用任意引物聚合酶链反应进行皮肤癣菌的子生物学研究

目的探讨任意引物聚合酶链反应(AP-PCR)方法对皮肤癣菌的分子生物学鉴定和分型的意义。方法用随机引物OPAA115'-ACCCGACCTG-3',OPD185'-GAGAGCCAAC-3'对皮肤癣菌的3个属9个种和孢子丝菌及白念珠菌共64个菌株进行AP-PCR,并对扩增产物进行电泳分析。结果皮肤癣菌所试验的9个菌种之间均产生具有明显差异的电泳带型。来自不同地区的红色毛癣菌经多次实验均出现主带相同的电泳带型,同时存在株间差异。结论以OPAA11和OPD18为引物,用AP-PCR可对皮肤癣菌从基因分子水平上进行鉴别,并为分型提供依据。     

用任意引物聚合酶链反应进行皮肤癣菌的分子生物学研究

目的 探讨任意引物聚合酶链反应（AP-PCR）方法对皮肤癣菌的分子生物学鉴定和分型的意义。方法 用随机引物OPAA115′-ACCCCACCTG-3′，OPD185′-GAGAGCCAAC-3′对皮肤癣菌的3个属9个种和孢子丝菌及白念珠菌共64个菌株进行AP-PCR，并对扩增产物进行电泳分析。结果 皮肤癣菌所试验的9个菌种之间均产生具有明显差异的电泳带型，来自不同地区的红色毛癣菌丝多次实验均出现主带相同的电泳带型，同时存在株间差异。结论 以OPAA11和OPD18为引物，用AP-PCR可对皮肤癣菌从基因分子水平上进行鉴别。并为分型提供依据。     

应用AP-PCR鉴定浅部真菌病病原菌菌种

目的研究应用任意引物聚合酶链反应(AP-PCR)对浅部真菌病病原菌进行分子生物学鉴定的意义。方法应用OPAA11(5′-ACCCGACCTG-3′),OPAA17(5′-GAGCCCGACT-3′),OPD18(5′-GAGAGC-CAAC-3′)和OPU15(5′-ACGGGCCAGT-3′)四种随机引物,随机扩增从浅部真菌病患者的皮屑或甲屑标本中提取的真菌DNA。结果从各标本提取所得的红色毛癣菌、许兰毛癣菌、紫色毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌、絮状表皮癣菌及石膏样小孢子菌DNA经OPAA11,OPAA17,OPD18或OPU15扩增后,产生的电泳带型在不同菌种间存在明显差异。结论 AP-PCR对于浅部真菌病病原菌的鉴定具有诊断价值。     

临床常见皮肤癣菌的分子生物学鉴定

目的应用任意引物聚合酶链反应(AP-PCR)鉴定临床常见皮肤癣菌。方法用引物AP3(5-′TCAC-GATGCA-3′)、任意引物ATG(5-′ATGGATCGGC-3′)、任意引物TCA(5-′TCACCACGGT-3′)和任意引物TCT(5-′TCTGTGCT-GG-3′)对常见皮肤癣菌进行任意引物聚合酶链反应。46株须癣毛癣菌采用引物ATG和引物AP3进行AP-PCR,并对扩增产物进行电泳分析。结果扩增产物电泳分析发现不同菌种间产生的DNA带型存在明显差异,尤其用引物AP3和引物ATG扩增产生的DNA带型的种间差异最明显。46株须癣毛癣菌的表型,全部为粉型,且均产生具有明显的电泳带型,可分为2型。结论AP-PCR可作为常见皮肤癣菌的种间及种内鉴定的简单、快速、可靠的方法。     

真菌病

20120821应用AP-PCR鉴定浅部真菌病病原菌菌种/徐磊(西安交大二附院皮肤科),曾维惠,聂建军…∥中国皮肤性病学杂志.-2011,25(7).-518～520应用OPAA11(5’-ACCCGACCTG-3’),OPAA17(5’-GAGCCCGACT-3’),OPD18(5’-GAGAGCCAAC-3’)和OPU15(5’-ACGGGCCAGT-3’)四种随机引物,随机扩增从浅部真菌病患者的皮屑或甲屑标本中提取     

申克孢子丝菌随机扩增 DNA多态性研究

目的 了解申克孢子丝菌的基因学特征,研究DNA分型与菌种来源和临床表现的关系。方法 以随机扩增DNA多态性方法对来源于不同地区及不同临床类型的24株申克孢子丝菌进行DNA多态性分析。结果 （1）筛选出3个具有较好扩增征段的引物,即引物OPAA11：5′-ACCCGACCTG-3′,OPD18：5′-GAGAGCCAAC-3′,OPBO7:5′-GGTGACGCAG-3′。（2）24株菌的DNA带型不完全相同,具一定遗传变异性。（3）不同菌株同一引物扩增均见一共有DNA片段,（4）播散型DNA带型与皮肤淋巴管型不同,结论 随机扩增DNA多态笥方法可用于申克孢子丝菌的DNA分型,其带型与菌株的地区来源和临床表现有关。     

红色毛癣菌基因型稳定性的研究

目的探讨红色毛癣菌基因型的稳定性。方法采用随机引物PCR法和探针与DNA印迹杂交法。以CTAB法提取DNA。随机引物为OPAA11[5-′ACCCGACCTG-3′],印迹法以NS5和ITS4(真菌的特异性引物)为引物,以红色毛癣菌的标准株为模板,扩增出rDNA的部分18S区、ITSⅠ区、5.8S区和ITSⅡ区为探针,并用随机引物法将探针用P32标记,与EcoRⅠ酶切的基因组DNA杂交。结果①AP-PCR法:红色毛癣菌扩增的主要带型是2.2,1.7,1.3,0.9,0.7 kb,所试红色毛癣菌传代前后扩增带型均无变化。②探针与DNA印迹杂交法:原代(1代)与传代后的(2,3,4代)杂交带型一致,11株红色毛癣菌均表现为3条带,分两型(分子量分别为2.4,3.9,5.9 kb和2.4,4.4,6.5 kb)。结论红色毛癣菌基因型稳定。     

任意引物聚合酶链反应对致病性地霉株间分型的鉴定

目的采用任意引物聚合酶链反应(AP-PCR)对部分致病性地霉进行分子生物学方面的鉴定。方法用E.Z.N.A.YeastDNA Kit提取地霉菌基因组DNA,采用任意引物S034(5′-TCTGTGCTGG-3′),S040(5′-GTTGCGATCC-3′),S167(5′-CAGCGACAAG-3′),S368(5′-GAACACTGGG-3′)对临床上致病性白地霉、林生地霉皮损株和血液株的基因组DNA进行扩增,对各病原菌的DNA指纹的特征进行分析。结果扩增产物电泳分析发现不同种真菌的DNA经扩增后显示不同的DNA带型,尤其是使用引物S040,S167和S368扩增产生的DNA带型种间差异较明显;分离自不同感染部位的同种不同株真菌的DNA经扩增后显示的主要DNA带型也有明显差异,如使用引物S040和S368扩增产生的DNA带型种内差异较明显。结论以任意引物S034,S040,S167,S368为基础的AP-PCR技术可作为临床上致病性地霉的种间及种内鉴定的简单、快速、可靠的方法。     

成人及儿童皮肤癣菌病患者红色毛癣菌的基因分型与药物敏感性分析

目的 探讨成人和儿童皮肤癣菌病临床分离菌株中红色毛癣菌基因型的差异，基因型与发病部位、基因型与药物敏感性的关系。方法 利用随机引物OPAA11 5′-ACCCGACCTC-3′，OPD18 5′-GAGAGCCAAC-3′分别对来自成人及儿童皮肤癣菌病的红色毛癣菌菌株进行任意引物PCR，根据产物电泳带型进行基因分型，采用微量液体稀释法对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、酮康唑、利拉萘酯、布替萘芬、益康唑、联苯苄唑进行体外敏感性分析。结果 两组的主要致病菌都为红色毛癣菌，两种随机引物扩增出的红色毛癣菌不同株带型均稳定清楚，按随机引物 OPAA11的扩增结果，其基因型分为4型。成人中Ⅰa、Ⅲa型分别占41.94%，儿童中Ⅰa型为65.96%，基因型构成在两组人群中的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；体癣、足癣中基因型的分布在两组间差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.01；P < 0.05）。甲癣和股癣中基因型的分布差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；各基因型对8种抗真菌药物的MIC值均较低，特比萘芬的MIC最低，氟康唑的MIC值相对较高，酮康唑和氟康唑对Ⅰa、联苯苄唑对Ⅱa的活性高于其他基因型，伊曲康唑对Ⅲa型的活性略低于其他基因型，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01或P < 0.05）。结论 红色毛癣菌为南京及周边地区儿童及成人皮肤癣菌病的主要致病菌，成人感染以Ⅰa、Ⅲa型为主，儿童感染以Ⅰa型为主。8种抗真菌药物对各基因型均有较好的抗菌活性，但酮康唑、氟康唑、联苯苄唑、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬对各基因型的敏感性有差异。     

甲真菌病患者多部位红色毛癣菌感染分离株DNA同源性分析

目的 探讨甲真菌病患者多部位红色毛癣菌感染分离株基因型的差异。方法 采用PCR扩增红色毛癣菌rDNA非转录间隔区（NTS）中TRS1片段,并用随机引物OPAA11随机扩增DNA,检测基因多态性。比较同一患者不同感染部位分离菌株的基因型差异。结果 共分离30株红色毛癣菌,按照PCR扩增TRS1区指纹图分为5型,随机引物OPAA11扩增指纹图分为11型,基因型分布与感染部位关系不大。在10例受试患者中,PCR扩增TRS1区显示,7例不同感染部位分离得到的菌株基因型有差异;随机引物OPAA11扩增显示,8例不同感染部位分离得到的菌株基因型有差异。结论 甲真菌病患者不同部位红色毛癣菌感染可能为不同菌株引起,提示部分甲真菌病患者不同部位皮肤癣菌感染可能存在不同菌株的感染。     

Molecular determination of dermatophyte fungi using the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction

Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi capable of causing dermatophytosis (commonly known as tinea or ringworm) in humans and animals. Previously, we reported the differentiation of the common dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans using a random primer 5′-ACCCGACCTG-3′(OPAA11) in the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (APPCR). In the present study, by examining additional dermatophytes including eight Microsporum spp., 16 Trichophyton species/subspecies and Epidermophyton floccosum using both OPAA11 and a second random decamer 5′-GAGAGCCAAC-3′(OPD18) in AP-PCR, we show that except for T. rubrum and T. gourvilli, and three T. mentagrophytes varieties, most of the dermatophyte fungi investigated formed distinct DNA band patterns on gel electrophoresis. The amplification of specific DNA bands in APPCR appeared to be independent of culture variations shown by dermatophyte isolates. These results provide the basis for the rapid identification of dermatophytes at the genetic level, supplementing existing laboratory methods and improving the diagnosis of human dermatophytosis.     

Identification of Dermatophytes Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Background

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows more than two target DNA molecules to be amplified with more than two primers. This method is also useful for detecting various other organisms simultaneously within a single test tube, and the scope of its use has been expanding widely in the field of clinical microbiology in recent years.

Objective

To assess the value of multiplex PCR in identification of dermatophytes.

Methods

Using three specially-designed primers which contained the ITS1-2, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA regions, three cycles of PCR were performed on 11 standard strains and scales were collected from 73 patients with fungal infection.

Results

The 11 standard strains were successfully identified with analysis of band patterns of ITS1-2, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA, obtained from PCR. Based on this information, the causative organisms in 73 patients with fungal infection were revealed to be T. rubrum in 69 cases, T. menta in 1 case, T. tonsurans in 2 cases, and M. gypseum in one case.

Conclusion

With three cycles of PCR using three sets of primers, 11 standard strains and the clinical strains from 73 patients with fungal infection were successfully identified.     

PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene for rapid clinical diagnosis of the etiologic agent of dermatophytosis

BACKGROUND: We have focused on the DNA topoisomerase II genes of several pathogenic fungi, and developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods targeting this gene for identification of dermatophytes. OBJECTIVE: To assess the availability of the PCR-based identification for an etiologic study of dermatophytosis, by testing these PCR and PCR-RFLP methods for stability and reproducibility. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-six dermatophyte strains were isolated from 305 patients with tinea, and their genomic DNAs were used as templates for the PCR using primer mixes (PsT, PsME, dPsD1 or dPsD2) composed of gene-specific primers for identification of dermatophytes to the species level. The genomic DNAs of Trichophyton rubrum were further subjected to subrepeat element analysis of the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). RESULTS: In this study, six dermatophyte species (T. rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Epidermophyton floccosum) were obtained. In all cases, the identifications obtained from the PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene coincided with those from the conventional morphological features-based identification technique. The sensitivity of the PCR-based identification was found to be a colony of approximately 3mm in diameter. Furthermore, T. rubrum was divided into three groups (17 types) on the basis of the sizes and numbers of the products generated from the TRS-1 region, and three types from the TRS-2 region. CONCLUSION: The PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene were rapid, stable, and reproducible for species identification of dermatophytes, and thus are convenient tools for an etiologic study of dermatophytosis.     

Species-identification of dermatophytes Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton by PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting of the DNA topoisomerase II genes

BACKGROUND: We have focused on the DNA topoisomerase II genes of pathogenic fungi and have previously applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification of several species including the some of the major dermatophyte species. OBJECTIVE: To identify the dermatophytes (18 species) to a species level by PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques, without determining the nucleotide sequence. METHODS: The genomic DNAs of the dermatophytes (ten species of Trichophyton, seven species of Microsporum, and Epidermaphyton floccosum) were amplified by PCR using a common primer set (dPsD1) for the dermatophytes, followed by nested PCR using other primer sets (dPsD2, PsT and PsME) that contained primers specific for the DNA topoisomerase II genes of the dermatophytes. PCRs using PsT and PsME were used for the species-identification of Trichophyton, Microsporum and E. floccosum. The PCR products generated by dPsD2 were digested with restriction enzymes (Hinc II, Hinf, Afl II and PflM I), and the restriction profiles were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the eighteen species of dermatophytes, five species (T. rubrum, T. violaceum, M. canis, M. gypseum and E. floccosum) were specifically identified by the PCR using PsT and PsME to the species level, and the remaining species were identified by the unique restriction profiles for each species in the PCR-RFLP analysis, except that the restriction profile of T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale was identical to that of T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum. CONCLUSION: PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene are simple and rapid, and quite useful as tools for the identification of dermatophytes to the species level.     

PCR-RFLP鉴别临床常见的皮肤癣菌

目的 建立一种快速而简便的分子水平上鉴定常见皮肤癣菌的方法。方法 采用通用引物ITS1（5‘-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3‘)、ITS4(5‘-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3‘)对7种常见皮肤癣菌的核糖体的ITS（internal transcribed spacer)区（包含5.8SrDNA)进行PCR扩增，PCR产物分别应用限制性内切酶MvaI、TaqI、HinfI酶切。结果 7种皮肤癣菌的ITS区扩增产物条带大小不同；以MvaI、TaqI、HinfI三种酶分别酶切PCR-ITS区产物，7种皮肤癣菌均产生独特且易于区分的酶切图，尤其是MvaI酶产生的酶切图在种间差异最为明显。可将7种菌明确区分开。结论 核糖体ITS区PCR-RFLP分析是区分常见皮肤癣菌的有价值的方法。