早期直肠癌的微创治疗

单纯放疗和局部切除联合放疗已经成为早期直肠癌根治性切除术可接受的替代治疗方式。与根治性手术相比,单纯放疗和局部切除联合放疗都可取得满意的疗效,并且避免了根治性手术所带来的多种并发症和不良反应,能够提高直肠癌患者的生活质量,是值得推广的治疗方式。     

局部晚期直肠癌辅助放疗需思考因素分析

手术切除是直肠癌治疗的基石,局部晚期直肠癌手术联合放疗可提高局部控制率,但大多数研究显示并不能提高生存率,仅在瑞典的研究中证明术前放疗联合手术可提高生存率[1].目前辅助放化疗是Ⅱ、Ⅲ期直肠癌的标准治疗已成为共识,因此探讨局部晚期直肠癌辅助或新辅助放疗需考虑的相关因素.     

放疗联合希罗达治疗局部晚期直肠癌近期疗效

目的 观察放疗联合同步口服希罗达治疗局部晚期直肠癌的近期疗效和毒副反应.方法 选择局部晚期无手术指征或拒绝手术直肠癌和直肠癌术后局部复发患者50例,随机分为综合治疗组（23例,接受放疗联合希罗达）和单纯放疗组（27例,仅接受放疗）.结果 综合治疗组总有效率为87.0%,单纯放疗组为66.7%（P＜0.05）.综合治疗组放射性直肠炎发生率为26.1%,手足综合征为21.7%;单纯放疗组放射性直肠炎发生率为11.1%,对症治疗后均好转.结论 放疗联合希罗达治疗局部晚期直肠癌疗效确切、毒副反应较少,值得临床推广应用.     

可切除直肠癌术前放化疗研究进展

术前放疗在直肠癌综合治疗中的目标是提高局部控制率,增加保肛的几率,提高生存率及生活质量.随机临床研究已证实术前放疗联合化疗的综合治疗,较单纯手术或术前联合单纯放疗可显著提高肿瘤的局部控制率.更多有效的药物及新配伍方案的引入,对直肠癌患者采取个体化的术前放化疗,将使直肠癌的治疗效果得到进一步提高.本文综述了直肠癌术前放化疗的现状和进展.     

结直肠癌根治术淋巴结检出数目的临床意义

结直肠癌的发病率有逐年增高的趋势.目前结直肠癌的治疗方式包括外科手术治疗、放疗、化疗、生物治疗、免疫治疗等;治疗模式同样具有多样性,主要为个体化综合治疗.对于可手术切除的结直肠癌患者,从治疗方式的角度讲,根治性手术切除原发病灶是提高生存率、改善生活质量最行之有效同时也是首选的方法;从治疗模式分析,以手术为主的个体化综合治疗是最为合理并备受推崇的.手术在可切除结直肠癌治疗中的地位目前尚无法取代.根治性手术切除的原则包括:完整切除肿瘤原发灶、根部结扎切断相应血管、彻底清除引流区域淋巴结等,手术过程必须严格遵循上述原则,否则将严重影响手术的根治效果以及患者的预后.     

直肠癌术后局部复发二次手术临床病理分析

目的:探讨直肠癌术后局部复发再手术的适应证及手术方法.方法:对1998-01-2004-12收治的58例直肠癌根治术后局部复发的患者进行再手术治疗并对其疗效进行回顾性分析.结果:58例患者根治性切除28例(48.27%),姑息性切除20例,剖腹探查或单纯造瘘10例.根治性手术、姑息性手术及未切除患者的5年生存率分别为21.2%、11.1%和0,中住生存期分别为42、19和7个月.结论:对于局部复发性直肠癌积极再手术能有效延长患者的生存期,提高生存率.     

低位直肠癌术前希罗达联合放疗的疗效观察

目的　评价术前希罗达联合盆腔放射治疗对低位局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法　 60例低位直肠癌患者随机分为两组 :单纯手术组 3 0例 ,常规进行手术治疗 ;联合治疗组 3 0例 ,术前联合希罗达和放疗 ,然后再手术。结果　单纯手术组和联合治疗组的手术切除率分别为 86.7%和 10 0 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5) ;保肛率分别为 3 3 .3 %和 83 .3 % ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;局部复发率分别为 15.4%和 0 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　术前希罗达 +放疗可提高低位直肠癌的手术切除率和保肛率 ,降低局部复发率 ,是目前较好的新辅助治疗方案     

中晚期直肠癌的综合治疗

目的探讨中晚期直肠癌综合治疗方法。方法术前行股动脉插管化疗,然后行根治性手术切除。术后行静脉化疗和／或放疗。结果插管化疗后病人临床症状减轻,肿瘤变小。肿瘤缩小约＞50％3例,25-50％4例,＜25％1例,无明显变化1例。9例病人均行根治性手术切除,术后近期无局部复发,无肝转移。结论首先应用动脉插管化疗然后行手术、化疗和／或放疗,能够提高手术切除率、降低局部复发及肝转移,是治疗中晚期直肠癌较为合理的综合治疗模式。     

直肠癌的辅助放疗和临床研究的进展

手术是直肠癌治疗的主要手段。根治性手术后，局部复发的发生与原发肿瘤肠壁侵润的深度和淋巴结转移直接相关，也是直肠癌最常见的治疗失控部位。早期临床研究提示T1-2N0M0的局部失败率低于10％，T3N0M0和T1N1M0的局部失控在15％～35％，T3-4N1-2M0则可达45％-65％。尽管远处转移是治疗失败的重要原因，但主要原因却是局部复发，这也是在可切除直肠癌治疗中采用辅助治疗的理由。随机临床研究已证实辅助放疗联合化疗的综合治疗，较单纯手术或术后单纯放疗可显著提高肿瘤的局部控制。放疗在直肠癌综合治疗中的目标是：提高局控，增加保肛的机率和功能，提高生存率及生活质量。对临床可切除的肿瘤，辅助放疗的模式主要有两种：一种为先手术，如肿瘤为T3和（或）N1-2，再接受术后的联合治疗；另一种为术前的联合治疗，放疗或放化疗，然后手术。术前放疗（或放化疗）的优点为减少术中种植；肿瘤退缩、分期降低从而增加肛门括约肌保留的机会；肿瘤细胞富氧，对放射较敏感；放射治疗的毒性反应较小。     

低位直肠癌的保肛治疗

低位直肠癌的保肛治疗是许多学者一直研究的课题,综合近年的有关文献认为恶性程度低的早期低位直肠癌经单纯局部治疗即可获得满意的疗效。而恶性程度高的的早期低位直肠癌,局部切除加盆腔放疗或化疗,可降低局部复发率。对于进展期低住直肠癌,经术前放疗,降低肿瘤分期后,行局部切除或直肠切除、结肠肛管吻合术(P9rks术)也可获得Miles术类似的治疗效果。     

Results of external beam irradiation for rectal carcinomas locally recurrent after local excision or electrocoagulation

The outcome of 42 patients who developed locally recurrent rectal carcinoma after initial local excision or electrocoagulation was presented. Five patients received combined surgery and radiotherapy (XRT). The remaining 37 patients were managed by XRT alone. The overall 5 year actuarial survival and local control rates were 21 and 22%, respectively. For patients who received XRT alone, the 5 year actuarial survival and local control rates were 20 and 15%, respectively. The corresponding figures were 35 and 40% for patients who received a total XRT dose of 50 Gy or more. One patient who underwent combined treatment developed rectal and bladder incontinence requiring surgery. For patients with rectal recurrence after initial conservative surgery, XRT is an alternative to abdominoperineal resection if major surgical resection is contraindicated.     

低位直肠癌保肛术后辅助放疗的价值

目的:探讨手术后辅助放射治疗对低位直肠癌保肛患者局部肿瘤复发的影响。方法:84例低位直肠癌保肛患者,分为单纯手术组和术后放疗组各42例。术后放疗组于术后半月行全盆腔常规方法分割照射治疗,照射总剂量为5000cGy。比较两组的局部复发率。结果:随访4年,术后放疗组和单纯手术组肿瘤局部复发率分别为14.3%和38.9%(P<0.05)。结论:对低位直肠癌保肛患者,术后进行辅助放疗有助于降低肿瘤局部复发。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术24例临床分析

目的：探讨直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的临床疗效。方法：对24例直肠癌患者按照TME原则行根治性切除术的临床资料进行分析。结果：24例均获得根治性切除。其中19例行吻合器吻合。术后发生吻合口瘘1例,二次手术行结肠造瘘术。术后根据病情行辅助化疗及放疗。本组病例全部获得随访,时间3-31个月,均无肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论：TME是预防直肠癌术后局部复发,提高生活质量的有效措施。直肠癌根治性手术中采用TME手术方法是完全有必要的。     

French experience with contact X-ray endocavitary radiation for early rectal cancer

This paper is an overview of the French experience with contact X-ray radiation for rectal cancer. The analysis was mainly carried out on 50 years of experience in Lyon or since 1980 in the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud. The results obtained in Dijon and Nancy are also reported. In early rectal cancer, contact X-ray radiation can play an important role in three different situations: (1) small T1 less than 2 cm: adjuvant contact X-ray radiotherapy after local excision; (2) T2 N0 or large T1: first-line contact X-ray radiotherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy (+/- chemotherapy) followed by surgery (anterior resection or local excision); (3) early T3 N0 in frail patients: the same approach as for T2 N0 with, in case of clinical complete response, local excision or follow-up.     

T2期低位直肠癌术前伊立替康化疗联合短程放疗后局部切除的可行性研究

目的 探讨术前伊立替康化疗联合短程放疗后局部切除术治疗T₂期低位直肠癌的可行性。方法 收集山西省肿瘤医院2002年1月至2008年8月间行术前伊立替康化疗联合短程放疗后行经肛门局部切除术（TAE）的37例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,分析治疗疗效、不良反应及随访情况。结果 37例患者经术前治疗后4例（10.8％）获完全缓解,27例（73.0％）部分缓解,6例（16.2％）病情稳定,有效率为83.8％,疾病控制率为100.0％。37例患者术后出现肛门狭窄2例（5.4％）,出血和直肠阴道瘘各1例（2.7％）。至随访截止时间,共6例（16.2％）术后出现复发转移,其中3例为局部复发,2例为肝转移,1例局部复发伴肝转移;37例患者术后的3年、5年复发率分别为11.7％、14.1％;全组患者术后生存时间为26～118个月,3例患者因转移复发死亡,术后3年、5年生存率分别为94.6％、91.4％。结论对于符合条件的T₂期低位直肠癌患者,术前伊立替康化疗联合短程放疗后局部切除治疗可以作为临床选择方案之一。     

Local microwave hyperthermia in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate

The clinical electromagnetic hyperthermia system has been in use at the Kaplan Hospital since 1980, for treating patients with hyperthermia combined with radio- or chemotherapy. For prostatic tumors, hyperthermia at 43 degrees C is achieved in the prostatic mass using microwaves of 2.45 GHz, with simultaneous cooling of the rectal mucosa and the rectal wall. Thirty-two patients with carcinoma of the prostate have been treated: 4 with heat alone, 20 with hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy, and 8 with hyperthermia combined with hormonal therapy. Follow-up was carried out up to 34 months. Objective local tumor regression was achieved in 3 out of 4 patients treated by heat alone, but the patients relapsed after 6 months. All the 20 patients treated with combined hyperthermia and radiotherapy responded to treatment. Patients treated with combined hyperthermia and hormone therapy responded locally to treatment but died of their metastatic disease, or of unrelated diseases with a follow-up period up to 31 months. Hyperthermia did not increase morbidity beyond that expected for radiation therapy.     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术临床应用(附27例报告)

目的研究直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除术(TME)的临床疗效。方法对27例行TME术式的直肠癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果27例均获根治性切除，15例行吻合器吻合，术后发生吻合口瘘2例。术后辅助化疗及放疗，近期无局部复发病例。结论TME是降低直肠癌术后局部复发率，提高生活质量的有效措施。直肠癌根治性手术中采用TME手术方法是非常重要的。     

Chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer

Local recurrence is an important factor in determining the outcome of patients after surgery for rectal cancer, and various attempts have been made to reduce the local recurrence rate. Randomized controlled trials have shown that radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision can reduce the local recurrence rate in rectal cancer patients who undergo curative surgery. Chemoradiotherapy is more effective in achieving local control than radiotherapy alone, and preoperative chemoradiotherapy is superior to postoperative chemoradiotherapy in terms of adverse events. Recent advances have led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelial receptors. These new agents have been used in combination with conventional chemoradiotherapy, and higher pathological complete response rates have been reported for such combinations in comparison with conventional regimens. With regard to lateral node dissection, a recent study showed that postoperative chemoradiotherapy was more effective in reducing the local recurrence rate than lateral node dissection. As for adjuvant chemotherapy, one randomized controlled trial showed that patients who received uracil and tegafur as adjuvant therapy had significantly prolonged relapse-free survival times and overall survival times. As well, one metaanalysis has shown the efficacy of oral uracil-tegafur as adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer.     

Ⅰ期低位直肠癌单纯局部切除术与术后放疗的临床研究

目的 探讨Ⅰ期低位直肠癌局部切除术后加与不加放疗的疗效及失败模式。方法 回顾分析2000—2008年间进行了局部切除术的 77例Ⅰ期低位直肠腺癌患者资料,其中 41例为术后放疗。54例病理T₁期,23例病理T₂期。Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率并Logrank法检验,并行单因素预后分析。结果 随访时间满 5年者为 40例。低危组患者单纯局部切除术与术后放疗 5年无局部或区域复发生存率和总生存率均相似(86%∶83%,χ²=0.29,P=0.588和100%∶100%,χ²=1.50,P=0.221),高危组患者的 5年无局部或区域复发生存率相似(80%∶82%,χ²=0.27,P=0.600),但总生存率不同(92%∶66%,χ²=4.64,P=0.031)。全组 5年总生存率、无局部或区域复发生存率分别为83%、82%。单因素分析示病变大小、切缘状态、分化程度、肿瘤距肛缘距离及病理T分期影响 5年总生存率。全组总复发率为29%,局部或区域失败占70%,若行挽救性根治性手术 5年总生存率可达69%。结论 Ⅰ期低位直肠癌低危患者单纯局部切除术疗效可能较佳,高危者术后放疗价值待商榷;术后失败以局部复发多见,复发后行挽救性手术者有望长期生存。     

Conservative treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma

Endocavitary radiotherapy and transrectal excision are highly effective treatments for properly selected patients with favorable early-stage rectal adenocarcinoma. The likelihood of local control and survival after treatment with either modality is similar, and differences among various series probably reflect selection. The parameter most predictive of local control and survival in the authors' series was tumor configuration. As has been previously observed, "selection is the silent partner of success." Suitable candidates for endocavitary radiotherapy or wide local excision are patients whose tumors are 3 cm or less in diameter, well-to-moderately differentiated, exophytic, mobile, limited to the submucosa on transrectal ultrasound, and within 10 cm of the anal verge. The advantages of endocavitary irradiation are (1) it is an outpatient procedure, (2) it does not require anesthesia, and (3) it is less expensive than transrectal excision. The advantages of transrectal excision are (1) it may be performed during one brief hospitalization (as opposed to four outpatient visits), and (2) a small subset of patients will have pathologic findings predicting an increased risk of regional lymph node involvement, revealing the need to treat the nodes with external-beam radiotherapy. A disadvantage of wide local excision is that some patients who would be suitable for a local procedure alone must be subjected to a course of external-beam radiotherapy when they are found to have equivocal or positive margins. Patients who are treated with transrectal excision and external-beam radiotherapy have less favorable lesions and are not comparable with patients who are treated with endocavitary radiotherapy or wide local excision alone. They are best compared with patients who have undergone major surgery consisting of abdominoperineal resection or low anterior resection. Because the risk of positive nodes is significantly increased with adverse pathologic findings such as poor differentiation, invasion of the muscularis propria, and endothelial-lined space invasion, a subset of these patients treated with wide local excision would have positive nodes. This subset of patients is not comparable with patients with stage pT1N0 and pT2N0 tumors treated with major surgery. The latter group of patients undergo complete surgical staging, whereas the pathologic staging for patients who undergo wide local excision and radiotherapy is limited to the extent of the primary tumor. With this caveat in mind, wide local excision and radiotherapy seem to result in locoregional control and survival rates similar to the rates obtained with major surgery for patients with pT1 and pT2 cancers (Table 5). Patients who should receive postoperative irradiation have tumors that exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: size greater than 3 cm in diameter, poorly differentiated, invasion of the muscularis propria, endothelial-lined space invasion, fragmented resection, equivocal or positive margins, or perineural invasion. Patients with gross residual disease are not suitable candidates for radiotherapy and require further surgery. The authors' policy is to treat these patients with chemoradiation followed by resection. Patients thought to have transmural invasion before treatment are probably best treated with preoperative chemoradiation combined with major surgery, although a subset of patients can be downstaged and rendered suitable for a wide local excision.