腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术的手术方法、可行性及临床效果.方法回顾性分析我院2004年6月-2007年6月行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术42例患者的临床资料.结果 本组42例均行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术,其中远端胃大部切除术20例,近端胃大部切除术15例,全胃切除术7例,无中转开腹,无手术死亡.平均手术时间:远端胃大部切除术(285±60)min,近端胃大部切除术(178±62)min,全胃切除术(323±86)min;术中平均出血量:远端胃大部切除术(140±52)ml,近端胃大部切除术(196±85)ml,全胃切除术(234±76)ml;淋巴结清扫12～40枚,平均(25±10)枚;术后患者平均胃肠道功能恢复时间75 h.术后随访1～36个月,平均9.7个月,2例十二指肠残端瘘行保守治疗痊愈.结论对早期及部分进展期胃癌行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术技术可行,同时具备创伤小、恢复快、出血少等优点.     

腔镜铺助下贲门癌根治术12例体会

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下贲门癌根治术的手术方法及效果。方法回顾性分析行腔镜辅助下贲门癌根治术患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,无手术死亡。平均手术时间(150±30)min,术中出血量(200±50)mL,术后胃肠功能平均恢复时间(2.5±1)d,术后随访时间4～11个月,12例患者均健在。结论对中早期贲门癌行腹腔镜辅助下贲门癌根治术D2,具有对生理干扰小、术后机体恢复快、住院时间短及切口小等优点。     

腹腔镜近侧半胃切除治疗胃底贲门癌3例报告

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜下近侧半胃切除治疗早期胃底贲门癌的可行性和安全性。方法:为术前确诊为胃底贲门癌的3例患者行完全腹腔镜近侧半胃切除术。结果:3例患者手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间180~280min。术后平均30.5h胃肠功能恢复,平均术后7.5d出院。1例患者贲门右淋巴结转移1枚,随访7~24个月,无复发转移,无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜近半胃切除手术野显露清楚,可对早期胃底贲门癌完成根治性切除术,术后患者康复快、胃肠干扰小,值得进一步探索开展。     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除的可行性及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月至2007年10月行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术59例中合并胆囊切除术6例患者的临床资料. 结果本组59例患者均在腹腔镜辅助下完成胃癌D2根治术,其中远端胃大部切除术30例,近端胃大部切除术18例,全胃切除术11例,无中转开腹,无手术死亡.其中因胆囊结石合并腹腔镜胆囊切除术6例,此6例平均手术时间(335±73) min,术中平均出血量(147±85) ml,平均下床时间(36±14)h,平均胃肠道功能恢复时间(69±28)h,术后平均住院日(12.5±3.8)d.术后随诊3～40个月,平均10.7个月,无胆囊切除相关并发症.结论 对合并胆囊结石或慢性胆囊炎的胃癌患者,在腹腔镜辅助下行胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除术安全、可行,同时具备创伤小,恢复快等优点.     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的可行性及手术方法。方法行腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术15例,D1清扫3例,D2/D2 12例。全部病例均行毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合。结果15例成功进行腹腔镜手术。手术时间平均(218.6±31.6)min,术中出血量平均(132.4±21.3)ml,清扫淋巴结平均(33.4±13.6)个。肿瘤近端切缘(6.6±0.9)cm,远端切缘(5.4±0.6)cm,术后肛门排气时间平均(3.5±0.6)d,无手术死亡,无吻合口漏,术后并发肺部感染1例,经治疗后痊愈。术后随访1~10个月,无肿瘤复发或转移。结论腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术能达到与开腹胃癌标准根治术(D2)的淋巴结清扫范围及肿瘤切缘,且具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

完全3D腹腔镜与开腹胃底贲门癌根治术的对比研究

目的:比较完全3D腹腔镜胃底贲门癌根治术(completely 3D laparoscopic radical resection of the gastric cardia carcinoma,C3DLRRGCC)与开放手术(radical resection of the gastric cardia carcinoma,RRGCC)的优势与不足,探讨完全腹腔镜胃底贲门癌根治术的可行性。方法:选取2012年1月至2014年12月行C3DLRRGCC的96例患者,其中76例行根治性全胃切除术,20例行根治性近端胃切除术,并与108例RRGCC的患者进行回顾性分析,比较其可行性。结果:96例C3DLRRGCC病例均行标准D2淋巴结清扫术。全胃切除术时,开腹组手术时间优于腹腔镜组(P0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数量、术后胃肠道恢复时间、术后切口感染例数、随访期内肠梗阻例数优于开腹组(P0.05),两组患者术后出血例数、吻合口漏发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。近端胃切除时,腹腔镜组术中出血量、胃肠道恢复时间优于开腹组(P0.05)。两组均无术后住院期间死亡病例。结论:C3DLRRGCC是安全、可行的,能达到开腹手术的临床效果与清扫目的。     

超重患者胃食管反流病的腹腔镜治疗

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗超重患者胃食管反流病（gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD）的临床效果.方法 2008年1月~2013年1月,对23例体重指数（BMI）26.1~29.7的超重GERD患者行腹腔镜治疗.单纯胃底折叠术5例（Toupet式）,18例合并食管裂孔疝者行食管裂孔疝修补加胃底折叠术（Nissen式4例,Toupet式14例）.结果 全组手术均获成功,手术时间85~225 min,平均117 min;术中出血量30~200 ml,平均70 ml;术后住院时间4~8 d,平均7 d.无中转开腹及死亡,无术后严重并发症.术后随访1~24个月,平均14个月,其中15例〉12个月,21例治愈,2例缓解.结论 腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补和胃底折叠术治疗超重GERD患者效果满意.     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术：附54例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的安全性和可行性.方法 对54例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术,其中根治性全胃切除术12例,近端胃大部切除术18例,远端胃大部切除术24例;淋巴结清扫D1式29例,D2式25例.结果 54例均成功完成腹腔镜手术.平均手术时间全胃切除(164.4±38.7)min,近端胃切除(142.4±35.2)min,远端胃切除(149.1±35.4)min.平均术中出血量全胃切除(164.6±80.1)mL,近端胃切除(149.5±94.7)mL,远端胃切除(152.5±87.7)mL.清扫淋巴结数平均(19.1±6.2)枚/例.术后平均胃肠功能恢复时间(3.5±0.7)h.术后发生吻合口出血2例,均经非手术治疗止血;无吻合口瘘、吻合口梗阻、十二指肠残端瘘等并发症.术后住院时间平均(9.2±1.7)d.结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术安全、可行;只要严格遵守肿瘤的手术原则,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能够保持肿瘤的根治性,同时能体现手术的微创性.     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术28例临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的安全性和可行性。方法：对28例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术,其中根治性全胃切除术3例,近端胃大部切除术3例,远端胃大部切除术22例;淋巴结清除D1式7例,D2式21例。结果：28例均成功完成腹腔镜手术。平均手术时间：全胃切除（182.4±32.2）min,近端胃切除（162.7±27.5）min,远端胃切除（152.3±29.2）min。平均术中出血量：全胃切除（137.5±72.1）mL,近端胃切除（129.6±86.3）mL,远端胃切除（157.2±74.7）mL。清除淋巴结数平均（17.1±5.3）枚/例。术后平均胃肠功能恢复时间（3.2±0.5）d。术后无吻合口出血、吻合口瘘、吻合口梗阻、十二指肠残端瘘等并发症。术后住院时间平均（7.2±1.5）d。结论：腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术安全、可行;严格遵守肿瘤的手术原则,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能够保持肿瘤的根治性,同时能体现手术的微创性。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的临床应用(附36例报告)

目的:探讨开展腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的临床安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析2010年5月至2012年10月36例腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术患者的临床资料,总结分析患者年龄、临床分期、手术方式、切除范围、手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、并发症及术后随访等情况。结果:36例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术,无一例中转手术。手术时间平均(220.4±35.7)min,术中出血量平均(115.7±40.3)ml,平均清扫淋巴结(14.3±4.2)枚,胃肠道功能平均恢复时间(81.6±15.6)h,下床活动时间平均(71.1±16.2)h。全组患者无吻合口漏、出血、切口感染等手术并发症发生,术后随访无切口种植。结论:对于早期胃癌或较早的进展期胃癌,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术是安全、可行的,手术近期疗效满意,远期疗效尚待进一步观察。对于进展期胃癌,腹腔镜术式的应用及临床疗效仍需进一步探索。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.