超声骨刀椎板成形椎板植骨在椎管肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨超声骨刀切开、棘突椎板复合体回植、钛板固定、椎板植骨在椎管内肿瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法 2014年7月~2016年7月,在88例颈、胸、腰椎椎管内肿瘤(长1~11 cm,平均3.2 cm)手术中,采用超声骨刀沿关节突内侧2~3 mm切开两侧的椎板,将棘突椎板复合体完整取下,处理完椎管内肿瘤后再将棘突椎板复合体原位回植,钛板固定,完成椎管成形,并在椎板切开部位植骨融合。结果肿瘤全切除81例,次全切除7例。切除椎板数1~5个,平均2.5个。未出现因超声骨刀椎管开窗、钛板置入所致的硬脊膜破损、脊髓和脊神经根损伤等并发症。随访3~12个月,中位数3个月,未见回植组织移位、塌陷、畸形愈合及椎管狭窄,未见不稳定或畸形,可见植骨融合。结论椎管内肿瘤术中采用超声骨刀椎管后路切开钛板固定棘突椎板复合体的方法简便、安全、可靠,辅以植骨融合有利于保持脊柱的完整性及稳定性,近期效果满意。     

超声骨刀联合硫酸钙人工骨植入在腰椎管肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨在腰椎椎管内肿瘤切除术中,使用超声骨刀行棘突椎板复合体切除及回植并植入硫酸钙人工骨的应用价值.方法 回顾分析了 2018年1月至2021年1月79例腰椎椎管内肿瘤的患者,其中男46例,女33例;年龄21～78岁,平均(39.8±14.7)岁.在使用超声骨刀棘突椎板回植的基础上,行硫酸钙人工骨植入的方法,重建脊...     

椎板成形术治疗原发性胸腰椎椎管内肿瘤临床分析

目的 分析椎板回植成形术在原发性胸腰椎椎管内肿瘤切除手术中的价值.方法 原发性胸腰椎椎管内肿瘤患者21例,术中切断双侧椎板,保留双侧关节突,完整取下棘突椎板复合体,显微镜下摘除肿瘤后将棘突椎板复合体原位回植.并用椎弓根螺钉固定,丝线修复棘突间韧带.术后椎管矢状径、椎板融合率、日本骨科学会(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)评定进行效果评定.结果 椎管内肿瘤成功切除,未出现脑脊液漏,无顽固性下腰痛,术后1年JOA评分由术前(11.4±2.6)分上升至(24.7±3.3)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后优良率达82.5％,术前椎管矢状径为(13.5±1.5)mm,随访6月后术后椎体CT显示椎管矢状径为(16.4±2.4)mm,术后1年椎板骨性融合率90.48％.结论 原发性胸腰椎椎管内肿瘤切除手术中,椎板回植成形术法重建了脊柱的解剖结构,维持了术后脊柱的稳定性.     

椎板回植成形法手术治疗椎管内原发肿瘤

目的：介绍一种椎板回植成形术式，评价其在治疗椎管内原发肿瘤手术中的效果。方法：20例胸腰椎管内原发肿瘤患者行肿瘤摘除椎板回植成形术，随访观察治疗效果。结果：平均随访27．8个月，20例患者切口均一期愈合，腰背痛及下肢疼痛、麻木等症状均消失，效果满意，无继发性椎管狭窄发生。结论：椎板回植成形术治疗椎管内肿瘤有利于保持脊柱的稳定性和恢复椎管完整性，避免医源性椎管狭窄症的发生，且操作简单，适合临床应用。     

微型钛板重建椎管方法在多节段髓内肿瘤切除术后的应用

目的 探讨微型钛板重建椎管方法在多节段髓内肿瘤切除术后应用的优点。方法 多节段髓内肿瘤24例,均采用桐田法切除整块椎板,其中7例以微型钛板固定回植已切除的椎板,椎管成形,重建脊柱稳定性。结果 经回植椎板行椎管成形的病人没有发现椎管狭窄、脊柱后突及不稳;未经回植椎板椎管成形病人中有5例出现脊柱后突畸形,2例出现呼吸障碍,5例出现括约肌功能障碍,5例出现脑脊液漏合并颅内感染,3例出现硬膜外积液。结论 应用桐田法切除整块椎板后微型钛板固定椎板回植法对多节段髓内肿瘤切除术病人术后脊柱的稳定性意义重大,能减少术后并发症的发生。     

改良椎管成形术在腰椎管狭窄症的疗效观察

目的探讨改良椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效,及其对术后腰椎稳定性的影响。方法自2013-05-2015-02手术治疗74例腰椎管狭窄症患者:对照组38例采用传统的全椎板切除减压术;观察组36例采用改良椎管成形术治疗,术中以薄骨刀进行椎板截骨,待减压操作完成后,将截除的椎板及韧带予以回植,从而尽量保留了脊柱后柱结构的完整性。结果两组患者术后随访24-35个月,观察组回植的棘突椎板连接处均顺利愈合,愈合时间为6-12个月,平均8.7个月;其椎管矢状径、横径与术前相比,有明显增加(P0.05)。末次随访时,两组患者腰痛、下肢痛的VAS评分以及JOA评分均较术前有显著改善(P0.05)观察组末次随访时的腰痛VAS评分显著优于对照组(P0.05)。对照组有3例发生腰椎滑脱、2例发生腰椎不稳,总发生率为13.2%;观察组无一例腰椎不稳或滑脱现象。结论与传统全椎板切除减压术相比,采用改良的椎板棘突复合体截骨、原位回植椎管成形术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症,其疗效可靠,有利于进一步缓解腰部疼痛、维持腰椎术后的稳定性。     

棘突椎板复合体原位回植在椎管肿瘤术中的应用

目的探讨棘突椎板复合体原位回植在椎管肿瘤术中的意义。方法分析总结2008年2月至2011年4月间共24例椎管内肿瘤患者术中采用高速磨钻卸下椎板,处理完椎管内肿瘤后再将棘突椎板复合体原位回植,予钛条钛钉固定,恢复椎管正常解剖结构。结果所有病例未出现因高速磨钻卸下椎板,棘突椎板复合体原位回植固定而导致硬脊膜破损、脊髓和脊神经根损伤等并发症。随访3～24个月,未见回植组织移位、塌陷、畸形愈合及椎管狭窄症。结论椎管内肿瘤术中棘突椎板复合体原位回植,钛条钛钉固定的方法简便、实用,有利于恢复脊柱的正常解剖结构及稳定性。     

腰椎管成形在儿童选择性脊神经后根切断术中的应用及临床转归

[目的]探讨棘突椎板韧带复合体回植腰椎管成形在儿童选择性脊神经后根切断(SPR)术中的应用价值及术后转归。[方法]回顾性分析2007年7月～2009年12月本院腰椎SPR手术的脑瘫患儿36例68椎。手术时平均年龄6.5岁。椎管成形方法为棘突椎板棘上韧带复合体整块取出后纵劈开大,原位覆盖回植,丝线固定并重建棘上韧带连续性。术后随访患者症状和影像学评估腰椎稳定性、回植椎板骨融合及转归。[结果]随访平均32个月。术后患者均无腰痛。双下肢肌张力级别由术前平均2.2±0.6降至术后平均0.5±0.2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腰椎X线片19例未见明显异常;16例可见腰椎术后改变;12例腰椎屈伸位相术前和随访时比较未见明显变化。腰椎CT,椎管形态均基本完整,回植椎板融合率(85.3%),吸收率(61.8%)二者之间呈统计学负相关关系。2例腰椎MRI可见回植椎板部分缺失,硬膜囊无受压,棘上韧带连续。[结论]棘突椎板韧带复合体回植腰椎管成形应用于儿童SPR术可较好重建腰椎稳定性,随访2年以上有回植椎板吸收现象,但对腰椎发育无明显影响,残存椎板与周围软组织共同对椎管内神经起保护作用。     

棘突椎板截骨旋转回植术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨后路截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带椎板整块旋转回植治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法对59例腰椎管狭窄症及腰椎间盘突出症中央型伴钙化患者行截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带,椎板、旋转回植手术。结果 59例获平均49个月随防,复查CT显示椎管扩大、无回植椎板塌陷入椎管内及腰椎不稳。结论腰椎后路截取棘突、棘上、棘间黄韧带,椎板整块旋转回植手术能扩大椎管消除症状,重建腰椎后部完整性及稳定性。     

椎板回植、椎管成形术在腰段脊柱手术中的应用

自1996年,我们参照腰椎管扩大成形术,对6例胸腰段脊髓肿瘤的椎管处理采用椎板回植、椎管成形术,术后平均随访8月,效果良好,报告如下:     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.