空心钉及张力带钢丝治疗髌骨体部横行骨折

目的探讨空心钉及张力带钢丝治疗髌骨体部横行骨折的手术方法并与传统双克氏针及张力带钢丝法进行疗效比较。方法空心钉及张力带钢丝组14例,男9例,女5例;平均年龄46岁,平均随访时间30周。传统双克氏针及张力带钢丝组20例,男13例,女7例;平均年龄42岁,平均随访时间42周。比较两组术后2、4周膝关节屈曲角度、骨折临床愈合时间及术后24周患侧与健侧相比屈曲损失角度。两组比较采用成组设计t检验。结果空心钉及张力带钢丝组术后2、4周膝关节平均屈曲角度分别为59°±14.8°及98°±15.1°;临床愈合时间平均为(10±3.0)周;术后24周与健侧相比,屈曲平均损失11°±6.3°,均未出现并发症。传统双克氏针及张力带钢丝组术后2、4周膝关节平均屈曲角度分别为31°±13.3°及63°±13.7°;临床愈合时间平均为(13±3.8)周;术后24周与健侧相比,平均屈曲损失18°±6.2°,其中2例因拔针张力带钢丝松动,分别采用了石膏外固定和再次手术治疗。结论空心钉及张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨体部横行骨折,髌骨周围软组织刺激症状较少、内固定更为稳定,膝关节早期功能康复效果较好,临床愈合时间相对缩短,且无并发症发生;但其远期效果及并发症的评估尚待长期随访。     

可吸收线张力带治疗髌骨骨折

目的 :探讨可吸收线作为张力带治疗髌骨骨折的可行性及效果。方法 :将骨折类型及其他条件相近、数量相等的髌骨骨折随机分为可吸收线张力带组 (A组 )和钢丝张力带组 (B组 ) ,每组各 2 5例。A组采用“微乔”可吸收线及克氏针固定 ;B组采用钢丝及克氏针固定。结果 :B组术后出现 1例钢丝断裂 ;1例松脱 ;8例出现皮肤红肿、疼痛、膝关节活动幅度不能早期恢复 ,远期关节功能评价优良率只达到 82 .6 % ,骨折愈合后须原位大切口取出钢丝克氏针 ;A组术后膝关节活动幅度早期全部得到恢复 ,近期及远期疗效均优于B组 ,骨折愈合后只须局麻下小切口拔出克氏针。结论 :可吸收线张力带替代钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折 ,力学结构合理 ,疗效好 ,值得临床应用推广     

3种张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效.方法 空心螺钉钢丝张力带固定治疗髌骨骨折21例,克氏针张力带固定治疗髌骨骨折32例,钢丝张力带固定治疗髌骨骨折44例,术后采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分标准予以评价.结果 97例骨折均获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均15个月.空心螺钉钢丝张力带固定组优16例,良4例,可1例,优良率95％;克氏针张力带固定组优15例,良13例,可3例,优良率87.5％;钢丝张力带固定组优18例,良14例,可10例,差2例,优良率72.7％.空心螺钉钢丝张力带固定组膝关节功能恢复程度优于克氏针张力带固定组与钢丝张力带固定组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 空心螺钉钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折,膝功能恢复佳,生物力学固定牢靠,是治疗髌骨骨折的有效方法之一.     

克氏针钢丝与髌骨针钛缆两种张力带固定治疗髌骨骨折

目的比较克氏针钢丝与髌骨针钛缆张力带固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效。方法将128例髌骨骨折患者按固定方式分为A组(克氏针钢丝张力带固定,65例)和B组(髌骨针钛缆张力带固定,63例)。比较两组住院费用、住院天数、并发症发生率以及关节功能优良率。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~24个月。两组住院费用、住院天数、并发症发生率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组关节功能优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论克氏针钢丝张力带固定术后并发症发生率较高,但关节功能优良率与髌骨针钛缆张力带固定比较无明显差异,且具有缩短住院时间、降低住院费用等优点。     

W形克氏针结合张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折

目的探讨W形克氏针结合张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对38例髌骨骨折患者采用髌前纵行切口,骨折复位后均行W形克氏针结合张力带钢丝内固定。结果 38例均获随访,时间8-24个月。骨折均达骨性愈合,髌骨关节面光整,无克氏针旋转、内固定物松动、断裂等并发症发生。关节功能根据Lysholm膝关节评分标准：优36例,良2例。结论 W形克氏针结合张力带钢丝内固定治疗髌骨骨折预防了改良张力带由于克氏针的旋转刺破皮肤而影响功能恢复等并发症发生。该方法操作方便,创伤小,固定牢靠,能早期活动,符合生物力学原理,临床疗效满意。     

克氏针和空心钉张力带内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折生物力学研究

目的比较空心拉力钉张力带系统和克氏针张力带系统内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的生物力学特性。方法对6具新鲜尸体12个下肢标本,开放截骨造成横断型髌骨骨折模型,随机采用空心拉力钉张力带和克氏针张力带固定,在膝关节伸直位加载使髌骨关节面移位达3 mm或最大加载负荷达300 N、周期性牵拉股四头肌腱使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动10个周期记录骨折的最大位移以及膝关节固定在屈曲位45°使骨折移位达6 mm的最大载荷进行生物力学测定。结果空心拉力钉张力带组在膝关节伸直位、周期性牵拉股四头肌使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动以及屈曲45°时都较克氏针张力带组具有更好的生物力学稳定性。结论空心拉力钉张力带系统较克氏针张力带系统能够提供更稳定的固定效果,为横断型髌骨骨折的一期愈合及患者早期进行功能锻炼以更好地恢复关节功能提供可能。     

经皮穿刺克氏针钢丝张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折

目的:探讨经皮穿刺克氏针钢丝张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾2001年7月以来采用经皮穿刺克氏针钢丝张力带固定术治疗23例髌骨骨折,男13例,女10例;年龄最大76岁,最小19岁,平均36.5岁。骨折分型:横行骨折12例,斜行骨折4例,粉碎性骨折7例。手术时间为伤后1周内完成。结果:本组23例均获得随访,随访时间6~72个月。随访内容包括:术后骨折复位情况、骨折愈合时间、膝关节活动范围、是否膝关节疼痛,及术后是否出现骨折移位、骨不连、感染及创伤性关节炎等并发症。根据Merchan临床评分标准,结果为:优16例,良7例。结论:经皮穿刺克氏针钢丝张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折是一种微创手术,具有创伤小、恢复快及美观等特点,同时能提供髌骨骨折早期活动足够强度,膝关节功能恢复满意。     

可吸收螺钉张力带固定横行髌骨骨折的生物力学研究

目的探讨可吸收螺钉张力带固定横行髌骨骨折的生物力学特性及稳定性。方法在12具新鲜膝关节标本上制作横行髌骨骨折模型,分别用可吸收螺钉联合张力带(polydloxanone suture,PDS)(A组)、AO张力带(B组)固定,牵拉股四头肌肌腱,使其从屈曲90°至完全伸直,反复加载后测试髌骨骨折端的位移。结果无论膝关节是处于屈曲位,还是伸直位,除第1次加载,A组骨折端位移较B组大(P0.05);两组随着循环加载次数的增加,骨折端位移逐渐增加(P0.05)。A组均在加载1 200次左右固定失败(即位移大于3 mm)。结论可吸收内植物固定横行髌骨骨折无需二次手术,但是其稳定性显著低于克氏针张力带法,需要外固定支具辅助固定。     

髌骨骨折不同手术方式术后疗效的比较

目的比较髌骨骨折采用不同手术方式的疗效差异,探讨不同类型的髌骨骨折的最佳固定方法。方法笔者自2009-07—2016-05诊治162例髌骨骨折,随机分为4组,A组采用记忆合金聚髌器固定,B组采用交叉克氏针+改良钢丝张力带固定,C组采用平行克氏针+钢丝张力带固定,D组采用HB型中空螺钉+钢丝张力带固定,评价术后疗效。结果162例均获随访6~24个月,平均17个月。术后发生并发症4例,其中A组1例发生聚髌器断裂,C组3例发生克氏针、钢丝滑脱。所有骨折均获临床愈合。结论髌骨骨折应根据骨折类型选择不同的内固定方式,交叉克氏针+改良钢丝张力带和HB型中空螺钉+钢丝张力带固定具有较好临床疗效及较低的并发症发生率,适用于各种类型的髌骨骨折。     

空心螺钉钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折

目的 探讨空心螺钉钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折的临床效果. 方法 2006年1月至2007年4月,运用空心螺钉钢丝张力带技术治疗髌骨骨折36例.根据AO分型:A型6例,C型30例.其中女23例,男13例,年龄45～86岁,平均58岁.所有患者均为闭合性损伤,直接暴力12例,间接暴力24例.切开复位后屈曲膝关节,二根1mm导针经髌骨上极或下极平行钻入,然后选择4.0mm半螺纹自攻空心螺钉沿导针拧入,最后经空心钉以"8"字的方式穿入钢丝并拧紧完成张力带结构. 结果 36例患者均获平均8个月的随访,平均愈合时间6周.所有患者无伤口感染、内固定松动、软组织激惹等并发症.采用Bostman髌骨骨折疗效评分标准于术后6周进行功能评定:优32例,良4例,优良率100%. 结论 空心拉力螺钉结合钢丝张力带技术治疗髌骨骨折固定可靠,软组织激惹和复位丢失率低,是一种值得推荐的治疗手段.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.