发生于常规超声筛查组14例(0.31%),共15处,多切面连续超声筛查组17例(0.35%),共25处;两组胎儿颜面部畸形发生率比较差异无统计学意义。常规超声筛查组产前超声检出颜面部畸形5例,5处,多切面连续超声筛查组产前超声检出颜面部畸形14例,16处,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论多切面连续超声筛查可较为系统观察胎儿颜面部,有助于对胎儿颜面部畸形的检出。     

产前超声对胎儿尿道下裂的诊断价值

目的探讨胎儿尿道下裂产前超声声像图特征及超声诊断价值。方法应用二维及三维超声对6 405例胎儿进行系统超声检查,对疑有胎儿生殖器异常的病例行多角度扫查,同时对伴发畸形进行筛查,并于引产后或生后结果进行对比分析。结果 8例产前诊断为尿道下裂的病例均在产后证实;1例产前疑似病例产后确诊为阴茎体型尿道下裂;另发现7例漏诊,1例误诊。结论产前超声能对严重胎儿尿道下裂进行明确诊断;对轻型胎儿尿道下裂漏误诊率较高,诊断应慎重。     

胎儿下颌畸形的产前超声诊断分析

目的探讨胎儿下颌畸形的产前超声表现、检查技巧及临床意义,提高此类畸形的产前检出率。方法对山东省枣庄矿业集团中心医院常规产前筛查或在外院超声检查发现其他异常来我科会诊的胎儿颜面部进行常规多切面扫查。先通过二维超声正中矢状切面主观目测是否存在下颌发育畸形,同时对可疑病例进行颜面部的冠状面及横切面补充扫查,仔细测量下颌骨前后径,并与双顶径进行比较,然后启动三维表面重建成像协助明确产前诊断。所有经产前超声诊断的患者均经引产后证实。结果产前共检出下颌发育畸形胎儿11例,其中小下颌畸形9例,下颌骨缺失2例。结论产前二维超声可以明确诊断胎儿下颌发育畸形,正中矢状切面是诊断此类畸形的首选切面;颜面部三维表面成像具有空间立体显像优势,可全面、直观地再现颜面结构的外形及细部缺陷,是提高胎儿颜面畸形诊断准确度的有效辅助手段。     

双胎心脏复杂畸形的产前超声诊断分析

目的探讨产前超声在双胎妊娠中胎儿心脏复杂畸形的应用价值。方法回顾分析近年我院产前超声筛查的11例双胎妊娠,至少1例胎合并心脏复杂畸形,对比产后超声、手术、尸解结果进行总结,并对产前漏诊原因进行分析。结果 11例双胎中,3例为双绒毛膜囊双胎,8例为单绒毛膜囊双胎。双胎心脏复杂畸形产前超声正确诊断9例,漏诊2例。结论单绒毛膜囊双胎合并心脏复杂畸形的几率明显增加,超声多切面顺序扫查胎儿心脏无疑成为产前首选检查。     

孕早期超声筛查胎儿颜面部畸形的临床意义

目的探讨超声在孕早期胎儿颜面部畸形筛查中的可行性。方法对13 611名孕11～13+6周孕妇进行产前超声检查,按常规顺序检查胎儿结构后,对胎儿颜面部及颈部透明带进行不同切面扫查。结果共筛查出11胎颜面部异常或可疑异常,其中1胎眼距窄,5胎鼻骨缺失或显示不清,3胎上颌显示不清,2胎唇腭裂;漏诊9胎颜面部畸形,包括单纯唇裂3胎,唇腭裂1胎,外耳形状或大小异常5胎,均经生后随访或引产后证实。结论超声在孕早期可以筛查出部分胎儿颜面部畸形,但有漏诊及误诊可能,对可疑异常者还应结合中孕期超声检查。     

常规三切面与特殊切面法在产前筛查胎儿唇腭裂畸形中的应用

目的总结单一鼻唇冠状切面与常规三切面加特殊切面法在胎儿唇腭裂畸形筛查中的应用价值。方法对3790例胎儿唇腭部采用单一切面法(鼻唇冠状切面组965例)和常规三切面(鼻唇冠状切面、颜面部正中矢状切面、唇水平横切面)加特殊切面法(常规三切面加特殊切面组2825例,经下颌或下唇斜冠状切面、矢状切面、经梨状孔硬腭斜冠状切面、经面颊部斜横切面)行产前超声筛查,并与出生儿颜面部检查结果进行对照分析,总结鼻唇冠状切面与常规三切面和特殊切面检查方法的超声声像图特征,比较单一切面与三切面加特殊切面超声扫查方法的诊断符合率。结果 3790例胎儿产前超声共检出唇腭裂畸形32例(0.84%,32/3790),其中鼻唇冠状切面组检出胎儿唇腭裂畸形8例(0.83%,8/965),出生儿颜面部检查证实唇腭裂畸形12例,产前超声诊断符合率为66.67%(8/12),漏诊4例,漏诊率为33.33%(4/12);常规三切面加特殊切面组产前超声检出胎儿唇腭裂畸形24例,出生儿唇腭部检查证实唇腭裂畸形24例,产前超声无一例漏诊,超声诊断符合率为100%(24/24)。产后检查证实唇腭裂畸形36例,发生率为0.95%(36/3790)。32例唇腭裂胎儿产前超声声像图特征:(1)单侧唇腭裂14例,超声表现为上唇皮肤连续性中断(12/12),鼻孔塌陷和上牙槽突裂(12/12);上腭连续性回声中断12例(12/14)。(2)双侧唇裂3例,超声均表现为上唇皮肤连续性中断,上牙槽突裂。(3)双侧唇腭裂2例,超声表现为上唇皮肤连续性中断,鼻孔塌陷和上牙槽突裂,上腭连续性回声中断。(4)中央唇腭裂1例,超声表现为上唇皮肤连续性中断,鼻孔塌陷,上牙槽突裂和上腭连续性回声中断。结论与单一鼻唇冠状切面检查法比较,产前超声采用常规三切面加特殊切面法有助于准确检出胎儿唇腭裂,尤其对唇腭部复合畸形胎儿的检查有重要临床应用价值。     

多切面联合超声筛查中晚孕胎儿心脏病的探讨

目的 探讨多切面联合超声在中晚孕胎儿心脏病筛查中的应用价值.方法 应用彩超筛查孕18～36周胎儿共16 500例.并通过尸体解剖证实和产后超声随访对照.对四腔心观(FCV)、四腔心+三血管-气管观(FCV+3VT)及多切面联合3种方法的诊断价值进行分析.结果 共检出先天性心脏病胎儿共96例.多切面联合法的Youden指数(0.904 5)优于FCV法(0.511 7)和FCV+3VT法(0.797 2),P<0.05.3种方法中以多切面联合法的Youden指数及灵敏度最高,漏诊率最低.结论 多切面联合扫查的灵敏度最高,漏诊率最低,可作为产前超声筛查中晚期妊娠胎儿心脏的适宜方法.     

唇腭裂胎儿产前超声检查诊断分析

目的探讨胎儿唇腭裂超声表现及显示切面,提高唇腭裂的产前超声诊断率。方法选取我院经引产或产后证实的唇腭裂胎儿28例,对比产前超声检查与引产后或产后唇腭裂的类型。结果 28例经引产或产后证实的唇腭裂胎儿中,单纯唇裂5例,唇腭裂22例,单纯腭裂1例;产前检出23例,其中误诊裂口类型2例,漏诊5例。结论胎儿唇裂、原发腭裂、正中腭裂经连续性颜面部三正交切面诊断准确性较高;胎儿完全腭裂及唇裂伴继发腭裂需补充特殊切面;单纯性继发腭裂产前超声诊断仍有较大困难。     

Evaluation of Fetal Growth and Fetal Well-Being

This article reviews the actual knowledge and future developments of ultrasound techniques for the evaluation of fetal growth and well-being. Sonography allows the visualization of the fetus in utero and is utilized worldwide for the evaluation of fetal growth and well-being. Fetal biometry assessment is performed in the second half of pregnancy when deviations of fetal growth can be best recognized through alterations of fetal abdominal circumference growth. Doppler velocimetry of utero-placental vessels identifies alterations of placental perfusion and is valuable in the assessment of fetal brain, heart, and liver perfusion, thus being utilized in the timing of delivery. Recently, three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of fetal organs and placenta is being developed.     

Fetal Monitoring

The severe risk situations characterized by fetal growth retardation are outlined. The small fetus, whether growth retarded or severely premature, is best delivered where both fetal monitoring and newborn resuscitation are available. The moderate risk fetus can be monitored at home base with clinical skills described in this article.     

Fetal Surgery

As prenatal diagnosis has become increasingly sophisticated and as technological advances have enhanced the range of diagnostic capabilities, invasive therapies have developed from our expanded understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of structural anomalies. This article presents a comprehensive review of the treatment options currently available for the entire spectrum of fetal diagnoses that are potentially surgically correctable. The current indications, contraindications, and outcomes for shunting procedures, open fetal surgery, and fetoscopic surgeries are reviewed.     

Fetal Megacystis

The purpose of our retrospective observational series was to determine whether the sonographic characteristics of fetal megacystic bladders can be used to reliably establish the most likely diagnosis in fetuses with this condition. The sonographic records of pregnant patients referred to our institutions over a 10‐year period who were found on initial 2‐dimensional sonography to be carrying fetuses with megacystis were examined for evidence of a keyhole sign, bladder thickness, amniotic fluid index, and fetal sex. When available, 3‐/4‐dimensional sonography, Doppler angiography, tomographic ultrasound imaging, virtual organ computer‐aided analysis, and automatic volume calculation were used as part of the detailed fetal anatomic survey. Twenty fetuses with megacystis were identified. Seventeen were male; 2 were female; and 1 had ambiguous genitalia. All male fetuses with megacystis originally had a diagnosis of prune belly syndrome. The diagnosis for 10 male fetuses with a keyhole sign was changed to megacystis secondary to posterior urethral valves. The fetus with ambiguous genitalia had prune belly syndrome. One of the female fetuses had a diagnosis of urethral atresia, and the diagnosis for the other female fetus was megacystis‐microcolon‐intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. In conclusion, in fetuses with megacystic bladders, it is possible to distinguish between cases with prune belly syndrome, posterior urethral valves, urethral atresia, and megacystis‐microcolon‐intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome by a detailed anatomic survey using 2‐ and 3‐/4‐dimensioinal sonographic techniques.