三种腔镜技术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较经尿道输尿管镜取石术（URL）、微创经皮肾镜取石（MPCNL）、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（RLU）治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法：113例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为三组：URL组46例,MPCNL组38例,RLU组29例.结果：URL组一周结石清除率21.74%（10/46）,无严重并发症发生,平均住院6天.MPCNL组1周结石清除率92.10%（35/38）.术后发热10.52%,6例因术中出血,改为二期取石,手术成功;8例术中冲洗液外渗,1例大出血行保守治疗好转,平均住院9天.RLU组有1例转开放取石,一周结石清除率100%,无严重并发症出现,平均住院6.5天,RLU组的一周结石清除率显著高于URL及MPCNL组,术后并发症发生率明显低于MPCNL.结论：RLU治疗复杂性输尿管上段结行具有结石清除率高、术后并发症少、恢复快的优点.MPCNL、URL和RLU三种方法均可用于治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石,使用何种方法应视临床具体情况而定.     

输尿管上段结石的微创手术治疗

目的：探讨输尿管上段结石的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石(URSL），后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石(RLU)、经皮肾穿刺取石(PCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中URSL组25例，RLU组20例。PCNL组9例。结果：URSL组碎石成功18例；7例不成功，其中3例改为开放手术，1例改为后腹腔镜取石。2例行ESWL术，1例仅留置双J管。术后1个月拔管后自行排出。2例并发输尿管穿孔。RLU组取石成功18例，2例滑入肾内，经配合输尿管镜和腹腔镜直视下经皮肾穿刺取石成功，术后15例有伤口漏尿。PCNL组成功9例，无并发症。结论：USRL创伤小。术后恢复快。是治疗输尿管上段结石的较为满意的治疗方法。PCNL创伤小，取石成功率高，在结石靠近肾盂、儿童输尿管上段结石并同侧肾结石和结石以下输尿管狭窄时应优先考虑。但技术难度较大。RLU可作为URSL不成功后的辅助治疗方法。     

两种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的:比较经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术(URL)和经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法:125例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为两组:URL治疗60例,PCNL治疗65例。结果:URL组有5例转开放手术取石,余55例患者平均手术时间(59.45±16.30)min,术后并发症发生率为21.7%(13/60),3个月后结石清除率为90%(54/60)。PCNL组无中转,平均手术时间(61.38±12.90)min,术后并发症发生率为9.23%(6/65),3个月后结石清除率为100%。PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院时间与URL组无明显差异;1个月后结石清除率明显高于URL组。结论:PCNL治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、术后并发症少及恢复快的优点。     

复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗方法比较

目的:比较体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、逆行输尿管镜碎石(URL)、微创经皮肾镜取石(MPCNL)、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石(RLU)治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效,探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石的最佳治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析、比较四种微创方法治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者232例的临床资料.结果:一次治疗成功率ESWL 43%,URL 71.8%,MPCNL 85.7%,RLU 96.7%.术后3个月结石清除率ESWL 81%,URL 85.9%,MPCNL96.4%,RLU 100%.效率商为ESWL 0.50,RLU 0.65,MPCNL 0.84,RLU 0.97.结论:对于复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗,应根据患者临床情况及实际要求制定治疗方案.     

输尿管结石三种治疗方法的疗效比较

目的:探讨对输尿管结石治疗方法如何进行选择.方法:对经ESWL、输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术(URSL)及输尿管切开取石术3种方法、治疗的360例输尿管结石患者的疗效进行比较.结果:ESWL174例,碎石率为90.3%,URSL150例,一次碎石率为92.2%,手术切开输尿管取石36例,取石成功率100%.输尿管镜失败改切开取石12例(8%);ESWL失败改切开取石或输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石56例(32.2%).结论:URSL治疗输尿管结石可以避免开放手术对患者造成的痛苦,减少术后并发症,但也不能盲目采用;对于复杂性输尿管结石,开放手术仍是可供选择的重要的治疗手段.     

后腹腔镜与微创经皮肾镜手术治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 比较后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)与微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 单侧复杂输尿管上段结石患者129例,其中79例行RLU治疗,50例行MPCNL治疗,比较两组病例的手术成功率,手术时间,术后1周结石清除率及手术相关并发症的发生率.结果 RLU组平均手术时间(37.43±22.63) min,术后发热5例,结石清除率100％(79/79),MPCNL组平均手术时间(48.52±17.51)min,术后发热3例,结石清除率94％(47/50).RLU组平均手术时间较短,结石清除率高于MPCNL(P＜0.05)；两组在手术成功率,并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 两种方法均适用于复杂输尿管上段结石的处理,相比较而言,RLU处理单纯的复杂输尿管上段结石更为合理.     

输尿管镜与后腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)和输尿管镜碎石取石术(URL)治疗单侧输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 60 例单侧输尿管上段结石患者被随机分成两组,RLU 组予以气管全麻下后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,URL 组予以腰硬麻下输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术,分析两组之间的手术时间、结石清除率、术后住院时间、术后镇痛泵使用时间,比较其临床疗效.结果 两组手术均取得成功,RLU 组平均手术时间(41.3±7.9)min,URL 组(49.2±9.8)min,RLU 组一次性清除率100%,URL 组83.3%.后腹腔镜组手术时间、结石一次清除率均优于输尿管镜组,两组术后随访3 个月以上,未见输尿管狭窄等并发症.结论 两种手术方式治疗单侧输尿管上段结石均有明显临床疗效,但后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术具有一次手术结石清除率高、手术时间短等优点,值得推广应用.     

复杂性输尿管上段结石微创术式选择与疗效比较

目的探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石微创手术方式的选择及其疗效分析。方法回顾2005年9月至2011年9月选择经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术(URL)、微创经皮肾输尿镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者85例,同一手术操作者,比较术中并发症发生情况、结石清除率、手术时间、住院时间和费用等方面临床资料。结果全部患者取结石成功,发生中转手术取石:URL组4例、MPCNL组3例;MPCNL组有3例患者需要术中输血;术后发现URL组有6例患者结石残留;而在手术时间、住院时间和费用方面,URL组手术及住院时间短、费用低,MPCNL组手术时间最长,而RLU组费用最高;三种不同术式比较,均有统计学差异。结论 URL发生并发症少、损伤小、费用低,是治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的首选。     

3种不同术式治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效比较--随机对照研究

目的比较体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）、逆行输尿管镜取石（ureteroscope lithtripsy，URL）联合ESWL、微创经皮肾镜取石（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法分析2002年12月-2003年12月我院治疗复杂输尿管上段结石234例，其中ESWL治疗76例，URL联合ESWL治疗78例．MPCNL治疗80例。结果ESWL组一次碎石成功率56，6％（43／76），术后1个月结石清除率46，l％（35／76），平均费用912元，术后并发症发生率15，8％（12／76）；URL联合ESWL组碎石成功率100％（78／78），术后1个月结石清除率83．3％（65／78），平均费用7720元，术后并发症发生率15，4％（12／78）；MPCNL组碎石成功率100％（80／80），术后1个月结石清除率100％（80／80），平均费用10253元，术后并发症发生率13．8％（11／80）。MPCNL组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后1个月结石清除率和费用明显高于ESWL和URL联合ESWL组；一次碎石成功率MPCNL组与URL联合ESWL组相比无明显差异，均明显高于ESWL组；3组术后并发症发生率比较无明显差异。结论MPCNL治疗复杂输尿管上段结石安全有效，可成为治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

经皮肾镜取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。方法:200例单侧输尿管上段结石的患者,90例采用MPCNL进行治疗;110例采用URL治疗,其中46例接受辅助ESWL治疗。结果:MPCNL组术后3天结石清除率为97.7%(88/90),术后1个月结石清除率为100%(90/90)。URL术后3天结石清除率为25.4%(28/110),术后1个月结石清除率为81.8%(90/110),均显著低于MPCNL组(P<0.05)。结论:MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率,URL手术治疗效果稍差,可以联合ESWL提高疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.