山西省大学生艾滋病相关知识及社会歧视的调查

[目的]了解山西省大学生艾滋病相关知识的掌握程度,探讨在校大学生对艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV感染者/AIDS患者)的歧视状况及大学生对艾滋病歧视的影响因素,为消除艾滋病相关歧视,有针对性地对大学生进行艾滋病健康教育提供参考依据。[方法]采用方便抽样的方法抽取山西大学(文史类)、太原理工大学(理工类)、山西医科大学(医学类)三所高校在校的1313名大学生进行现场自填式问卷调查。[结果]被调查大学生对艾滋病传播途径知识的总体知晓率为89.5%,对部分非传播途径知识和预防知识的认识存在较模糊状态,其知晓率分别为78.3%和75.0%。进行多因素累积logistic回归分析结果显示:本次调查大学生对HIV感染者和AIDS患者歧视态度的影响因素依次为:理学专业、家庭住址在乡村、对艾滋病(AIDS)近几年的发展趋势的关心程度、国家艾滋病政策知识得分、非传播途径知识得分、艾滋病一般知识得分。[结论]大学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握程度有待于进一步提高。除了对AIDS近几年的发展趋势的关心程度、艾滋病一般知识、非传播途径知识等影响因素外,大学生对HIV感染者/AIDS患者歧视态度还受其所学的专业和家庭住址的影响。     

江苏省南通中学高中生艾滋病相关知识与态度的调查

[目的]调查江苏省南通中学高中生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况以及对待艾滋病和HIV感染者的态度情况,为学校对艾滋病相关宣传教育提供依据.[方法]采用随机分层整群抽样的方法,对江苏省南通中学高中部500名学生,进行自行设计的艾滋病相关知识与态度问卷调查,计算回答的正确率、得分等,并进行统计学分析.[结果]江苏省南通中学高中生的艾滋病相关知识平均得分为:88.68±0.36,态度平均得分为:67.05±0.85.[结论]江苏省南通中学高中生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握比较好,而对艾滋病及HIV感染者的态度上存在较多问题,今后学校需要进一步加强这方面的宣传教育和正确引导.     

乡村医生参与艾滋病预防控制工作试点效果研究

目的探讨通过提高乡村医生识别艾滋病能力,及时发现转介疑似HIV感染者,达到提高感染者的发现率。方法对5个乡镇317名村医进行艾滋病知识培训,并在村内开展艾滋病宣传以及发现并转介疑似HIV感染者的外出人员。在1个乡由村医对190名外出农民工进行电话、短信干预,了解干预工作开展的可行性。结果村医艾滋病知识和识别疑似HIV感染者能力提高,开展自愿咨询检测人数明显增加,新发现了一批感染者。190名外出农民工艾滋病预防知识提高。安全套使用率上升。结论村医参与艾滋病防治工作是必然趋势,应该充分发挥村医在艾滋病防治工作中的作用。     

医学院学生AIDS知信行现状及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解医学院学生艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为现状及其影响因素,探讨在大学生中实施艾滋病健康教育的有效途径.[方法]2007年,在滨州医学院分层随机整群抽取696名大学生进行问卷调查.[结果]调查696人,对艾滋病各种传播途径的知晓率为8.91%～99.43%,对各种艾滋病非传播途径的知晓率为70.69%～85.92%;艾滋病预防知识知晓率为69.83%～87.36%).全部调查对象艾滋病知识得分(满分32分)为(27.68±2.03)分,对待艾滋病患者和HIV感染者的态度(对待艾滋病态度)(满分7分)得分为(3.03±1.79)分;对待艾滋病态度得分与艾滋病知识得分呈正相关(r=0.077,P<0.05).多元非条件Logistic回归分析结果,高年级、能得到父母关爱的学生对待艾滋病态度得分高,医学专业学生艾滋病知识得分高.[结论]某医学院大学生艾滋病的认知水平不高,对待艾滋病患者和HIV感染者的态度有待提高.     

2010年青岛市城阳区153名乡村医生艾滋病相关知识、态度及职业暴露状况调查

[目的]了解乡村医生艾滋病(AIDS)防治知识水平及职业暴露状况。[方法]2010年11月,对青岛市城阳区153名乡村医生进行问卷调查。[结果]调查153人,AIDS一般知识总知晓率为92.16%,其中全科医生为95.83%,内科医生为91.67%(P>0.05)。诊疗知识平均知晓率为56.29%,其中全科医生为55.03%,内科医生为59.64%(P>0.05),职业暴露防护知识知晓率为51.40%;64.71%的人愿意与感染了艾滋病病毒(HIV)的亲朋好友交往,42.48%的人认为应该隔离HIV感染者/AIDS病人;65.36%的人诊疗过程中发生过皮肤损伤,77.12%的人在处理病人血液时戴手套。[结论]青岛市城阳区乡村医生对AIDS一般知识的知晓率达到一定程度,诊疗知识知晓率较低,防护意识较差。     

太原市某企业职工艾滋病歧视及其影响因素分析

目的了解太原市某企业职工艾滋病歧视现状及探索引起歧视的可能因素。方法采用自编问卷调查太原市某企业职工245人。结果企业职工艾滋病相关知识总知晓率为75.8%,艾滋病传播途径的正确回答率为95.6%,非传播途径的正确回答率为68.7%;企业职工对HIV感染者的歧视普遍存在;多重线性回归分析显示,艾滋病歧视与HIV传播途径知识及AIDS一般知识掌握程度呈负相关。结论加强艾滋病相关知识的宣传教育,有助于降低太原市某企业职工对艾滋病感染者的歧视水平。     

湖南省某高校大专在校护生艾滋病歧视现状及影响因素分析

目的调查湖南省某高校大专在校护生艾滋病歧视的现状,分析其影响因素,为在该人群中开展艾滋病反歧视活动提供有效的干预策略。方法 2018年1月1—8日,采用艾滋病相关知识问卷与艾滋病歧视态度问卷,对湖南省某高校573名大专在校护生进行问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。结果湖南省某高校大专护生对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病患者的总歧视态度得分为55.83±8.60,属于中等歧视水平。艾滋病知识总分、非传播途径得分分别与歧视态度得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.153、-0.186,P0.01)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,参与HIV相关知识培训、HIV非传播途径知识得分是影响大专护生艾滋病歧视态度总分的影响因素(P0.01)。结论开展大专护生在校期间艾滋病反歧视教育势在必行,在专业课程的教学中融入课程思政,加强知识与提高素养同步进行,从这两方面着手,可望消除护生对艾滋病的歧视态度,以便在未来的工作中接纳和帮助HIV感染者/艾滋病患者。     

综合医院门诊病人艾滋病知识调查分析

[目的]了解门诊病人艾滋病认知情况.[方法]用问卷法对山东省潍坊市1所三级综合医院的275名病人进行调查.[结果]艾滋病相关知识知晓率62.84%,认为多性伴、血液传播的正确率在80%以上,而对蚊虫叮咬、握手拥抱、共用办公用具、共用游泳池等不传播的正确率为30.35%～52.73%.对HIV感染者和艾滋病人存在明显的恐惧心理和歧视行为.[结论]医院就诊病人艾滋病知识缺乏,应加强培训教育,消除恐惧心理和歧视行为.     

乡村医生重大传染病知识态度行为调查

目的了解乡村医生重大传染病防治知识态度行为水平,为农村重大传染病防治政策制定提供依据。方法对成都市、重庆市承担政府指定公共卫生服务工作的乡村医生进行随机抽样,现场调查收集乡村医生的基本情况和专业培训、收入、对结核病和艾滋病防治知识及国家有关政策知晓等情况。结果 69.7%的乡村医生知道肺结核病人的主要症状,79.8%的乡村医生知道如何转诊和所在地区有专门检查与治疗肺结核病的地方,74.2%的乡村医生知道肺结核规范治疗的时间,58.8%的乡村医生知道预防控制肺结核最有效的措施,只有15.7%的乡村医生知道肺结核病人正规治疗后多久一般就没有了传染性。乡村医生对艾滋病传播途径的知晓率在63.4%~94.8%之间,总知晓率为58.8%。对于国家"四免一关怀"政策平均得分仅0.97±0.18分;79.8%的乡村医生认为应该将艾滋感染者/患者集中管理,防止传播他人,39.7%的乡村医生不愿意接触艾滋病感染者/患者,57.7%的乡村医生不愿意为艾滋感染者/患者提供服务;79.8%的乡村医生认为发现可疑肺结核病人后,应该转诊至结核病防治所/结核病专科医院。结论乡村医生重大传染病防治相关知识知晓率低,对艾滋感染者/患者持有歧视态度,在发现可疑的肺结核病人时,转诊至结核病防治专门机构的比例偏低。应加强乡村医生的健康教育和重大传染病防治相关知识政策及操作技能的培训,提高其重大传染病防治能力。     

艾滋病流行区临床医生对PITC服务知晓情况分析

目的：了解艾滋病流行区临床医生对艾滋病相关知识及主动提供艾滋病检测咨询服务（PITC）的知晓情况，为推进该区开展PITC工作进程提供参考。方法：随机抽取某市综合医院医生共180名，采用自行设计问卷进行调查。结果：有效应答率91．1％（164／180）。临床医生对艾滋病一般知识和防控策略知晓率多在85％以上，但了解我国艾滋病流行形势者不及52．0％，有15．9oA的医生未认知发现感染者对控制艾滋病疫情的重要性。对于发现HIV感染者的方法，164名医生中，有153人（93．3％）知晓常规术前检测，但知晓VCT和PITC者分别仅42人和5人。医生们普遍意识到医疗机构是发现HIV感染者／艾滋病病人的重要窗口，157人（95．7％）认为PITC服务非常有必要。对于该地推行PITC服务目前可能面临的困难，医生们认为主要是相关知识与技能不足、检测费用加重患者就医负担、患者对感染风险认知不足和对艾滋病感染的歧视、医生缺少时间等。结论：该地临床医生对艾滋病知识的了解不够深入，PITC知识与技能缺乏，与艾滋病防治需求不相适应。PITC服务是流行区发现感染者必不可少的重要手段，该地应积极创造条件包括加强医务人员艾滋病诊疗和PITC知识与操作技能的培训、加大大众宣传教育力度以及争取相关配套政策的支持等以推进PITC服务。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.