脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9对脑膜炎感染类型的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨脑脊液干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、降钙素原(PCT)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)对脑膜炎感染类型的鉴别诊断价值.方法 选取中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九○九医院2018年9月至2021年1月收治的73例脑膜炎患儿,根据感染类型分为细菌性脑膜炎(BM组,n=42)和病毒性脑膜炎(VM组,n=31).检测两组脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9水平,分析脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9检测对脑膜炎感染类型的鉴别诊断价值.结果 BM组意识障碍、抽搐以及卤门张力增加发生率明显高于VM组(P＜0.05),BM组脑脊液IFN-γ水平低于VM组,而PCT及MMP-9水平则高于VM组(P＜0.05),且BM组和VM组中重症患儿脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9水平分别高于轻症患儿(P＜0.05).脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9对脑膜炎感染类型鉴别诊断的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.835、0.816、0.827.与急性期相比,BM组和VM组恢复期脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9水平均明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 脑脊液IFN-γ、PCT及MMP-9可作为快速鉴别诊断脑膜炎感染类型的良好指标,且对评估脑膜炎病情具有参考价值.     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液CD64 Cys-C及ADA水平的检测意义

目的分析结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中性粒细胞表面膜糖蛋白(CD64)、血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)及腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)水平的检测意义。方法选取我院193例住院患者为对象,结核性脑膜炎102例,化脓性脑膜炎35例,病毒性脑膜炎30例,非感染性神经系统疾病26例,免疫透射比浊法检测4组Cys-C、流式细胞术检测CD64、酶标法检测ADA,比较4组CD64、Cys-C及ADA水平,并比较单一指标检测与联合检查结核性脑膜炎的诊断符合率。结果结核性脑膜炎患者Cys-C、ADA、CD64均显著高于非感染性神经系统疾病患者(P0.05),结核性脑膜炎组、化脓性脑膜炎组、病毒性脑膜炎组3项指标呈递减趋势,病毒性脑膜炎与非感染性神经系统疾病组CD64、Cys-C比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),结核性脑膜炎组与化脓性脑膜炎组Cys-C比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其他组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Cys-C、ADA、CD64诊断符合率分别为78.43%、60.73%、70.59%,联合诊断符合率98.04%,显著高于单一诊断。结论 CD64、Cys-C及ADA均为结核性脑膜炎的有效检测指标,联合检查有助于提高结核性脑膜炎的诊断准确率及与其他类型脑膜炎的鉴别,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中LDH、AST的改变分析

目的 探讨结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液酶水平变化情况,方法 在治疗前采集结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液标本40例,病毒性脑膜炎患者脑脊液标本60例和正常人群脑脊液标本20例,用酶速率法测定AST、ALT、r-GT、ALP、LDH、α-HBDH、CK、CK-MB八种酶水平。结果 结核性脑膜炎组LDH、AST酶水平为180.88±112.19、42.15±11.81,显著高于病毒性脑炎组(P<0.01)和正常对照组(P<0.01)结论 对脑脊液进行LDH、AST检测,有助于诊断和鉴别诊断结核性脑膜炎和病毒性脑膜炎。     

小儿脑膜炎患者脑脊液IGF-Ⅱ IGFBP-3水平的测定及意义

目的测定小儿脑膜炎患者脑脊液中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(IGF?Ⅱ)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)水平变化,探讨其临床意义,为疾病鉴别诊断提供依据。方法选取2006-03—2014-03于我院儿科收治的脑膜炎患儿75例为研究对象,化脓性脑膜炎25例,病毒性脑膜炎25例,结核性脑膜炎25例,另选取于我院同期进行体检的健康儿童25例为对照组。对所有研究对象进行腰椎穿刺术提取脑脊液,用于脑脊液生化检测,观察并比较小儿脑脊液中IGF?Ⅱ、IGFBP-3水平变化情况。结果与对照组比较,化脓性脑膜炎组、病毒性脑膜炎组、结核性脑膜炎组患儿脑脊液IGF?Ⅱ、IGFBP-3水平均明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);经治疗后,化脓性脑膜炎组、病毒性脑膜炎组、结核性脑膜炎组患儿脑脊液IGF?Ⅱ、IGFBP-3水平较治疗前明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);化脓性脑膜炎组与对照组、病毒性脑膜炎组、结核性脑膜炎组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对小儿脑膜炎患者进行脑脊液IGF?Ⅱ、IGFBP-3水平的测定,能够为不明类型的脑膜炎鉴别诊断提供依据。     

联合检测CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平在成人脑膜炎诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨联合检测C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(Procalcitonin)水平在成人脑膜炎诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取病毒性脑膜炎患者30例为病毒组,结核性脑膜炎患者30例为结核组,化脓性脑膜炎患者30例为化脓组; 同时选取体检健康者30例为对照组,检测4组血清中CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin的表达水平; 用ROC曲线下面积分析CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平对成人脑膜炎的诊断价值。结果 健康人群血清中CRP和IL-6的表达水平均比成人脑膜炎患者低,且在病毒性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎和化脓性脑膜炎患者中表达水平有明显差异,血清中Procalcitonin的表达水平在化脓性脑膜炎患者中最高(P<0.05),结核性脑膜炎患者次之(P<0.05),健康人群再次之(P<0.05),病毒性脑膜炎患者中最低(P<0.05)。CRP高表达与成人脑膜炎患者脑脊液中蛋白水平呈正相关(r=0.826,P<0.001); Procalcitonin高表达与成人脑膜炎患者脑脊液中葡萄糖水平呈正相关(r=0.866,P<0.001)。诊断病毒性脑膜炎患者与体检健康者CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平的灵敏度分别为83%、87%、87%,特异度为83%、87%、87%; 诊断结核性脑膜炎患者与体检健康者CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平的灵敏度分别为93%、87%、87%,特异度为67%、73%、87%; 诊断化脓性脑膜炎患者与体检健康者CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平的灵敏度分别为87%、87%、87%,特异度为87%、73%、87%; CRP,IL-6和Procalcitonin水平对成人脑膜炎的联合诊断的灵敏度为88.89%,特异度为83.33%,准确度为87.50%。结论 CRP,IL-6,Procalcitonin水平可作为辅助诊断成人脑膜炎的潜在标志物。     

结核性和病毒性脑膜炎鉴别诊断的回顾性研究

目的 研究结核性和病毒性脑膜炎多项实验室指标在鉴别诊断中的量化标准和敏感性，探讨患者入院后脑脊液蛋白含量显著增高的影响因素。方法 对29例结核性和31例病毒性脑膜炎患者进行回顾性对比研究，比较其临床症状、外周血和脑脊液的实验室检测结果，采用Logistic回归分析脑脊液蛋白含量显著增高的影响因素。结果 结核性脑膜炎从临床症状、血常规、血糖、脑脊液白细胞及分类上很难与病毒性脑膜炎相鉴别。与病毒性脑膜炎相比，当脑脊液的糖含量＜2.5mmol/L、脑脊液蛋白含量＞1.0g/L、脑脊液氯化物含量＜120.0mmol/L、脑脊液糖与血糖比值＜0.50时应高度疑诊为结核性脑膜炎。上述指标鉴别结核性脑膜炎的敏感性为：脑脊液糖与血糖比值＜0.50，高于脑脊液的糖含量＜2.5mmol/L；脑脊液蛋白含量＞1.0g/L，高于脑脊液氯化物含量＜120.0mmol/L。脑脊液蛋白含量＞1.0g／L与脑脊液氯化物含量＜122．8mmol/L呈负相关。结论 上述指标的量化标准有助于提高结核性与病毒性脑膜炎鉴别诊断的敏感性和准确性。     

脑脊液IFN-γ IL-4在结核性脑膜炎病程中的动态变化

目的应用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunol sorbance assay,ELISA)检测脑脊液中炎症因子IFN-γ、IL-4的动态变化,探讨其在诊断结核性脑膜炎(结脑)中的意义及与预后的关系。方法测定发病2周内结脑组及对照组脑脊液中IFN-γ、IL-4含量及结脑组经抗结核治疗8周后脑脊液IFN-γ、IL-4含量。结果结脑组早期脑脊液IFN-γ、IL-4含量较对照组明显升高,经过抗结核治疗8周后47例明显下降,3例无下降者均为重症患者,2例合并脑梗死,1例合并脊髓损害肠梗阻。结论急性期脑脊液中IFN-γ、IL-4含量升高有助于结脑的诊断,其动态变化有助于判断结脑预后。     

结核性脑膜炎与新型隐球菌性脑膜炎病例鉴别分析

目的分析结核性脑膜炎和新型隐球菌脑膜炎病例的临床表现、颅内压、脑脊液常规和生化改变,为鉴别诊断这两种脑膜炎提供参考依据。方法收集2009-01—2011-12第1次我院38例结核性脑膜炎和18例新型隐球菌患者的基本资料、临床表现、颅内压、脑脊液常规和生化检测数据,采用日立7180型全自动生化分析仪测定脑脊液中白细胞数、糖、氯化物和蛋白含量。结果不论结核性脑膜炎还是新型隐球菌脑膜炎均以亚急性起病、颅压升高、脑脊液白细胞数和蛋白含量升高、糖含量和氯化物含量降低为主。但结核性脑膜炎病例脑脊液中白细胞数和蛋白含量高于新型隐球菌脑膜炎患者(P<0.05),而前者的氯化物含量却低于后者(P<0.05),在颅压变化程度和糖含量方面两种疾病间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论结核性脑膜炎与新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床表现、颅内压、脑脊液常规和生化检测结果有一定诊断价值,但仍应进一步寻找病原菌明确诊断。     

白介素—8和γ—干扰素在精神分裂症患者中表达水平的研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素—8和γ—干扰素表达水平与精神分裂症的关系.方法 对96例符合CCMD-3精神分裂症诊断标准的患者,用利培酮治疗.在治疗前后检测血清IL-8、INF-γ水平,在治疗前后评定PANSS和TESS量表,并采用酶联免疫试验(ELISA)检测血清IL-8和INF-γ含量.结果 首发精神分裂症血清IL-8明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),男女之间无差异;血清IL-8与病程、PANSS总分均呈正相关(r=0.627,0.592,P＜0.05),患者治疗前后血清INF-γ明显低于正常组,治疗前后变化无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 精神分裂症发生中IL-8产生增加并反映早期病情严重程度,患者INF-γ产生不足.     

复发-缓解型多发性硬化和化脓性脑膜炎患者血清和脑脊液中IL-18和IFN-γ水平的研究

目的探讨白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)在化脓性脑膜炎(BM)及复发-缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)发病中的可能的病理生理机制。方法选取RRMS急性期患者24例,BM患者8例及作为对照组的非炎性神经系统疾病(NIND)患者12例,应用ELISA法测定受试者血清及脑脊液中IL-18、IFN-γ水平。结果与NIND组相比,RRMS组血清IL-18水平显著升高,而血清IFN-γ水平无明显差异,但两者间呈显著正相关。脑脊液中IL-18、IFN-γ在RRMS组和NIND组检测到的阳性例数极低,相比之下无统计学差异。与NIND组相比,BM组血清中IL-18水平明显升高,但无统计学差异,而血清中IFN-γ及脑脊液中的IL-18、IFN-γ水平在BM组中均有显著性升高。结论IFN-γ及IL-18参与了多发性硬化及化脓性脑膜炎这两种不同的中枢神经系统炎性疾病的免疫病理生理学机制。     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的鉴别

目的探讨新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(CNM)和结核性脑膜炎(TBM)在临床、脑脊液方面的区别,以期早期诊断、治疗,改善病人的预后。方法回顾性比较10例CNM和86例TBM患者的临床特点、脑脊液改变的异同。结果两种脑膜炎均以亚急性或慢性形式起病,CNM组患者视盘水肿和呕吐症状明显多于TBM组;CNM组患者脑脊液开放压力和细胞数增加更明显,但头痛、发热、抽搐、精神症状、消瘦、盗汗、大小便障碍、意识障碍、脑膜刺激征、病理征阳性、脑神经损伤、肢体瘫痪、感觉障碍以及脑脊液蛋白质、葡萄糖、氯化物改变等均无显著差异。结论综合分析临床资料和脑脊液资料有助于鉴别两种脑膜炎。     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的临床特点比较

目的对比和分析综合性医院新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(CNM)与结核性脑膜炎(TBM)的临床特点。方法分析62例CNM及219例TBM患者的一般资料、临床症状、脑脊液细胞学(CSFC)、头颅影像学的特点。结果两种脑膜炎均呈亚急性或慢性起病相对于TBM,CNM延误诊断时间更长、临床症状中癫痫出现比率(24.2%)、头颅影像学中脑膜强化出现比率(17.7%)较高,腰穿脑脊液(CSF)压力(268.7±67.6mmH_2O)、CSF单核细胞占比(21.0±17.5%)高,CSF白细胞计数(84.8±88.1×10~6/L)、CSF糖(1.9±1.4mmol·L~(-1))较低。结论两种脑膜炎临床表现不典型,两者之间不易鉴别,容易误诊漏诊。临床上需综合判断,CSF瑞氏吉姆萨染色和改良抗酸染色有助于两者病原学确诊。     

Purulent meningitis in the newborn

Neonatal meningitis is characterized by unusual clinical manifestations caused by unusual organisms (with a marked predominance of gram-negative organisms), a poor prognosis due to the failure of antibiotics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and frequent complications (ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, and brain damage). The literature is reviewed and our personal experience described. The clinical and bacteriological findings, the complications and results of various therapeutic regimes, and the factors affecting prognosis are discussed.     

急性细菌性脑膜炎和病毒性脑膜炎的鉴别诊断

目的　研究多项实验室检测指标在急性细菌性和病毒性脑膜炎鉴别诊断中的敏感性及量化标准 ,并探讨其临床应用价值。方法　对 2 6例急性细菌性和 31例病毒性脑膜炎患者进行回顾性研究 ,分别比较其临床症状、外周血像 ,血糖和脑脊液白细胞数、蛋白、糖的检测结果。结果　从临床症状和外周血像上很难鉴别急性细菌性和病毒性脑膜炎 ,但当脑脊液的糖 <1.7mm ol/ L、脑脊液白细胞总数 >2 0 0 0× 10 6/ L、中性粒细胞数 >10 0 0× 10 6/ L、蛋白 >2 .0 g/ L、脑脊液糖与血糖比值 <0 .35时应高度怀疑细菌性脑膜炎。上述指标鉴别两者的敏感性依序为 :脑脊液糖与血糖比值、脑脊液糖、蛋白和脑脊液中性粒细胞数、脑脊液白细胞总数。结论　上述量化标准有助于提高细菌性与病毒性脑膜炎鉴别诊断的敏感性和准确性 ,降低误诊率     

Streptococcus salivarius meningitis: a case report and literature review

Twelve hours after spinal anaesthesia, a 61-year-old patient developed meningitis with fever, somnolence, headache and stiffness of the neck. The cerebrospinal fluid was found to contain 5.279/mm³ cells (95 granulocytes), 12.800 mg/l protein and 14.0 mmol/l lactate. Streptococcus salivarius was detected in the culture. The patient was treated with antibiotics (initially cefotaxime, fosfomycin and gentamycin, later piperacillin and sulbactam). Restitutio ad integrum took place after 7 days. Thirteen cases of Streptococcus salivarius meningitis over the past 40 years are described in the literature, nine of which occurred following spinal puncture. Streptococcus salivarius was probably communicated by the medical personnel from the oral cavity when working without masks. The outcome in each case was good. In our opinion suitable masks must be worn during spinal puncture. Although iatrogenic infection is uncommon, it cannot be ruled out.     

癌性脑脊髓膜炎

目的如何延长癌性脑脊髓膜炎患者的生存期。方法回顾13例癌性脑脊髓膜炎病人的诊治疗效。结果该病除脑积水、类似脑脊髓膜炎表现外往往无异常发现，因此容易误诊。脑脊液常规：压力、乳酸盐和蛋白增高，白细胞增多，糖、氯化物降低；细胞学：激活淋巴细胞增多，反复检查可发现肿瘤细胞。采取降颅压措施的同时给予放疗，其并发症明显低于鞘内化疗，且能延长患者的生存期。结论（1）该病误诊率高；（2）确诊依赖于脑脊液肿瘤细胞的发现；（3）全脑全脊髓放疗效果优于鞘内化疗。     

Pneumococcal meningitis in infants

A review and follow-up study of 21 Chinese infants who had pneumococcal meningitis showed a mortality of 23.8% and high morbidity in survivors. Severe meningitis and delay in treatment as reflected by the presence of coma, pneumonia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and lumbar CSF protein of over 368 mg% and glucose of lower than 10 mg% at the time of diagnosis were associated with fatality. Although the pneumococcus was sensitive to Penicillins which were given at usually recommended dosages and duration in these infants, the morbidity in survivors was high, and seemed to be associated with the presence of focal neurological abnormalities at the time of diagnosis, slow response in fever to treatment, short duration of afebrile period before discontinuation of antibiotics, and incompletely normal CSF parameters at the time of cessation of antibiotics. Serially sterile lumbar CSF did not guarantee against recrudescence of meningitis after cessation of antibiotics. The lack of uniformity in treating and monitoring these patients and suggested management are discussed.     

Chronic meningitis

Chronic meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges with subacute onset and persisting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities lasting for at least one month. Several non-infectious and infectious etiologies are known to be causative. The wide range of different etiologies renders the approach to patients with this syndrome particularly difficult. There is no standardized diagnostic procedure, thus, taking an in depth history combined with a complete physical examination is mandatory in every patient. This review aims to present the current knowledge on etiology, neurological course of disease, diagnostic and therapeutic management steps of patients presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of chronic meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Still, the etiology of one third of patients remains unclear, reflecting the diagnostic challenge of this syndrome for each physician or neurologist, respectively. However, most patients with idiopathic chronic meningitis have a relatively good outcome.     

Tuberculous meningitis

Ten patients with confirmed tuberculous meningitis were seen at Meilahti Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1966–1977. Six of the patients had a positive CSF culture for M. tuberculosis, and a positive CSF smear for acid-fast bacilli was found in one case. On admission, seven patients had an altered state of consciousness, five complained of headache, and nuchal rigidity was noted in two. Five patients recovered completely, three had persistent late sequelae, and two of the patients died. The most important fact influencing the prognosis was an early institution of adequate antituberculous chemotherapy.     

Syringomyelia and syringobulbia following tuberculous meningitis

Summary Tuberculous meningitis may rarely be followed by the development of a syrinx even after apparently successful chemotherapy. There are only six previously reported cases of this unusual complication; these are reviewed. A case is described of syringomyelia which developed 1 year after TBM. One year later magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated not only the spontaneous resolution of the syringomyelia but also the appearance of a new cavity within the brain stem. This surprising sequence of events illustrates the need for extensive studies of the natural history of syrinxes of differing aetiologies.