新疆猪戊型肝炎病毒株CHN-XJ-SW33全基因组序列分析

目的测定从新疆南部地区分离的猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)株全基因组序列,并在此基础上分析猪HEV与人源HEV的关系。方法设计HEV基因4型通用PCR引物,用逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应法(RT-nPCR)分段扩增猪HEV株CHN-XJ-SW33的全基因组序列;用cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)扩增其末端序列;对扩增的目的片段进行克隆测序,并对拼接后的基因组进行序列比对和进化分析。结果除3′poly(A)尾外,CHN-XJ-SW33基因组全长为7 238 nt,由3个开放读码框(ORF1-3)组成,分别编码1 706、674和114个氨基酸。CHN-XJ-SW33全基因组序列与HEV基因1-3型病毒株同源性仅为72.1%~74.9%,而与HEV基因4型病毒株同源性高达82.8%~95.5%,其中与日本人源中国输入型HEV株JKO-ChiSai98C同源性最高,为95.5%。基因进化分析显示,CHN-XJ-SW33属于HEV4a基因亚型。结论猪HEV与人HEV在全基因组核苷酸序列上高度同源,提示基因4型HEV可能由猪传染给人。     

华东地区猪基因4型戊肝病毒的季节变化及与人同源性的分析

目的 戊型肝炎病毒的人兽共患特征被认可,本研究检测华东地区猪群在不同季节中基因4型戊肝病毒(HEV)的感染情况,了解猪病毒株之间以及与人病毒株的同源性关系.方法2007年9月-2008年6月在华东地区浙江、安徽和江苏的3家屠宰场中共采集猪胆汁标本1200份,应用巢式RT-PCR方法检测HEV RNA,对阳性标本测序并结合同一地区人HEV序列进行同源性分析.结果猪胆汁标本中HEV RNA总检出率为4.5%,各季节猪群的检出率为9-10月平均检出率6%,12-1月4.33%,3-4月4.33%,5-6月3.33%,各地区的平均检出率为江苏6%、安徽5%、浙江2.5%.不同地区猪与猪、猪与人基因4型HEV病毒株的同源性都较高(猪株之间核苷酸序列约为80%～100%,氨基酸序列约为96%～100%;猪与人株之间核苷酸序列约为76%～99%,氨基酸序列约为95%～100%).部分猪HEV与人HEV构成独立的同源性分支,进化起源关系密切.结论 基因4型HEV在华东地区猪群中常年广泛流行,且可能拥有共同的进化与传播起源.猪群携带HEV可能会对人群戊肝的流行趋势产生影响.     

广西流行性乙型脑炎E基因分子流行病学分析

目的 了解广西流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒E基因特征和遗传变异状况.方法 采集不同地区蚊虫标本12 102只,进行乙脑病毒分离,阳性分离物进行乙脑E基因编码区核苷酸序列测定、序列同源性比较和遗传进化分析.结果 共分离到乙脑病毒4株,均属于基因Ⅰ型乙脑病毒;核苷酸同源性在98.3％ ～ 99.3％,氨基酸序列同源性99.4％ ～ 99.8％,核苷酸序列变异主要为沉默突变;与越南毒株核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性最大,分别为99.7％和100％;与乙脑减毒活疫苗株SA14-14-2的核苷酸同源性为87.4％ ～ 88.0％,氨基酸同源性为96.8％～97.2％,决定病毒毒力的8个重要位点均存在差异;影响病毒毒力的关键氨基酸位点均未发生变异.结论 广西分离的4株乙脑病毒的影响病毒毒力的关键氨基酸位点均未发生变异,与疫苗株比较,决定病毒毒力的8个重要位点存在差异.     

2009-2012年安徽省人肠道病毒71型的分子流行病学特征

目的 探讨安徽省手足口病患儿中肠道病毒71型(human enterovirus 71,HEV71)的分子流行病学特征.方法 对2009-2012年HEV71所致手足口病患儿的19份咽拭子标本进行HEV71病毒VP1区全基因核苷酸序列测定,其中1份标本来自河南信阳患儿,其余均来自安徽省辖区患儿.所得序列与国内外HEV71毒株的核苷酸序列做比对分析,构建进化树.结果 19株病毒核酸VP1区全基因均为891个核苷酸,编码297个氨基酸.所得序列与A、B、C基因型的核苷酸同源性分别为82.6％～83.6％、83.3％～85.5％、86.7％ ～ 98.9％;氨基酸同源性分别为96.0％ ～97.0％、96.0％ ～97.7％、97.0％ ～ 100.0％.结论 六安市2009-2012年HEV71流行株在种系进化上与我国大陆近几年分离的毒株具有较高的同源性(94.6％～98.9％),同属于C4a基因亚型,与中国大陆前几年分离株C4b基因亚型较近.     

2009年珠海市肠道病毒71型分子流行病学特征分析

目的分析2009年珠海市手足口病(HFMD)患者中,肠道病毒71型(HEV71)的分子流行病学特征。方法2009年1—10月采集珠海市各医院就诊的HFMD患者的粪便标本558份,经HEV71通用引物扩增分析,确定为HEV71阳性158份。选取其中HEV71阳性标本24份用RT-PCR扩增衣壳蛋白vp1全长基因,核苷酸序列测定并分析病毒遗传学特征。结果珠海市24例HEV71的vp1基因核苷酸序列的测定结果显示,所有核苷酸序列长度都是891bp,编码297个氨基酸。该24株HEV71全部属于C4基因亚型C4b进化分支,与C4基因型相比较核苷酸同源性在95.4%～98.9%之间,氨基酸同源性在99.3%～99.7%之间,与2008—2009年中国流行的HEV71同源性极高;但24株HEV71在vp1区的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%～100.0%和99.0%～100.0%,在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上存在一定差异;24例HEV71可划分为7条传播链,75%(18/24)流行株分布在其中的2条传播链,且这2条主要传播链只由珠海市HEV71分离株构成。结论2009年珠海市流行的HEV71属于C4基因亚型C4b进化分支,与中国2008—2009年流行的HEV71在基因亲缘关系和流行时间关系上都很接近,但珠海市HEV71流行株的基因特征存在其特殊性。     

2006-2010年埃可病毒11型四川分离株的基因特征分析

目的 了解埃可病毒11型(Echovirus 11,E11)四川分离株的基因特征。 方法 对2006-2010年四川省急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP)病例中分离到的9株E11进行全VP1区逆转录-聚合酶链(RT-PCR)反应扩增和核苷酸序列测定,构建遗传进化树进行基因特征分析。 结果 9株E11四川分离株之间核苷酸同源性为85.9%～96.0%,氨基酸同源性为96.0%～98.6%;与Gregory原型株之间的核苷酸同源性为77.6%～79.7%,氨基酸同源性为91.4%～93.1%。9株E11均为A基因型,其中8株为A6基因亚型,1株为A5基因亚型。 结论 2006-2010年E11四川分离株为A5和A6基因亚型,其中以A6基因亚型为主。     

猪戊型肝炎病毒的研究进展

近年来国外对戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)的研究表明,该病毒不仅可以侵犯人,而且有多种动物可以作为其自然宿主,提示由该病毒引起的戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)是一种人畜共患性疾病。从猪中分离并确定的猪HEV,对于HEV的病原学、流行病学、动物模型、临床诊断及HEV的疫苗制备等都具有重要意义。     

2008年人肠道病毒71型的多个传播链在甘肃省流行

目的研究2008年中国甘肃省手足口病（Hand,Footand Mouth Disease,HFMD）患者中,人肠道病毒71型（Human Enterovirus71,HEV71）的分子进化特征。方法采集甘肃省门诊就诊的HFMD患者粪便、疱疹液、咽拭子标本进行病毒分离,然后对阳性病毒分离物进行HEV71特异性逆转录一聚合酶链反应鉴定,随机选取20株HEV71阳性分离株进行VP1编码区基因扩增和核苷酸序列测定和分析,与其它38株各基因型和基因亚型的HEV72代表株构建基因亲缘性关系树。结果20株甘肃省HEV72分离株,与1998年以来在中国（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同）分离的HEV71在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上的同源性都较高,尤其与2008年中国流行的HEV71同源性最高,与C4亚型代表株聚为一支,属于C4基因亚型C4b进化分支。但20株HEV71之间在VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸水平上有一定差异,同源性分别为92．5％～100．0％和96．9％～100．0％。在亲缘进化树中显示,这些HEV71分离株处在不同的簇中,表现为20株HEV71分离株至少属于7条病毒传播链。结论2008年甘肃省流行的HEV71属于Ct基因亚型C4b进化分支,并且存在多个传播链。它们与2008年中国其它省流行的HEV71在基因亲缘关系和流行时间关系上都很接近,说明甘肃省HEV71不是独立进化的,而是与中国流行的HEV71在共同进化。     

中国南方某农村地区人与猪戊型肝炎病毒的检测和部分序列分析

目的调查中国南方某农村地区戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）人株与猪株的相关性。方法应用逆转录-巢式聚合酶链法（RT—nPCR）对一般人群中HEV-IgM阳性者、急性戊型肝炎患者和当地某养猪场的猪进行HEV RNA检测，并对HEV RNA阳性标本进行克隆测序和序列分析。结果132份猪粪便标本中13份为HEV RNA阳性；26份IgM阳性一般人群血清标本中有4份HEV RNA阳性；4例急性戊型肝炎患者中有1例的血清和粪便标本为阳性。序列分析发现该地区HEV人株与猪株在ORF2部分区域的核苷酸序列同源性为89．3％～100．0％，这10株HEV序列与HEVⅠ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型在同一区域的核苷酸序列的同源性分别为78．7％～84．7％、83．3％～85．3％、76．0％～80．0％和84．7％～95．3％。结论该地区人群及猪群中流行的HEV同属基因Ⅳ型。     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

骨钙素与儿童生长发育

骨钙素是成骨细胞分泌的骨蛋白 ,骨钙素水平与成骨细胞活性成正相关 ,是一项很好的反映骨形成与骨转化的生化指标。小儿骨生长发育有自身特点 ,骨钙素水平的改变类似儿童身高生长曲线 ,可以很好地应用于评价儿童生长发育及监测生长障碍患儿对治疗的反应     

Cholesterol and Egg Intakes with Cardiometabolic and All-Cause Mortality among Chinese and Low-Income Black and White Americans

We examined the associations of dietary cholesterol and egg intakes with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality among Chinese and low-income Black and White Americans. Included were 47,789 Blacks, 20,360 Whites, and 134,280 Chinese aged 40–79 years at enrollment. Multivariable Cox models with restricted cubic splines were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality outcomes using intakes of 150 mg cholesterol/day and 1 egg/week as the references. Cholesterol intake showed a nonlinear association with increased all-cause mortality and a linear association with increased cardiometabolic mortality among Black Americans: HRs (95% CIs) associated with 300 and 600 mg/day vs. 150 mg/day were 1.07 (1.03–1.11) and 1.13 (1.05–1.21) for all-cause mortality (P-linearity = 0.04, P-nonlinearity = 0.002, and P-overall < 0.001) and 1.10 (1.03–1.16) and 1.21 (1.08–1.36) for cardiometabolic mortality (P-linearity = 0.007, P-nonlinearity = 0.07, and P-overall = 0.005). Null associations with all-cause or cardiometabolic mortality were noted for White Americans (P-linearity ≥ 0.13, P-nonlinearity ≥ 0.06, and P-overall ≥ 0.05 for both). Nonlinear inverse associations were observed among Chinese: HR (95% CI) for 300 vs. 150 mg/day was 0.94 (0.92–0.97) for all-cause mortality and 0.91 (0.87–0.95) for cardiometabolic mortality, but the inverse associations disappeared with cholesterol intake > 500 mg/day (P-linearity ≥ 0.12; P-nonlinearity ≤ 0.001; P-overall < 0.001 for both). Similarly, we observed a positive association of egg intake with all-cause mortality in Black Americans, but a null association in White Americans and a nonlinear inverse association in Chinese. In conclusion, the associations of cholesterol and egg intakes with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality may differ across ethnicities who have different dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk profiles. However, residual confounding remains possible.