不动杆菌临床分离株的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解不动杆菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 收集2008年1月至2010年7月临床各类标本中分离出(非重复)的不动杆菌,采用美国德灵MicroScan autoSCAN4全自动细菌鉴定仪及纸片扩散法进行细菌鉴定与药敏试验.结果 分离出124株不动杆菌,其中鲍曼不动杆菌75株,占60.48%.标本主要来源于痰液、咽拭子和伤口分泌物,主要发生在呼吸科、重症监护病房和神经科,其中耐亚胺培南不动杆菌(IRAB)20株,占16.13%.IRAB与非IRAB对常用抗菌药物的耐药率相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).IRAB对比阿培南的耐药率高达60.0%.结论 不动杆菌在解放军第四五四医院耐药情况比较严重,其耐药机制复杂,有多重耐药性,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物.     

鲍曼不动杆菌临床流行病学特点及耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素研究

目的:探讨鲍曼不动杆菌(AB)临床流行病学特点及耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌(IRAB)感染的危险因素。方法:收集2016-01-2017-08期间的非重复AB 100株。根据亚胺培南的药物敏感性结果,把AB分为IRAB组和亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌(ISAB)组。统计两组的临床科室分布、标本类型和危险因素,采用卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析数据。结果:61.00%(61株)的AB是IRAB。IRAB组对哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和庆大霉素的耐药率明显高于ISAB组(P0.05)。62.30%(38株)的IRAB和35.90%(14株)的ISAB来源于ICU,78.69%(48株)的IRAB和56.41%(22株)的ISAB来源于痰液标本。住ICU7d、侵入性操作、抗菌药物使用7d、住院时间30d和使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物均是IRAB感染的独立危险因素。结论:AB的耐药形势严峻,IRAB更为严重。AB和IRAB主要来源于ICU和痰液标本。IRAB感染的独立危险因素众多。     

218株葡萄球菌感染的药敏分析

目的观察葡萄球菌的耐药情况，指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法用琼脂纸片扩散法对临床分离的256株葡萄球菌进行药敏实验。结果葡萄球菌的感染占医院病原菌感染的首位，且对多种抗菌药物耐药，并在药敏检测中证实了葡萄球菌分离株对克林霉素具有因有的或可诱导的耐药。结论葡萄球菌在临床感染中占有非常重要的地位，合理使用抗茵药物是延缓耐药菌株快速上升的最好办法。     

126株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的分析医院感染常见非发酵菌嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的分布特征及耐药情况。方法常规方法进行细菌培养鉴定,琼脂纸片扩散(K-B)法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对10种抗菌药物的药敏结果。结果 126株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分布各异,对10种抗菌药物均存在耐药,耐药率为7.0%～75.0%。结论嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌已成为医院感染的重要致病菌,对多种抗菌药物存在高耐药率,而且耐药率在逐年上升,指导临床合理用药,药敏检测工作具有非常重要的意义。     

2012～2014年鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解南京医科大学第一附属医院2012~2014年鲍曼不动杆菌(acinetobacter baumanmii,AB)的临床分布特点及耐药性变迁。方法:细菌鉴定采用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪;药物敏感试验采用纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法);耐药率比较运用SPSS 19.0软件处理;菌株分布及药敏结果以WHONET5.6软件进行分析。结果:2012~2014年,AB临床分离率分别为13.7%、11.5%、12.2%,分离率超过铜绿假单胞菌,仅次于大肠埃希菌。AB主要来源于呼吸道标本(79.2%),专业分布主要为重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU,44.6%)、外科(28.4%)、内科(22.5%)。AB对临床常用抗菌药物均呈现了很高的耐药性,大多数药物耐药率在70.0%以上,耐药率较低的药物有米诺环素(43.4%~55.8%)、阿米卡星(50.1%~58.4%),2013、2014年AB耐药率较2012年及以往资料有下降趋势。不同标本及专业来源的AB耐药性存在差异。结论:AB已成为引起临床感染的最常见非发酵菌,多引起呼吸系统感染,对常用抗菌药物耐药率高,但已有下降趋势,应继续规范抗菌药物的使用。     

产金属酶嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌13株的耐药谱和基因型分析

目的：研究产金属β内酰胺酶(MBL)的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的菌株同源性和耐药谱。方法：MBL E试验检测临床分离对亚胺培南耐药嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的产MBL菌株；E试验检测MBL阳性株对11种抗菌药物的药敏结果；用肠杆菌科基因间重复一致序列为引物的聚合酶链反应(ERIC-PCR)方法确定菌株之间的同源性。结果：MBL E试验检测到MBL阳性株13株，为我院1998—2002年医院感染株，12株来源于下呼吸道感染，1株为尿路感染。13株MBL阳性株对亚胺培南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松均耐药，对哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、替卡西林-克拉维酸、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星等6种抗菌药物呈现8种耐药模式；ERIC-PCR结果显示，13株MBL阳性株呈现10种基因型，4株MBL阳性株为同一基因型，其余9株为独立的基因型。综合分析，菌株来源、药敏谱和基因型与之间无显相关性。结论：我院产MBL嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染以下呼吸道为主，其发生呈散发性，抗生素的选择性压力可能是造成耐药谱和基因型多态性的主要原因。     

某院非发酵菌感染分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院非发酵菌感染的临床分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理使用药物提供依据。方法 临床标本分离出非发酵菌,采用法国生物梅里埃ATB Expression半自动细菌鉴定分析仪进行病原菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散(K-B)法进行体外药敏试验,对常用抗菌药物的敏感性及其临床感染分布做回顾性分析。结果 2013年1月至2015年1月共检出非发酵菌769株,其中铜绿假单胞菌最常见(占58.05%),其次为鲍曼不动杆菌(占25.60%)和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(占8.58%);居前3位非发酵菌对抗菌药物耐药较严重,且呈多重耐药性;非发酵菌主要引起呼吸道感染、泌尿道、菌血症和伤口感染等多部位感染。结论 非发酵菌是引起医院感染的最常见病原菌,易侵袭老年患者,对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,临床实际中应加强对此类细菌感染的认识,根据药敏结果选用敏感药物治疗。     

两种方法在筛选产金属β-内酰胺酶鲍曼不动杆菌中的应用价值

目的以E-test法、双纸片增效法筛选产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)鲍曼不动杆菌(Ab),为临床筛选产MBL菌株、探究Ab耐药机制提供依据。方法使用MicroScan Walkway-40全自动微生物分析仪及MicroScanNegative Combo Panel Type31复合板进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,筛选出泛耐药Ab,再分别用双纸片增效法、E-test法检测产MBL菌株。结果从298株Ab中筛选出38株泛耐药菌,经双纸片增效法筛选出MBL阳性19株(50.0%);E-test法筛选出MBL阳性18株(47.4%),两种方法阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论双纸片增效法、E-test法操作简单,均可用于MBL表型的快速筛查;但由于E-test法成本昂贵,不适宜在临床实验室推广;双纸片增效法成本低廉,适合在广大临床实验室特别是基层医院实验室推广。     

肺结核患者合并下呼吸道阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床特点与耐药性分析

目的调查某院肺结核患者合并下呼吸道阴沟肠杆菌感染的临床特点及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2013年12月共136例阴沟肠杆菌引起肺结核患者下呼吸道感染病例,采用微生物鉴定仪进行病原菌鉴定,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果检出阴沟肠杆菌的标本主要分布在痰液(74.26%)和咽拭子(17.65%)中;药敏试验表明,阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星最敏感,耐药率均10%,可作为临床治疗该菌感染的首选药物。结论阴沟肠杆菌易致肺结核患者下呼吸道感染,对抗菌药物耐药性严重,临床应引起高度关注,及早进行微生物学检测,并根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌临床耐药性分析

目的 为预防和控制医院感染的发生,对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布和耐药性进行分析.方法 使用ATB细菌鉴定分析仪进行细菌鉴定,用纸片扩散法鉴定耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,药敏试验用K-B法.结果 在各临床科室中,由耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的医院感染,ICU的比例最高,下呼吸道是最常见的感染部位,52株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,没有发现耐万古霉素菌株.结论 由耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的医院感染以ICU病人最多见,以下呼吸道感染为主,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌除对万古霉素敏感外对多种抗菌药物耐药.因此,临床医生要合理使用抗菌药物.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.