脑囊虫病患者脑脊液中NO、IL-1β和TNF-α的研究

目的 检测脑囊虫患者脑脊液内NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量变化,探讨NO及细胞因子参与人体对脑囊虫的免疫作用。方法 分别采用比色法、酶联免疫吸附法(双抗体夹心法)检测实验组和对照组脑脊液NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量。结果 脑囊虫病组脑脊液NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),癫痫发病组脑脊液NO、IL-1β明显高于非癫痫发病组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论 单核巨噬细胞在抗脑囊虫感染中发挥重要作用,NO参与对脑囊虫的免疫过程,并可能通过某些作用影响中枢神经系统正常功能,过量NO可能参与癫痫过程。     

脑脊液MMP-9 IGF-Ⅱ水平检测在颅内感染鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清和脑脊液中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF-Ⅱ)在化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取入院24h内92例明确诊断中枢神经系统感染患者,其中化脓性脑膜脑炎(化脑组)18例,病毒性脑炎(病脑组)74例和20例非中枢神经系统感染者(对照组)的脑脊液,应用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定血清及脑脊液(CSF)中MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ浓度。结果血清及CSF中MMP-9含量比较:化脓性脑膜脑炎和病毒性脑炎组均较对照组显著升高(P0.05),化脓性脑膜脑炎组明显高于病毒性脑炎组(P0.05)。血清及CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量比较,化脓性脑膜脑炎组CSF中IGF2Ⅱ含量高于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),血清IGF2Ⅱ含量化脓性脑膜脑炎组低于病毒性脑炎组及对照组(P0.01),病毒性脑炎组与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论联合测定血清及脑脊液MMP-9及IGF-Ⅱ含量的变化,有助于颅内感染早期鉴别诊断。     

脑脊液细胞学检查和病毒抗体检测对病毒性脑膜脑炎的诊断价值

目的:探讨脑脊液细胞学检测和病毒抗体检测对病毒性脑膜脑炎的诊断价值。方法:选择84例颅内感染患者分为:病毒性脑膜脑炎组32例,结核性脑膜脑炎组32例,化脓性脑膜脑炎组20例。结核性脑膜脑炎组和化脓性脑膜脑炎组作为对照。每例患者各取2次脑脊液,共168份脑脊液。分别行细胞学检测和ELISA法检测病毒系列抗体IgG、IgM。结果:病毒性脑膜脑炎的脑脊液细胞学超早期有明显的嗜中性粒细胞反应,随后出现激活的淋巴细胞反应;随着患者病情好转,激活的淋巴细胞逐渐减少;转而以淋巴细胞、单核细胞为主。病毒抗体IgG检测:病毒性脑膜脑炎组阳性率为86.7%,明显高于结核性脑膜脑炎组(48.3%)和化脓性脑膜脑炎组(15%);抗体IgM检测:病毒性脑膜脑炎组与结核性脑膜脑炎组和化脓性脑膜脑炎组比差异无统计学意义。结论:脑脊液细胞学检查快速、简便,是中枢神经系统病毒感染的重要指标之一;病毒特异性IgG抗体诊断病毒性脑膜脑炎的敏感度为54.7%,特异度为91.3%,是确诊病毒性脑膜脑炎病原的方法之一。     

IL-8、 MMP-9、 INF-γ的检测对结核性脑膜炎及病毒性脑膜炎发病的意义

目的 探讨脑脊液中白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、干扰素-γ(INF-γ)含量的检测对结核性脑膜炎及病毒性脑膜炎的临床诊断价值. 方法 选取解放军总医院、解放军第三0九医院自2010年8月至2011年11月住院的患者,其中结核性脑膜炎组20例,病毒性脑膜炎组15例,非感染性神经系统疾病组20例.用ELISA法检测3组患者脑脊液IL-8、MMP-9、INF-γ含量,并进行比较分析. 结果 结核性脑膜炎组患者脑脊液中IL-8、MMP-9、INF-γ的含量高于病毒性脑膜炎组和非感染性神经系统疾病组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病毒性脑膜炎组患者脑脊液中IL-8、MMP-9含量高于非感染性神经系统组(P＜0.05).病毒性脑膜炎组患者脑脊液中INF-γ含量与非感染性神经系统疾病组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 脑脊液中IL-8、MMP-9、INF-γ含量的检测对结核性脑膜炎具有一定的辅助诊断意义.IL-8、MMP-9在病毒性脑膜炎的发病和进展中亦起到一定作用.临床上若在患者脑脊液中检测到高水平的INF-γ,较之IL-8、MMP-9对于结核性脑膜炎更具诊断价值.     

脑囊虫病患者脑脊液中一氧化氮及肿瘤坏死因子α水平研究

目的　探讨脑囊虫病患者各期脑脊液中的一氧化氮 (NO)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)的变化规律及它们在脑囊虫病中的作用机制。方法　检测 4 9例明确诊断并依据MR分期 ,单发脑实质内囊虫的脑囊虫病患者和 2 0名对照者脑脊液中NO、TNF α水平。结果　NO在脑囊虫病的Ⅰ期显著降低而TNF α水平呈显著升高 ,NO、TNF α于Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期 (整个退变死亡期 )均表现为高水平 ,Ⅳ期恢复正常 ,NO和TNF α存在高度正相关关系。结论　在单发脑实质内囊虫病中NO、TNF α可能参与杀虫作用 ,其免疫调节与杀虫机制存在着动态平衡 ,参与感染控制     

细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜脑炎脑脊液sCD14的测定及其临床意义

目的 探讨细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜脑炎时脑脊液sCDl4的变化及其临床意义。方法 细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜脑炎患者入院24h内腰穿取脑脊液，用ELISA法测sCDl4的浓度，同时记录Glasgow评分，记录距离取脑脊液3d内的一次脑电图异常程度评分。分析脑脊液sCDl4与Glasgow评分和脑电图异常程度评分的关系。结果 细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液sCDl4显著高于对照组，细菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液sCDl4显著高于病毒性脑膜脑炎患者；脑脊液sCDl4浓度与脑0电图异常程度评分正相关，与Glasgow评分负相关。结论 细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜脑炎时脑脊液sCDl4显著升高，并且与脑功能损害程度正相关。     

髓鞘碱性蛋白在中枢神经系统感染时的定量测定及意义

用简易的髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)酶联免疫吸附定量测定(ELISA)法对40例中枢神经系统感染患儿进行检测,其中病毒性脑炎15例,脑膜脑炎12例,化脓性脑膜炎13例,同时与对照组(无神经系统疾病)40例相比。结果显示:病毒性脑炎(脑膜脑炎)组、化脓性脑膜炎组血清MBP含量均较对照组高,有显著性差异(P<0.001),病毒性脑炎组亦比化脓性脑膜炎组高,差异显著(P<0.01),且血清MBP的含量与病情及病损范围呈正相关。     

儿童中枢神经系统感染时血清和脑脊液肿瘤坏死因子检测的临床意义

目的　探讨肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)在儿童中枢神经系统感染中的意义。方法　采用ELISA法分别对 18例化脓性脑膜炎 (化脑组 )、2 3例病毒性脑炎 (病脑组 )患儿血清及脑脊液TNF水平进行检测 ,并与 15例非神经系统感染的患儿作对照。结果　化脑、病脑组血清和脑脊液TNF水平显著高于对照组 (均P <0 0 1) ,而化脑组又明显高于病脑组 (P <0 0 1) ;化脑组及病脑组血清和脑脊液的TNF水平显著正相关 (r=0 86 4 ,P <0 0 1)。化脑组脑脊液中TNF水平与中性粒细胞计数显著正相关 (r=0 74 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,而与单核细胞计数、蛋白及糖定量无关。结论　TNF可能参与了儿童中枢神经系统感染的病理过程 ;脑脊液TNF水平可作为诊断化脑的一个参考指标。     

非AIDS相关巨细胞病毒脑室脑炎1例报告

巨细胞脑室脑炎是一种由巨细胞疱疹病毒（cytomegalovirus,CMV）感染室管膜与脑实质导致的严重脑炎,好发于免疫功能低下人群,主要见于AIDS患者,而在免疫正常的人群中神经系统感染极为罕见。我们报告1例非AIDS患者的巨细胞病毒脑室脑炎,本例患者以发热伴意识障碍起病,其增强磁共振成像呈现较典型的脑室脑膜的增强信号影,经过脑脊液CMV相关检查确诊,希望以此例非AIDS相关巨细胞病毒脑室脑炎为提高临床医生对于该疾病的认识提供帮助。     

脑囊虫病患者血清和脑脊液IL-6和SIL-2R的水平及其与癫痫发作的关系

目的测定脑囊虫病患者血清和脑脊液IL-6和SIL-2R水平,并探讨其与癫痫发作的关系。方法应用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定45例脑囊虫病患者和43例对照组患者血清和脑脊液IL-6利SIL-2R的水平,其中脑囊虫病组又分为癫痫组(23例)和非癫痫组(22例),分别进行了比较分析。结果脑囊虫病组血清SIL-2R水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05);而IL-6水平与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。脑囊虫病组脑脊液SIL-2R和IL-6水平均较对照组低(P<0.01,P<0.05);脑囊虫病组血清SIL-2R和IL-6水平与脑脊液SIL-2R和IL-6水平均呈正相关(r=0.322,P<0.05;r=0.768,P<0.01)。脑囊虫病癫痫组血清SIL-2R和IL-6水平与非癫痫组比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);而脑脊液SIL-2R和IL-6水平癫痫组明显高于非癫痫组(P<0.01)。结论脑囊虫病患者外周血和中枢神经系统存在免疫激活,且SIL-2R和IL-6可能参与了癫痫发生过程。     

Interferon-gamma-inducing factor (IL-18) and interferon-gamma in inflammatory CNS diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the intrathecal production of a newly identified cytokine, interferon-gamma-inducing factor (IL-18), together with interferon-gamma itself, in inflammatory diseases of the CNS (i.e., bacterial meningitis, viral meningoencephalitis, and MS). RESULTS: IL-18 concentrations in CSF were significantly increased in bacterial meningitis and tended toward increased levels in viral meningoencephalitis. In contrast, IL-18 was detectable only in a few patients with MS and healthy controls. Interestingly, interferon-gamma was significantly increased selectively in CSF of patients with viral meningoencephalitis. CONCLUSION: The observation of an intrathecal release of IL-18 in patients with meningitis argues for a pathophysiologic role of this novel cytokine in immunity against invading microorganisms the CNS.     

Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophils in inflammatory processes of the central nervous system and its coverings

Eosinophil cells play an important role in the signalization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by inflammatory diseases of central nervous system and its leptomeningeal coverings (CNS), according to present data on neuroimmunology. The extent of their participation in local immunological phenomena is evaluated, and data on other changes in the CSF cytoprotein dual were considered for comparative purposes. CSF of two types of inflammatory diseases of the CNS were studied for this purpose: samples of 35 patients in early stages of acute eosinophilic leptomeningites possibly of viral origin (first group) and 20 samples of 10 patients with neurocysticercosis (second group). Samples of the second group were collected in the early stages of each one of two episodes of exhacerbation in the inflammatory reaction observed at each one of the two series of administration of Praziquantel, a pirazino-isochinoleinic derivate which action upon cysticerci has been reported. Statistical analysis shows that participation of eosinophil cells in the inflammatory response does not differ in the two groups. Their participation is related to changes observed in the CSF cytoprotein dual rather than to the type of the inflammatory model: acute and monophasic in the first group, and chronic an repetitive in the second. Gamma globulins participe in the exhacerbation of CSF inflammatory reaction in neurocysticercosis but their behaviour not always is similar. In some instances it is similar to that found in other chronic and repetitive inflammatory models, as multiple sclerosis for instance.     

多发性硬化患者脑脊液一氧化氮水平的检测及意义

目的探讨多发性硬化患者脑脊液(CSF)一氧化氮(NO)含量变化.方法采用硝酸还原酶法检测43例多发性硬化(MS)患者、25例吉兰-巴雷综合症(GBS)患者及39例对照者CSF的NO水平,同时进行其生化和细胞学成分及寡克隆IgG区带(IgG-OB)分析.结果MS组CSF的NO水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论硝酸还原酶法能快速、准确地检测CSF的NO含量;NO参与了MS的免疫发病机制,并在一定程度上反映机体细胞免疫的状态.     

血脑屏障完整性及鞘内免疫球蛋白合成在中枢神经系统疾病中的意义

目的探讨中枢神经系统疾病血脑屏障(BBB)的完整性和鞘内免疫球蛋白合成的意义。方法将研究对象分为8组(A组为10例正常对照组,B组为10例化脓性脑膜炎患者,C组为10例结核性脑膜炎患者,D组为20例病毒性脑(膜)炎患者,E组为8例脱髓鞘疾病患者,F组为10例格林巴利综合症患者,G组为10例蛛网膜下腔出血和脑出血患者,H组为14例缺血性脑血管病患者),采用速率散射比浊方法测定血清和CSF的白蛋白(Alb)和免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgMI、gA)含量,利用公式计算QAlbI、gG指数、IgG合成率,并用Protis软件进行数据和图形处理分析。结果 (1)各组QAlb异常率均较正常对照组增高,其中B、C、E、G组QAlb明显高于正常对照组(P0.01);(2)B、C、E、G组IgG指数和IgG合成率较正常对照组明显增高(P0.05或0.01),其中IgG指数以E组最高,IgG合成率以B、E组最高;(3)经Protis软件分析82例患者,正常35例,单纯BBB功能障碍20例,仅有鞘内合成8例,BBB功能障碍伴有鞘内合成19例。结论通过对CSF中蛋白质组分定量的分析,并利用Protis软件进行数据和图形处理,可以明确中枢神经系统疾病血脑屏障完整性和鞘内免疫球蛋白的合成,以及对某些中枢神经系统疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

弥漫性轴索损伤脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶的动态变化及意义

目的 探讨弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)病人脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的动态变化及其临床意义.方法 分别用放射免疫测定法检测76例DAI病人(实验组)和15例无神经系统疾病者(对照组)的脑脊液NSE含量.实验组根据入院时GCS评分分为轻型组23例、中型组27例和重型组26例.分别于颅脑损伤后12h、1d、3d、7d、14d采集脑脊液标本,分析NSE水平与颅脑损伤严重程度及预后的关系.结果 与对照组比较,轻型组伤后12 h～3 d、中型组伤后12h～7d、重型组伤后12 h～14 d的NSE水平均明显增高(P＜0.05)；重型组各时间点NSE水平明显高于轻型组和中型组(P＜0.01).随访3个月,轻型组、中型组和重型组预后不良率分别为0％、14.81％及73.08％.结论 脑脊液NSE水平可作为判断DAI损伤程度及预后的指标,并指导选择和调整治疗措施.     

Cerebrospinal fluid in acute necrotizing encephalitis. Hypochlorrhachia as a diagnostic aid

The chemical and microscopic findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared in patients with acute necrotizing encephalitis (due to herpes simplex virus), nonherpetic aseptic meningoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis. The prominent findings in the CSF of the patients with herpes simplex encephalitis were an increase in white and red blood cells, increased protein, normal glucose and low chloride levels. The latter finding differentiates this disease from other forms of viral encephalitis and may be helpful in the establishment of early diagnosis and treatment.     

On the behaviour of the main immunoglobulin fractions in the CSF in the course of inflammatory conditions involving the CNS (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]

Variations of the main immunoglobulin fractions in CSF were studied in 79 children with various inflammatory processes of CNS (purulent and viral meningitis, post-infectious meningoencephalitis, polyradiculoneuritis, etc). This study was extended to a group of non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Increased values of CSF immunoglobulins (especially IgG and IgA) were found in the group of purulent meningitis and in the group of post-infectious meningoencephalitis. IgM was detected in very few cases. Generally, a correlation was observed between highest concentrations of CSF immunoglobulins and degree of meningeal inflammatory response, even if this was a component of other neurological diseases. It is suggested that the rise of CSF IgG and IgA may depend upon the CSF-blood barrier damage, as it occurs in most inflammatory diseases studied. On the contrary, a production "in situ" of CNS could explain the presence of cerebrospinal IgM.     

Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with AIDS-related lymphoma

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related brain lymphoma. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to quantify EBV DNA in CSF and plasma from 42 patients with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Twenty patients had primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and 22 systemic NHL, including 12 with central nervous system involvement (CNS-NHL). As controls, 16 HIV-infected patients with other CNS disorders were examined. EBV DNA was detected in the CSF from 16/20 (80%) patients with PCNSL, 7/22 (32%) with systemic NHL, 8/12 (67%) with CNS-NHL, and 2/16 (13%) of the controls. The viral EBV DNA levels were significantly higher in the CSF from patients with PCNSL or CNS-NHL compared to patients with systemic NHL or controls. EBV DNA was detected in plasma from 5/16 (31%) patients with PCNSL, 9/16 (56%) with systemic NHL, 4/9 (44%) with CNS-NHL, and 4/15 (27%) controls. No difference in plasma viral load was found between patient groups. From the patients with CNS-NHL, plasma samples drawn prior to CNS involvement contained significantly higher EBV DNA levels than those from systemic NHL patients without subsequent CNS involvement. EBV DNA levels in the CSF, but not in plasma, from patients treated with antiherpes drugs were significantly lower than in untreated patients. High CSF EBV DNA levels were found in HIV-associated brain lymphomas and the viral load can be clinically useful. High plasma EBV DNA levels might predict CNS involvement in systemic NHL.     

Endothelin and nitric oxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis

In order to investigate the potential role of endothelins (ETs) and nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) we evaluated the levels of these vasoactive mediators in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of relapsing remitting MS patients and in a group of subjects with other neurological diseases (OND) and in a control group of subjects without neurological disease. Eighty patients affected from clinically diagnosed MS were selected, 44 of them were studied during an acute clinical attack and 36 in a stable phase. The OND group included 21 subjects affected by degenerative non inflammatory (n=9) and inflammatory (n=12) neurological disease while the control group included 22 subjects with cancer of the prostate (n=11) and with bladder disease (n=11). ET levels were significantly increased in CSF of relapsing remitting MS patients with an acute clinical attack in comparison with those in a stable phase, the OND group and the control group. Moreover significant differences were observed among the four groups with regard to the NO levels: MS patients in a stable and acute phase like OND group have high levels of NO compared to the control group. Since the blood-brain barrier index values did not differ significantly between the three groups, the data of this study suggest an important role for NO and ET in cerebral microcirculation in MS patients.     

Sequential analyses of neurobiochemical markers of cerebral damage in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in CNS infections

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the relation between release patterns and cerebrospinal fluid/serum concentrations of neurobiochemical markers of cerebral damage and their potential value as monitoring parameters in central nervous system infections. METHODS: We investigated protein S-100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in 102 sequential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-serum-pairs in patients with bacterial (n = 11) or viral (n = 13) meningitis/meningoencephalitis and neuroborreliosis (n = 8) in comparison with controls (n = 13). RESULTS: Highest S-100B values in CSF and serum were found on admission and showed a significant decrease afterwards. Comparison between disease groups revealed significant differences between bacterial and viral meningitis and neuroborreliosis for S-100B and also when compared with controls. NSE was not significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS: S-100B is altered in CNS infection but does not provide additional benefit in the differential diagnosis when compared with standard CSF parameters. Nevertheless, S-100B values might be used as an additional monitoring parameter especially when sequential lumbar punctures are contraindicated.