氯丙嗪和异搏定对急性镉中毒大鼠肝肾的影响

目的 对急性染镉大鼠预先投与氯丙嗪(CPZ)和异搏定(Ver)，探讨这2种物质对急性染镉大鼠肝、肾的影响。方法 实验用4组大鼠。3个实验组均皮下注射25μpmol／kg的CdCl2，其中2个实验组于皮下注射相同的CdCl2溶液前1h，分别腹腔注射12．5mg／kgCPZ和10mg／kgVer。对照组在相应时间内皮下注射0．9％NaCl.以上各组均在染毒24h后处死，取血、肝、肾组织。测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性。肝、肾皮质中Cd、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果 与对照组比较。单纯染镉组的血清LDH、GPT活性及肝MDA、GSH含量显升高。肝、肾皮质的GSH-Px活性均明显下降。与单纯染镉组比较，CPZ组的血清LDH活性及肝MDA含量显降低，肾皮质GSH含量明显升高。Ver组的血清LDH、GPT活性及肝MDA、GSH含量显降低。肝、肾皮质的GSH-Px活性均显升高。结论 CPZ和Ver对急性镉所致肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。其机理可能与减轻镉对肝脏的脂质过氧化损伤有关。CPZ和Ver也能影响急性染镉大鼠肾脏的抗氧化系统。     

氯丙嗪和异搏定对镉致大鼠肾毒性的影响

目的研究氯丙嗪(CPZ)和异搏定(Ver)对镉中毒大鼠肾损伤及肾皮质蛋白激酶C改变的影响。方法大鼠按体重随机分成4组,第1组为对照组皮下注射0.9%氯化钠,第2组为单纯染镉组皮下注射7μmol/kg的氯化镉溶液,第3、4组分别是腹腔注射氯丙嗪(5mg/kg)和异搏定(4mg/kg);1h后皮下注射7μmol/kg的氯化镉,注射容量均为2mg/kg。染毒6周后,测定尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、尿蛋白、尿镉、肾镉和肾皮质中的蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活性。结果单纯染镉组与对照组比较,尿LDH、尿蛋白和尿镉含量明显升高,肾镉及肾皮质细胞膜和细胞浆中PKC活性均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);CPZ干预组与单纯染镉组比较,细胞膜和细胞浆中PKC活性均有不同程度的下降,差异有统计学意义,尿LDH、尿蛋白和尿镉含量明显下降(P<0.05);Ver干预组细胞膜PKC活性低于单纯染镉组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尿LDH、尿蛋白和尿镉含量有下降趋势。结论氯丙嗪和异搏定均对镉中毒大鼠肾损伤及蛋白激酶C的改变有拮抗作用。     

镉致大鼠肾脏毒性机制研究

目的研究镉对肾脏产生的毒性作用,并初步探讨镉的肾脏毒性机制。方法低、中、高剂量染镉组大鼠分别皮下注射3,5,7μmol CdCl2/（kg·bw）6周。测定尿镉、蛋白含量和尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性,测定肝脏和肾皮质丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。结果尿蛋白含量和尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性以及肝、肾皮质MDA和GSH含量随染镉剂量增加而升高。中剂量染镉组尿蛋白含量和尿NAG、LDH活性以及肾皮质MDA、GSH含量显著高于对照组和低剂量染镉组。高剂量染镉组尿蛋白含量、ALP活性、肝和肾皮质MDA显著高于对照组和低中剂量染镉组。且尿镉、蛋白含量、尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性与肾皮质MDA含量呈显著正相关。结论镉生物学效应随染毒剂量增加而增强,CdCl2 5μmol/（kg·bw）对肾脏产生一定损伤作用,CdCl2 7μmol/（kg·bw）时肾脏损伤加重。镉的肾毒性机制与其氧化损伤作用有关。     

异搏定和氯丙嗪对镉慢性肾毒性影响的实验研究

目的:对慢性镉染毒(Cd)大鼠投予异搏定(Ver)和氯丙嗪(CPZ),探讨这两种物质对镉慢性肾损伤的影响。方法:实验用4组大鼠,单纯镉染毒组和Ver、CPZ预处理组均皮下注射含Cd 1．4mg／kg的氯化镉(CdCl2)溶液,每周3次,连续6周。Ver和CPZ预处理组在每次皮下注射CdCl2前1h,分别向腹腔注射Ver 4mg／kg和CPZ 5mg／kg,,对照组大鼠在相同时间注射生理盐水5ml／kg,,在实验开始后第2,4,6周时收集尿样,测定尿N-乙酰-B—D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活力和尿蛋白含量。最后一次注射后24h处死大鼠,采集血液,取肾脏,测定血清尿素氮(BUN),血、肾皮质和尿中的Cd、Ca及血、肾皮质中丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果镉染毒4周时,与单纯镉染毒组比较,Ver和CPZ预处理组的尿NAG活力和尿蛋白含量均明显降低;镉染毒6周时,Ver和CPZ预处理组的血Cd、血清BUN、尿Ca及肾皮质MDA含量均明显降低。CPZ预处理组肾皮质Cd和血MDA含量也明显降低。结论:Ver和CPZ具有防止镉所致慢性肾损伤的作用,其机制可能是减轻镉对肾脏的脂质过氧化损伤。     

α-硫辛酸和牛磺酸对急性镉氧化损伤影响的实验研究

目的探讨α-硫辛酸（LA）和牛磺酸（Tau）对急性镉氧化损伤的影响。方法实验用Wistar大鼠32只,分为4组,第一组为对照组,第二组为单纯染镉组,两组均先腹腔注射生理盐水,2h后分别皮下注射生理盐水和35μmol／kg CdCl2溶液。第三组和第四组为LA和Tau预处理组,先分别腹腔注射175μmol／kg的LA溶液和4mmol／kg的Tau溶液,2h后皮下注射35μmol／kg CdCl2溶液。染毒24h后腹主动脉取血并取肝肾,测定血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）活性,肝、肾皮质中Cd、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果与对照组比较,单纯染镉组的血清LDH、伽活性及肝、肾皮质镉含量显著升高,SOD活性显著下降。肝GSH、MDA含量显著升高,GSH—Px活性显著下降。与单纯染镉组比较,LA和Tau干预组的血清ALT和LDH活性及肝组织Cd含量显著降低,肝GSH—Px活性显著增高。LA干预组的肝MDA含量显著降低,肝、肾皮质SOD活性显著升高。Tau干预组肝GSH含量、肾皮质镉含量显著降低。结论LA和Tau预处理对镉所致急性肝脏氧化损伤有一定拮抗作用。     

氯丙嗪和异搏定对镉致大鼠肝肾毒性的影响

目的　研究氯丙嗪和异搏定对镉致大鼠肝肾毒性的影响 ,重点观察Na+ - K+ -ATPase和Ca2 + -ATPase活性的改变。方法　大鼠按体重随机分成 4组 ,第 1组为对照组 ,皮下注射 0 . 9%氯化钠 ;第 2组为单纯染镉组 ,皮下注射7μmol/kg的氯化镉溶液 ;第 3、 4组分别腹腔注射氯丙嗪 5mg/kg (CPZ干预组 )或异搏定 4mg/kg (Ver干预组 ) ,1h后皮下注射 7μmol/kg的氯化镉。各组处理 6周后 ,测定尿乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、尿蛋白、尿镉以及肝肾组织中镉、Na+ - K+ - ATPase和Ca2 + ATPase的活性。结果　单纯染镉组与对照组比较 ,尿LDH、尿蛋白和尿镉含量明显升高 ;肝肾组织中Na+ - K+ - ATPase和Ca2 +- ATPase活性和镉含量也明显升高 ,统计学差异非常显著 (P <0 . 0 1) ;CPZ干预组与单纯染镉组比较 ,尿LDH、尿蛋白和尿镉含量及肝肾组织中Ca2 + ATPase活性明显下降 (P <0. 0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;Ver干预组尿蛋白、尿镉和肝肾组织中的Na+ - K+ -ATPase和Ca2 + ATPase活性明显低于单纯染镉组 ,统计学差异显著 (P <0. 0 5 ,P <0. 0 1) ,肝、肾、尿中镉含量均明显降低 ,说明Ver可抑制镉的吸收。结论　氯丙嗪和异搏定均对镉毒性有不同程度的拮抗作用。     

茶多酚、维生素C对镉急性毒性影响的实验研究

目的 研究预先投予茶多酚(TP)和Vit C对急性镉(Cd)毒性的影响。方法 4组Wistar大鼠分别皮下注射氯化钠、25μmol/kg的氯化镉溶液,以及以TP、VitC预处理后的25μmol/kg氯化镉溶液。染毒24h后测定其血清中的ALT和IDH含量,肝和肾皮质的Cd含量,肝、肾组织中的GSH和MDA含量及GSH-Px活性。结果 与对照组比较,单纯染镉组大鼠肝、肾Cd含量升高,肝GSH、MDA含量升高,GSH-Px入活性降低,而肾GSH—Px活性降低。经TP和Vit C预处理后,急性染镉大鼠血清中的ALT和IDH活性及肝脏中GSH、MDA含量明显低于单纯染镉组,而GSH-Px活性高于单纯染镉组。TP干预组肝脏中的Cd及肾脏中MDA显著低于单纯染镉组,Vil C干预组末见差异。与单纯染镉组比较,TP和VitC干预组肾脏中的Cd、GSLH含量及GSH-Px活性差异无显著性。结论 TP和VitC预处理对急性镉中毒所致的肝损伤有一定的预防作用。     

α-硫辛酸和牛磺酸对亚慢性镉染毒致肾损伤影响的实验研究

目的通过观察α-硫辛酸(LA)和牛磺酸(Tau)对亚慢性镉染毒致肾损伤的影响,探讨氧化损伤在镉中毒中的作用。方法实验用大鼠32只,分为4组。给3个实验组大鼠皮下注射7μmol/kg的氯化镉(CdCl2)溶液,每周5次,连续6周。对照组大鼠在相应时间皮下注射生理盐水。于第7周、第8周,两干预组大鼠分别腹腔注射35μmol/kg的LA溶液和0.8 mmol/kg的Tau溶液,对照组和单纯镉染毒组在相应时间内腹腔注射生理盐水。注射容量均为5 ml/kg,每周5次。最后1次注射后,收集大鼠12 h尿液,然后处死大鼠,切取肝、肾组织。测定尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力及尿肌酐、尿蛋白和尿镉含量,肝和肾皮质镉、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果与对照组比较,单纯镉染毒组的肝、肾皮质和尿中镉含量显著增加,尿ALP和NAG酶活力及尿蛋白含量显著升高,肾皮质GSH和MDA含量升高到34.65μg/g蛋白和171.05 nmol/g蛋白,GSH-Px活力下降到0.23 U/mg蛋白,差异有显著性。肝GSH含量升高,SOD和GSH-Px活力均显著下降。与单纯镉染毒组比较,LA干预组的尿镉含量、尿ALP活力和尿蛋白含量显著下降,肾皮质GSH和MDA含量降低到19.72μg/g蛋白和127.47 nmol/g蛋白,GSH-Px活力升高到0.30 U/mg蛋白,肝GSH-Px和SOD活力显著升高;Tau干预组的肝膈和尿镉含量均显著降低。肾皮质GSH含量降低到26.36μg/g蛋白,GSH-Px活力升高到0.37 U/mg蛋白。结论氧化损伤是镉中毒机制的一部分,LA和Tau对镉致肾氧化损伤的恢复具有一定的促进作用。     

GSH、维生素C和DMPS对镉亚慢性毒性影响的实验研究

目的：大鼠亚慢性染镉后投与谷胱甘肽（GSH）、维生素C（Vit-C)和二巯基丙磺酸钠（DMPS），探讨这3种物质对镉亚慢性毒性的影响。方法：将SD大鼠50只，随机分成5组。第1组为对照组，第2组为单纯染镉组，第3－5组为染镉后再投与GSH、Vit-C或DMPS组。先给第2－5组大鼠皮下注射5μmol/kg的氯化镉溶液，每天1次，每周5次，共11周，对照组在相应时间内皮下注射0．9％氯化钠。以上各组均在最后一次注射后收集尿样。第12周开始，对照组和第2组腹腔注射0．9％氯化钠，第3组腹腔注射1mmol/kg的GSH，第4组腹腔注射4mmol/kg的Vit-C,第5组腹腔注射0．2mmol/kg的DMPS，每周3次，连续2周。最后一次注射后24h再次收集尿样，然后处死大鼠，采集血液、肝脏和肾皮质样品。对尿样测定其NAG活性、蛋白和镉含量。测定肝脏、肾皮质的GSH、MDA、蛋白质和镉含量，GSH－PX活性以及血MDA含量、GSH－PX活性和血红蛋白含量。结果：染镉后，尿NAG活性、尿蛋白含量及尿镉含量与对照组比明显增高，投与GSH、Vit-C、DMPS后，与投与前和单纯染镉组比较尿蛋白含量和尿NAG活性均明显下降；GSH和Vit-C投与组与单纯染镉组尿镉含量与投药前比明显下降，而MPS投与组尿镉含量与投药前比无明显变化。与单纯染镉组比较，DMPS投与组肝脏镉浓度明显降低，而肾皮质镉浓度明显升高，尿镉浓度明显升高；GSH和Vit-C投与组肝脏镉浓度无明显变化，GSH投与组肾镉浓度明显升高。各实验组肝脏和肾皮质GSH含量均明显高于对照组，单纯染镉组GSH含量明显高于GSH、Vit-Ct DMPS投与组；单纯染镉组肝脏、肾皮质和血GSH－PX活性明显低于其他各组；GSH、Vit-C和DMPS投与组肝脏、肾皮质、血MDA含量与单纯染镉组比均有明显降低。结论：给予大鼠GSH、Vit-C、DMPS对亚慢性镉染毒引起的肾损恢复有一定促进作用，GSH和DMPS还可促进镉从尿中排泄。     

沙棘油和五味子乙素对镉致大鼠急性肝损伤的影响

将实验用Wistar大鼠32只,按体重随机分为4组,第1组为对照组,第2组为单纯染镉组,第3组和第4组为沙棘油(SBO)和五味子乙素(Sch B)预处理组,测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性,肝丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.与对照组比较,单纯染镉组的血清LDH、ALT活性及肝MDA、GSH含量显著升高,肝GsH-Px、SOD活性显著降低(P<0.01).与单纯染镉组比较,SBO干预组的血清LDH、ALT活性、肝MDA、GSH含量显著降低,GSH-Px、SOD活性显著升高(P<0.01);Sch B干预组的血清LDH、ALT活性及肝MDA、GSH含量明显降低(P<0.01),GSH-Px活性升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).提示SBO和Sch B对镉急性肝氧化损伤具有一定的拮抗作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.