重庆市某社区居民卫生服务需要、需求与利用现状的研究

目的了解重庆市主城区社区居民家庭情况及社区卫生服需求与利用情况,并与第五次国家卫生服务调查结果比较,为合理配置卫生资源、提高居民健康水平及生活质量提供客观依据。方法 2014年5—8月对重庆市巴南区某街道960户家庭采用自行设计的问卷进行入户面对面调查,对社区居民卫生服务需求与利用的相关指标进行统计分析。结果共调查960户家庭、居民2 742人,社区居民两周患病率为9.1%,慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病率为35.6%,两周就诊率为5.9%,两周患者中未就诊比例为35.0%住院率为14.1%,应住院而未住院比例为21.2%;两周患病率、两周就诊率低于第五次国家卫生服务调查结果,慢性病患病率、两周患者未就诊比例、住院率、应住院而未住院比例高于第五次国家卫生服务调查结果;60岁及以上年龄组所占比例大(52.4%),且其两周患病率、慢性病患病率、住院率较高。结论社区居民卫生服务需要总体较大,而对卫生服务的利用率有待提高,社区老龄化程度高,老年人对卫生服务需求和利用相对较高。应加强老年人群医疗资源的供给,优化资源配置,提高社区卫生服务的利用程度与服务质量。     

合肥市社区居民疾病经济负担水平调查分析

目的 了解合肥市社区居民疾病经济负担水平.方法在合肥市39所社区卫生服务(community health service,C HS)中心服务辖区内随机选择40户家庭,采用入户访谈调查家庭全部成员.结果 2006年合肥市社区居民年人均门诊、住院和急诊费用占2005年人均年可支配收入11.8 %;费用总额占2005年GDP 2.35%;高年龄人群、患有慢性病人群、低收入人群次均服务面临更高的经济负担;社区卫生服务机构次均费用均显著低于其他机构.结论疾病给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担;卫生筹资尚欠公平;构建CHS体系是解决卫生服务费用过快增长的重要举措.     

合肥市社区居民健康状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解社区居民健康状况及其影响因素,为合理配置社区卫生资源提供决策依据.方法 在合肥市39所CHS中心服务辖区内随机选择40户家庭,采用入户访谈调查全部家庭成员.结果 社区居民2 w患病率为80.0‰;年住院率为7.3%;慢性病患病率为16.4%;15岁及以上居民认为自身健康状况"好"、"一般"及"差"的比例分别为33.6%、58.5%、7.9%;医疗保障制度、文化程度、收入水平及生活行为是影响健康状况的重要因素.结论 在社区居民健康诊断的基础上,合理配置社区卫生资源,精心设计服务提供内容,不断满足社区居民卫生服务需求.     

浙江三地城市居民社区卫生服务需求与利用评价

目的 评价社区卫生服务（CHS）需求与利用，为提高社区卫生服务质量提供依据。方法 采用典型抽样调查方法对浙江三地的896名社区居民进行入户问卷调查。结果 三地居民65岁以上人口占10．4％；两周患病人群就诊流向为CHS机构的比例为18.3％。CHS机构知晓率为76．2％；CHS机构利用率为34．6％，获得的服务主要是医疗和购药的占413％；对医务人员水平不放心是不选择利用社区卫生服务机构的首位原因，了解个人健康档案的社区居民比例为10，5％。结论 （1）加强自我发展能力建设是发展社区卫生服务的关键；（2）开展预防保健服务是社区卫生服务工作的重点。     

徐州市某经济开发区居民卫生服务利用及影响因素研究

目的探讨经济开发区居民的健康状况、卫生服务利用情况及卫生服务利用的影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,对开发区的20个社区进行调查,由调查员入户进行访问,统计分析使用SPSS18.0统计分析软件。结果人群慢性病患病率为15.4%,两周患病率为14.98%,1年内因病需住院情况的发生率为6.73%;两周就诊率、一年住院率和两年体检率分别为9.67%、5.74%和32.32%;居民综合卫生服务利用率为39.8%。年龄、职业、文化程度、婚姻状况、有无慢性病、吃饭口味、对卫生服务价格满意度、社区机构能否满足健康需求、是否经常通过报刊书籍、社区宣传栏获得保健知识、以及参加医疗保险种类是研究对象卫生服务利用的影响因素。结论调查地区的卫生服务利用还存在一定的不公平性,建议进一步提升社区卫生服务水平,建立多层次的医疗保障体系,从而提高开发区卫生服务的整体水平,为经济发展提供健康保障。     

白银市社区卫生服务与居民对其需求的调查研究

目的:开展白银市社区卫生服务状况和社区居民对社区卫生需求情况的调查,了解白银市社区卫生的综合服务能力,并将其和社区居民的需求进行分析研究,指导白银市社区卫生服务的发展方向、发展思路、政策制定和经费投入等。方法:采取现场调查(普查)和发放调查问卷(抽样调查)相结合的方法获取资料,并对资料进行统计分析。结果:白银市社区卫生的综合服务能力能满足社区居民最基本的卫生需求,但与居民的期望尚有差距;当白银市社区居民有卫生需求时,首先选择社区卫生服务机构的占57.4%;其中60～75岁的居民选择概率最大,青壮年尤其20～40岁之间居民选择概率最小,两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=104.16,P=0.00)。另外,白银市社区居民对社区卫生机构所提供的服务项目主观很需要的比例远远大于不需要的比例,差异有统计学意义(χ2=1 271.65,P=0.00)。结论:白银市的社区卫生服务工作虽然取得了较好的成绩,也得到了大部分居民的认可,但仍尚需完善。     

合肥市社区家庭户主对社区卫生服务的态度、意愿及行为调查分析

目的了解合肥市家庭户主对社区卫生服务（CHS）的态度意愿及行为。方法在合肥市39所CHS中心服务辖区内随机选择40户家庭户主为调查对象,采用人户访谈获取资料。结果1．家庭户主对CHS“了解”程度较低,“了解”程度与性别（P=0．007,OR=0．646）、文化程度（P〈0．001,OR：1．663）有关;2．在了解CHS的基础上,70．6％的家庭户主对CHS的态度趋向积极、正向;3．家庭户主对CHS“满意度”评价偏低;4．家庭户主需要卫生服务时首选CHS机构与性别、文化程度及CHS了解程度有关。结论1．加强CHS的宣传教育;2．采取适当的策略改进社区居民对CHS态度;3．不断丰富、完善优质CHS的内涵。     

上海市闸北区共和新社区90岁以上老人卫生服务需要与利用现状

目的了解上海市闸北区共和新社区90岁以上老年人卫生服务需要与利用现状,探讨促进社区医疗服务利用,提高社区高龄老人健康水平的措施。方法采用入户问卷调查的方式,对共和新社区所有90岁以上老年人进行调查。结果高龄老人2周患病率和慢性病患病率分别为62.8%和71.8%。2周未就诊率为49.0%,选择去社区卫生服务中心就诊者占33.3%。年住院率为19.2%,人均住院自费费用为7776.92元。结论高龄老人卫生服务需要量大,社区卫生服务利用不足,医疗负担重。     

广州市荔湾区多宝街社区居民卫生服务利用情况调研

目的了解社区居民健康状况、卫生服务需要及利用情况,以及影响居民卫生服务利用的因素,为卫生行政部门制定卫生政策、合理配置卫生资源、提高居民健康水平提供依据及参考。方法通过问卷调查和医学体检两种方式,对荔湾区多宝街社区卫生服务调查数据进行收集及分析,采用集中调查或者入户面访的方法调查。用SPSS 13.0对数据进行统计分析。结果广州市荔湾区多宝街两周患病率为264.4‰,社区卫生服务利用率为54.94%,影响社区卫生服务利用的因素是:性别、年龄、婚姻、慢性病。结论广州市荔湾区多宝街道居民对卫生服务需要量大,但社区卫生服务利用率低,应充分利用社区的资源,发挥社区卫生服务在城市公共卫生服务和基本医疗服务的双重作用。     

医联体模式下城市居民选择社区卫生服务的影响因素研究△

目的：探讨城市居民在社区卫生机构利用的卫生服务量占居民卫生服务利用总量的比例（以下简称“社区卫生服务利用比重”）变化及其影响因素。方法：采用整群随机抽样调查的方式于2017年初对我市A社区的家庭成员实行调查,问卷内容包括个人基本情况、健康状况、知晓度和满意度、信任度以及2015和2016年卫生服务利用情况。调查数据采用Excel2007、SPSS20.0进行描述性分析和回归分析。结果：共对62户家庭进行了问卷调查,有效问卷158份,2016年居民社区卫生服务利用比重比2015年有所增加。通过回归分析,城市居民选择社区卫生服务中心的影响因素有：家庭人均收入差、就医方便程度感受的变化、两年参加健康宣教的次数差、对社区卫生服务中心两年的比较得分。结论：居民的就医流向在向社区卫生服务机构转移。根据影响因素的结果分析,通过针对居民自身、社区卫生服务机构和卫生行政部门3个方面提出措施,引导居民在社区卫生服务机构就诊。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.