车祸意外医院内死亡病例分析

本文评价了十六家医院连续三个月，因车祸意外（MVC：MotoVehicleCrash）死亡的创伤登记资料，获得以下车祸意外医院内死亡的流行病学特征：4390病人入院，181例死亡，死亡地点主要在急诊科（30．9％）和ICU（42％）。死亡病人的55．2％死于创伤后24小时内，44．8％死于24小时后，有2个死亡年龄高峰组，分别是21－40岁和61－80岁，中枢神经系统损伤占各类损伤的52％．井发症占整个死亡原因的5％，死亡病例平均并发症发生均数为1．453，死亡病人并发症发生率与存活病人有明显差异．在所有并发症中，心血管、ARDS、败血症分别各占39（21．5％）、34（18.8％）和18（9．9％）．本文也比较院内各阶段死亡病例，其RTS*、ISS*、PS*、GCS*有统计学差异．     

Changes in incidence and prognosis of ischaemic heart disease in Finland: a record linkage study of data on death certificates and hospital records for 1972 and 1981

The components of the decline in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland were studied by analysing the changes in incidence and prognosis between 1972 and 1981. Using personal identification numbers, hospital discharge records and death certificates were linked for all men and women aged 40-64. During this period mortality decreased 15.9% in men and 23.5% in women, incidence 14.2% in men and 19.3% in women, being greatest among 40-49 year olds living in urban areas, and case fatality 7.3% in men and 10.3% in women, owing primarily to a decrease in patients dying of ischaemic heart disease without being admitted to hospital; survival was also better among patients admitted to hospital. Factors explaining these changes remain unknown because data on risk factors and factors influencing prognosis are limited and largely ecological.     

Five hundred patients with myocardial infarction monitored within one hour of symptoms

Of 2886 patients monitored during acute myocardial infarction, 500 were observed within one hour of the onset of symptoms. Half of the early admission group were admitted in response to emergency 999 calls and 435 of them travelled in resuscitation ambulances, where surveillance for arrhythmias was instituted. Pulmonary oedema occurred in 130 patients (26%), cardiogenic shock supervened in 60 (12%), and 115 (23%) died in hospital. Ventricular fibrillation was observed in 98 patients (20%). Forty two of them survived to be discharged, including 20 of the 24 with primary fibrillation which had occurred first in hospital. In only one case did primary ventricular fibrillation occur after the first 10 hours of onset of illness. Sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation were all observed more frequently in patients admitted within one hour after the onset of symptoms than in those admitted later. An element of selection is inevitable when early admission is encouraged by the existence of a resuscitation ambulance system; this will depend in part on the early recognition of risk and the geographical location of the attack. These factors may bias the group towards relatively high risk. Nevertheless, prompt admission after myocardial infarction should improve survival by permitting successful management both of ventricular fibrillation and of other arrhythmias which may influence short term and long term prognosis.     

ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者的血浆MMP-9的动态演变及临床意义

目的探讨ST段抬高性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者的m浆基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）动态演变的临r末意义。方法选择2011年9月-2012年2月的STEMI患者55例,分别在患者症状发作后4h内及4～8、8～12、12～24、24～48、48～72h不同时间段采集外周静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附试验（EI．ISA）检测各时段的血浆MMP-9水平,并与健康志愿者（健康组）50例作比较。采用GRACE评分对STEMI患者的病情进行评估,分析患者MMP9水平与GRACE的关系。结果STEMI患者在各时间段的MMP-9水平均高于健康组（P〈0．001）,4h内组MMP-9的表达水平低于12～24h组和48～72h组（P〈0．05）,4～8h组MMP9的表达水平低于12～24h组、24～48h组和48～72h组（P〈0．05）。患者入院时MMP-9水平与GRACE评分呈正相关（r=0．644,P〈0．001）。结论MMP9在STEMI患者症状发作4h内明昆升高,存STEMI发作12～24h后达到峰值且峰值持续72h,可作为评价心梗患者风险的指标。     

Neonatal outcome at Modilon Hospital, Madang: a 5-year review

An audit of neonatal care at Modilon Hospital, Madang was performed using obstetric and neonatal data for the five years 1995-1999. The overall perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) was 51.1 per 1000 total births with an early neonatal mortality rate (ENNMR) of 12.7 and a stillbirth rate (SBR) of 38.5. 839 neonates aged 0-28 days were admitted to the Special Care Nursery. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1. 186 babies (22%) died. The case fatality rate was higher in males than females (p<0.001). Babies born at health centres or born before arrival had a significantly higher fatality rate than hospital-born babies (p<0.001). The case fatality rate was highest in babies born preterm and declined with increasing birthweight from less than 1000 to 3999 g. The major recorded causes of admission were neonatal sepsis, prematurity, neonatal jaundice, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress and meconium aspiration syndrome. 60% of deaths occurred within 48 hours of admission, 32% between 48 hours and 7 days and 8% at 7 days or older. The proportion of deaths occurring during the afternoon and night shifts was significantly higher than that during the morning shift (p<0.001). This was most likely to be related to staffing levels. The major causes of death were prematurity or low birthweight (27%), sepsis (23%) and birth asphyxia (17%). Other causes of death included congenital abnormalities, meconium aspiration and meningitis. Antenatal care is still not universally available for Papua New Guinean women. Home delivery of high-risk mothers is commonplace, and women delivering in hospital often present in established labour. Perinatal and neonatal problems are therefore frequent. Newborn babies have the right to the best available care. This can only be provided if hospitals and health facilities understand the basic requirements of neonatal care and provide designated space, adequate staffing and proper equipment.     

重型颅脑创伤316例临床分析

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤后救治时间及GCS评分对患者预后的影响。方法:回顾分析山西省榆次市人民医院自1993年1月至2003年12月收治的316例重型颅脑外伤患者的临床资料。结果:研究组中颅脑损伤患者伤后小于3h救治者病死率25.66%,3h～24h者为37.13%,大于24h者为47.22%。随着救治时间的延长病死率呈上升趋势,各组间差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。GCS计分3分～5分颅脑损伤患者病死率为51.00%,6分～8分者为23.32%,各组间差异具有显著性(P<0.0005)。结论:重型颅脑损伤者的预后主要取决于原发伤程度,原发伤愈重GCS评分愈低,其预后愈差;伤后救治时间愈早,患者预后相应愈好。     

癫痫持续状态并发全身炎症反应综合征患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-10水平变化

目的探讨癫痫持续状态(SE)并发全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平的变化,及其与多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)和患者病死率的关系。方法 49例SE患者根据是否并发SIRS分为SE并发SIRS组19例和SE组30例,分别于发病24 h内及第3、7天采用放射免疫法测定血清TNF-α和IL-10水平,并观察2组患者MODS发生率及病死率。结果 2组患者发病24 h及第3、7天不同时间血清TNF-α水平比较差异均有统计学意义(SE组:F=252.755,P=0.000;SE并发SIRS组:F=738.096,P=0.000);2组患者血清TNF-α水平在发病第3天时达到高峰;发病24 h及第3、7天时,SE并发SIRS组血清TNF-α水平显著高于SE组,差异均有统计学意义(t24 h=7.261,P=0.000;t3 d=9.726,P=0.000;t7 d=11.422,P=0.000)。2组患者发病24 h及第3、7天不同时间血清IL-10水平比较差异均有统计学意义(SE组:F=5.755,P=0.005;SE并发SIRS组:F=7.561,P=0.001);2组患者血清IL-10水平在发病第3天时达到高峰;发病24 h及第3、7天时,SE并发SIRS组患者血清IL-10水平均显著高于SE组,差异均有统计学意义(t24 h=3.108,P=0.003;t3 d=2.552,P=0.014;t7 d=2.767,P=0.008)。SE并发SIRS组和SE组患者MODS发生率分别为42.11%、16.67%,SE并发SIRS组患者MODS发生率显著高于SE组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.890,P=0.049)。SE并发SIRS组和SE组患者病死率分别为26.32%、3.33%,SE并发SIRS组患者病死率显著高于SE组,差异有统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法,P=0.027)。结论TNF-α和IL-10可能参与了SE患者并发SIRS的发生、发展过程,TNF-α和IL-10可作为预测MODS的早期指标。     

A REAPPR.AISAL OF THE CI-XANGING PROPORTION OF THE lUkRIOUS TYPES OF HEART DISEASES lN SHANGHAI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SERUM CHOL.ESTEROL LEVELS

25,597 cases of hearit disease admitted t0 3 general hospitals in Shanghai in the years 1948- 1979, were analysed. This analysis showed a re- markable rise of the relative proportion of is- chemic heart disease (IHD) from 6TO in the first period (1948-1958) t0 2970 in the third period (1972-1979). Among the various factors which might be held responsible for this increased proportion of IHD in the total of hospital ad- missions, our obs.ervat.ions on the recent rise of the serum cholesterol levels in healthy Chinese, compa.red with those in the i5.OIS and 60s may bear certa.in relationship to this problem.     

Evidence-based care and outcomes of acute stroke managed in hospital specialty units

OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of evidence-based investigations and treatments in patients with acute stroke in selected Australian hospitals and to compare management and outcomes between stroke and other types of hospital specialty unit. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicentre audit of hospital case files. SETTING: Eight metropolitan tertiary-care hospitals from five Australian States. SUBJECTS: 300 consecutive patients from each hospital admitted between 17 September 1999 and 23 May 2001 and having a discharge diagnosis of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of investigations and treatments supported by best available evidence; comparison of management and outcomes between stroke, neurology, general medical and geriatric units. RESULTS: 2383 patients were audited (median age, 72.7 years; 52% men); 72% had ischaemic events, and 28% haemorrhagic events. Use of investigations and treatments varied between hospitals and types of unit. Stroke units or teams cared directly for 23% of patients (range across hospitals, 0-100%). Although 47% of patients with ischaemic events presented within 3 hours of symptom onset (when thrombolysis might provide benefit), only nine (2%) received thrombolysis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were given to 28% of survivors at discharge (range, 14%-38%). Stroke units were more likely to use diagnostic tests, while neurology units were more likely to prescribe heparin acutely for patients with ischaemic stroke (not recommended for patients in general), and geriatric units were less likely to discharge patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation therapy. Outcomes also varied significantly between types of unit. In-hospital survival rates were 90% (stroke units), 91% (neurological units), 82% (general medical units) and 79% (geriatric units) (P < 0.001). Stroke units and neurological units sent more patients home than the other units. Stroke units also sent fewer patients to rehabilitation and had longer mean length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Acute stroke care varies between Australian tertiary-care hospitals and types of specialty unit, with suboptimal use of many evidence-based interventions.     

房颤自行复律可能性的初步探讨

目的　初步探讨房颤自行复律的可能性和相关因素。方法　回顾性分析 173例房颤发作持续至入院小于 72小时患者的临床和心脏扇超资料 ,并作自行复律和非自行复律组的比较。结果　 173例患者中 6 5 .32 %房颤自行复律 ,自行复律组和非自行复律组相比 ,房颤发作持续至入院小于 2 4小时者多见(P <0 .0 1) ,入院时心功能较好 (P <0 .0 1) ,EF较大 (P <0 .0 1) ,左房较小 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　房颤发作持续至入院小于 72小时患者中约 6 5 %可自行复律。自行复律者多为房颤持续发作 2 4小时内入院 ,入院时心功能较好 ,左房较小。     

影响北京市心肌梗死病人应用急救医疗服务的因素

目的 调查北京市急性心肌梗死(AMI)病人急救医疗服务(EMS)应用率并探讨其影响因素.方法 多中心现况调查.入选2006年1月1日至12月31日期间就诊于北京市19所医院的789例ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)病人.入院1周内,通过与病人进行结构式访谈及查阅病例记录收集资料.根据到达首诊医院的转运方式将病人分为EMS组和自行转运组,对比分析两组资料.结果 仅260例(33.0%)通过EMS转运到达首诊医院,其余529例(77.0%)通过自行转运到达.多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁(OR 1.530,95%CI 1.050～2.230,P=0.027)、大学及以上受教育程度(OR 2.032,95%CI,1.257～3.284,P=0.004)、冠心病史(OR 0.474,95%CI 1.049～2.458,P=0.029)、症状不能耐受(OR 0.592,95%CI 1.090～2.520,P=0.008)、焦虑(OR 0.760,95%CI 1.238～3.695,P=0.006)以及将症状归于心脏病(OR 0.402,95%CI 1.020～2.171,P=0.041)是应用EMS的独立预测因素.而梗死前心绞痛显著较少了EMS应用(OR 0.626,95% CI 0.431～0.907,P=0.013).结论 北京市仅1/3的STEMI病人发病后选择EMS转运.社会人口学、冠心病史、症状特点和认知因素等影响了病人对EMS的应用.     

急性心肌梗死病人QT离散度变化及其与预后关系

①目的　探讨急性心肌梗死病人ＱＴ离散度变化及其与预后的关系。②方法　在发病２４ｈ 内、第７,１４ 天分别对４４ 例病人行１２ 导联心电图检查,必要时加做右胸及Ｖ７～９ 导联,按心率校正公式计算ＱＴ离散度（ＱＴｃｄ）。③结果　与２４ｈ 内相比较,第７,１４ 天ＱＴｃｄ 值明显降低,差异有极显著性（Ｆ＝ ２６．４２,ｑ＝ ８．０６,９．３５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,第１４ 天与第７天相比较,差异无显著性（ｑ＝ １．３６,Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。非死亡组ＱＴｃｄ 值明显低于死亡组,差异有显著性（ｔ＝ ３．０２,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。④结论　急性心肌梗死发病早期ＱＴｃｄ 值明显增大,随着病情好转,ＱＴｃｄ 值逐渐下降和稳定。ＱＴｃｄ 可作为急性心肌梗死病人近期预后的重要参考指标之一。     

入院前指数在院前创伤救治中的应用及其评价——附513例报告

本文应用入院前指数(PHI)对连续记录的513例入院前创伤病人的严重度进行评分.其中评为0～3分的轻伤375例,4～24分的重伤138例.轻伤375例中伤后24小时内手术16例,72小时内死亡5例,轻伤评定误差率为5.6%.重伤138例中伤后24小时内手术48例,72小时内死亡49例,重伤评定敏感率为70.3%.本组513例PHI的总敏感率为87.9%,总误差率为12.1%.虽然PHI是一种简便有用的入院前创伤严重度评定方法,但还存在某些不足,应进一步研究完善.     

脑血栓病人血浆内皮素水平24h动态检测

①目的探讨脑血栓急性期病人血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）水平２４ｈ内动态变化规律及其与发病的关系。②方法采用放射免疫测定法测定了３２例脑血栓病人和２０例健康人２：００，８：００，１４：００，２０：００时血浆ＥＴ水平的变化。③结果脑血栓病人昼夜血浆ＥＴ水平明显增高，与对照组比较差异均有极显著性（ｔ＝９．６４－１０．３３，Ｐ均＜０．００１），且在２４ｈ内２：００ＥＴ水平最低，８：００最高，两者比较差异有显著性（ｔ＝３．２２，Ｐ＜０．０ｌ）。有高血压和糖尿病病史的脑血栓病人２４ｈ的ＥＴ水平，均较无高血压、糖尿病病史者显著增高（ｔ＝２．１１－５．１７，Ｐ＜０．０５，０．０１）。④结论脑血栓急性期病人血浆ＥＴ水平２４ｈ内有早晨高和晚上低的节律性变化，其变化与脑血栓发病早晨为高发时间的现象一致。     

Incidence and causes of inappropriate detection and therapy by implantable defibrillators of cardioversion in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia

Background Implantable cardioverter defibrillator （ICD） is the only effective therapy in patients with life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Inappropriate detection and therapy by ICDs are the most common causes of side effects that affect the quality of life in ICD recipients. This study evaluated the incidence and causes of inappropriate detection and therapy by ICDs in patients in our hospital. Methods From January 2000 to December 2005, fifty patients who received ICD implantation for ventricular arrhythmias for prevention of sudden cardiac death were evaluated in this study. Each ICD was programmed using clinical arrhythmic and cardiac data of the patient before discharge. Patients were followed up by standard schedule after implantation and all data retrieved from each device were collected and saved for further analysis. Results No arrhythmic event was detected in 12/50 （24%） patients during the period of follow-up. Among the remaining patients, 11 （22%） experienced inappropriate detections and therapies during follow-up in this study. ICD detected 383 ventricular tachyarrhythmia （VT） and 108 ventricular fibrillation （VF） episodes and delivered 678 therapies. In VT group, ICD delivered 413 antitachycardiac pacings （ATPs） and 118 shocks, among which 78 ATPs and 9 shocks were initiated by 55/383 （14.3%） inappropriate detections. In VF group ICD delivered 147 shocks, among which 56 shocks were initiated by 28/108 （26.9%） inappropriate detections. Overall, more than 50% of these episodes were caused by atrial fibrillation （AF） with rapid ventricular response, followed by electromagnetic or myopotential interference. In addition, most inappropriate therapies occurred within one year after ICD implantation. Conclusions About one fifth of patients experienced ICD inappropriate detection and therapy after implantation. The main cause was AF with rapid ventricular response, followed by electromagnetic or myopotential interference.     

1600例住院病人死亡原因分析

[目的 ]探讨 160 0例住院病人的死亡原因及其分布特征 .[方法 ]收集 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 2年12月间 160 0例我院住院死亡病人资料 ,对死亡疾病构成比率、男女主要疾病死亡构成比率、汉族和朝鲜族主要疾病死亡构成比率及年龄构成比率进行统计 .[结果 ] 160 0例死亡病例的死亡原因中脑血管疾病占 2 4 9% ,恶性肿瘤占 2 3 4% ,消化系统疾病占 13 7% ,意外伤害和中毒占 10 3 % ,心血管疾病占9 2 % ;男性与女性主要疾病死亡分布不同 ,两者间有非常显者性差异 ;汉族与朝鲜族主要疾病死亡分布不同 ,两者间亦有非常显者性差异 ;年龄构成比中 61～ 70岁居首位 ,占 2 6 6% ,51～ 60岁占 18 0 % ,41～ 50岁占 16 8% ,71～ 80岁占 15 8% ,3 1～ 40岁占 10 8% .[结论 ]住院死亡的疾病构成因性别及民族不同 ,其分布不同     

Mortality at the medical wards of a university teaching hospital in Papua New Guinea: a study of 1242 admissions

The records of all patients who died in the medical wards of the University Teaching Hospital in Papua New Guinea during a 6-month period between 1st January and 1st July 1984 were reviewed. Deaths were classified as early or late and subclassified as preventable, treatable, untreatable or undetermined. There were 120 deaths among 1242 adult patients admitted to the medical wards during the period under study (overall case fatality rate 10%). 35 patients died within 24 hours after admission (early death), 2 of preventable, 7 of treatable, 8 of untreatable and 18 of undetermined causes. Of patients who stayed alive in the hospital for more than one day, 5 died of preventable, 28 of treatable, 23 of untreatable and 29 of undetermined causes. Autopsy was performed on 3 patients (2.5%). Age of the deceased patients ranged from 13 to 67 years (median: 37). Male to female ratio was 1.86. The length of hospital stay ranged from 1 to 77 days (median: 4). Infectious diseases were found to be the major cause of death with pneumonia and tuberculosis leading the list. The emergency procedures, laboratory facilities and autopsy rate need to be improved to reduce the number of deaths from undetermined and preventable causes in Papua New Guinea.     

Mortality and recurrence of vascular disease among stroke patients treated with combined TCM therapy

OBJECTIVE:To confirm the long-term outcomes of stroke patients and determine predicting factors for death,recurrence of vascular events and poor outcome(either recurrence or death) after the use of combined TCM therapy.METHODS:This was a retrospective hospital-based cohort study and was performed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tianjin.All subjects with stroke consecutively admitted to an inpatient ward of the Acupuncture Department from January 1,2008,to December 31,2008 were retrospectively followed through one year.The main outcomes were either a recurrence of vascular events,,mortality or both.Risk factors were recorded from medical records.Multivariate regression models were used to analyze predictors.The following independent variables were used:age,gender,hypertension,ischemic heart disease,atrial fibrillation,diabetes mellitus,carotid arterial lesions and history of stroke.RESULTS:Four-hundred and five patients were included.The 1-year mortality rate was 11.11%.23.70% of the patients had a recurrent vascular event,and 30.86% suffered a poor outcome.Multiple logistic regression analysis found that previous stroke,and advanced age were predictors of death within one year,Recurrence of vascular events was associated with carotid arterial lesions,history of diabetes and previous stroke.Long-term poor outcome was predicted by advanced age,history of diabetes,and previous stroke.CONCLUSION:Age,previous stroke,carotid arterial lesions and diabetes history seem to have different impacts on the three outcomes within one year.Our findings provide important data for planning future hospital register studies of stroke patients in TCM hospitals.     

Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation: experience in patients admitted to a general internal medicine department

We examined the efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone in 20 unselected patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation who were admitted to a general internal medicine department during a 6-month period. The treatment protocol included a loading dose of 1200 mg intravenous amiodarone in 24 hours, after which amiodarone treatment was continued orally. Eleven of the 20 patients (55%) converted to sinus rhythm within 48 hours of intravenous amiodarone treatment and were discharged in sinus rhythm, while 9/20 (45%) patients failed to convert during hospitalisation. Six patients (30%) failed to convert to sinus rhythm even after one further month of oral treatment. There was one death and a high frequency (25%) of thrombophlebitis during hospitalisation. The in-hospital non-convertors had a significantly lower ejection fraction and initial low ventricular response rate than the convertors. In conclusion, the acute conversion rate by intravenous amiodarone was at best modest. It is suggested that intravenous amiodarone is probably more effective in patients with rapid recent-onset atrial fibrillation and good left ventricular function.


     

The effects of quality improvement interventions on inhospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of quality improvement interventions on inhospital mortality after admission for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN: Before-and-after study (with concurrent controls) based on hospital discharge data from a routinely maintained, administrative database. SETTING: All Queensland public hospitals, July 1991 - June 1999. STUDY POPULATION: Patients with AMI admitted through the emergency department. Intervention: Development and promulgation of clinical practice guidelines at one hospital, combined with regular audit and feedback, commencing November 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Inhospital mortality (adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities) for four-year periods before (1991-92 to 1994-95) and after (1995-96 to 1998-99) initiation of quality improvement interventions. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for inhospital death at the intervention hospital was about the same as at other public hospitals (adjusted OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.80-1.24), but was more than 40% lower after the intervention (adjusted OR, 0.59; 95% Cl, 0.45-0.78). After the intervention, the risk of death at the intervention hospital was lower compared with hospitals with cardiologists as admitting practitioners (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48-0.83), with onsite revascularisation facilities (adjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88), and with large numbers (> or = 250 per year) of annual admissions of patients with AMI (adjusted OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement interventions lower the risk of inhospital death in patients with AMI. Implementation of such interventions in all hospitals may confer a risk of death lower than that achieved by admitting all patients under the care of cardiologists, or to hospitals with revascularisation facilities or a high volume of admissions of patients with AMI.