星形胶质细胞连接蛋白43及其半通道在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨星形胶质细胞连接蛋白43(Cx43)及其半通道在缺血再灌注(IR)损伤中的作用。方法 32只Wistar鼠被随机分为IR 0 h组、IR 4 h组和IR 24 h组和对照组,每组8只鼠。用免疫组化和Western印迹法检测各组大鼠星形胶质细胞Cx43、半通道抗体1(HC1)和半胱天冬酶3(Casp3)的表达。在氧葡萄糖剥夺-再恢复(OGDR)0 h,4 h和24 h,用MTT法检测星形胶质细胞活性,用免疫组化和Western印迹法检测Cx43,HC1和Casp3表达的改变。结果大鼠星形胶质细胞中HC1的表达明显少于Cx43的表达。与对照组比较,IR 4 h组大鼠脑组织中Cx43、HC1和Casp3的表达明显增加(均P0.05),而IR 0 h组和IR 24 h组却没有明显的变化。OGDR后星形胶质细胞cell line和Psup细胞中Cx43、HC1和Casp3的表达在OGDR 4h组明显高于对照组(均P0.05),在OGDR 24 h组则与对照组差异无统计学意义。OGDR后shRNA星形胶质细胞中Cx43、HC1和Casp3的表达无统计学意义上变化。结论 Cx43及HCl在星形胶质细胞凋亡过程中起到了促进作用,这可能是IR损伤发生及发展的机制之一。     

缺血缺氧对体外培养星形胶质细胞细胞周期和增殖的影响

目的 观察缺血缺氧损伤对星形胶质细胞细胞周期和增殖的影响。方法 用流式细胞仪检测缺血缺氧后不同时问点星形胶质细胞细胞周期变化，并用荧光免疫细胞化学技术测定胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达水平。结果 体外缺血缺氧损伤后星形胶质细胞S期较正常组明显增高，6h达高峰，而随后则呈下降趋势。PCNA阳性反应损伤后表达均增加，6h表达最高；在缺血缺氧早期，GFAP阳性染色增强，6h最高；缺血缺氧12h后GFAP阳性染色变弱。结论 缺血缺氧损伤后星形胶质细胞活化进入增殖期；PCNA参与了损伤后星形胶质细胞的修复和增殖；细胞周期事件与星形胶质细胞的活化密切相关。     

缺血缺氧对体外培养星形胶质细胞细胞周期和周期相关蛋白的影响

目的 观察缺血缺氧损伤对星形胶质细胞细胞周期及细胞周期相关蛋白的影响。方法 用流式细胞仪及Brdu掺入法检测缺血缺氧后不同时间点星形胶质细胞细胞周期变化和细胞的增殖活力；用荧光免疫细胞化学技术测定增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)及细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1的表达水平。结果 体外缺血缺氧损伤后S期星形胶质细胞较正常组明显增加，6h达高峰，Brdu掺入法显示损伤后6h星形胶质细胞的增殖活力最高，而随后S期细胞数目及细胞增殖活力都呈下降趋势。PCNA阳性反应损伤后表达增加，6h表达最高，而cyclin D1的表达在损伤后逐渐增加，在24h时达高峰。结论 缺血缺氧损伤激活星形胶质细胞，使其进入新的细胞周期，出现细胞的增殖反应；PCNA及cyclin D1参与了损伤后星形胶质细胞的修复和增殖；细胞周期事件与星形胶质细胞的增殖活化密切相关。     

PINK1介导缺氧损伤时星形胶质细胞对神经元的保护作用

目的探究星形胶质细胞内PTEN诱导假定激酶1(PINK1)缺失对缺血时神经保护作用的影响及其作用机制。方法离体培养原代星形胶质细胞,使用小干扰RNA(si RNA)沉默PINK1表达,氧糖剥夺(OGD)建立细胞缺氧模型,分为4组:PINK1沉默组(si RNA+转染剂)、空质粒组(空质粒+转染剂)、转染剂组(只加转染剂)和对照组(星形胶质细胞),各组均与神经元共培养;另设立神经元单独培养组。免疫荧光染色观察神经元凋亡情况。定量PCR及ELISA检测星形胶质细胞促红细胞生成素(EPO)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达量;Western blot检测星形胶质细胞内缺血诱导因子(HIF)及核因子κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白水平。结果 OGD损伤后神经元凋亡率较高,与星形胶质细胞共培养后神经元凋亡率显著降低(P0.05)。PINK1基因沉默后共培养神经元凋亡增加,星形胶质细胞EPO及VEGF分泌量减少、胞内EPO及VEGF转录水平降低(P0.05);HIF-1、HIF-2与NF-κB通路活化水平均显著降低(P0.05)。结论星形胶质细胞对OGD损伤神经元有保护作用,其作用通过EPO及VEGF实现;PINK1基因沉默后星形胶质细胞对缺血神经元保护作用减弱,可能与NF-κB通路活化水平降低、HIF激活受损进而下调EPO和VEGF表达量有关。     

七氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接的影响

目的探讨七氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白43(CX-43)以及缝隙连接超微结构的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血对照组(对照组)和七氟醚预处理组。采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,采用透射电镜观察星形胶质细胞间缝隙连接超微结构的改变;脑缺血再灌注24和72 h后,免疫荧光染色和蛋白免疫印迹法检测缺血侧脑组织内CX-43的表达。结果脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组仅残留少量缝隙连接,七氟醚预处理组细胞间缝隙连接超微结构完整。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组CX-43含量显著低于七氟醚预处理组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚预处理可能通过减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后缝隙连接的破坏和CX-43的缺失起到神经保护作用。     

缺氧／复氧对星形胶质细胞AQP4表达的影响

目的 探讨缺氧/复氧对于体外培养星形胶质细胞表达AQP4的影响及缺血性脑血管病脑水肿的发病机制.方法 选取新生24 h Wistar大鼠脑组织行星形胶质细胞原代培养并建立缺氧/复氧模型,应用Western blot和免疫细胞化学法检测星形胶质细胞AQP4的表达变化.结果 与对照组比较,缺氧3 h和6 h星形胶质细胞AQP4蛋白表达减少(P<0.01),复氧后6 h和9 h其表达明显增高(P<0.01).结论 AQP4表达变化与细胞损害相关.     

促红细胞生成素预处理对氧糖剥夺后星形胶质细胞水肿及AQP4表达的影响

目的探讨重组人促红细胞生成素(recombinanthuman erythropoietin,rhEPO)预处理对氧糖剥夺并复氧培养后星形胶质细胞水肿及其水通道蛋白4(aquaporin4,AQP4)表达的影响。方法星形胶质细胞分成:正常组、模型组和rhEPO预处理组。星形胶质细胞在5 h时长的氧糖剥夺后复氧培养至0.5 h、2 h、8 h、24 h四个时间点时,用光镜观察细胞形态变化,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率测定反应细胞的损伤程度,用RT-PCR法及Western blot法测定AQP4的表达变化。结果光镜观察到rhEPO预处理能明显减轻氧糖剥夺后星形胶质细胞水肿的程度。氧糖剥夺后24 h时,LDH漏出率有明显增高(F=80.45,P0.01),rhEPO预处理能明显降低(P0.01)氧糖剥夺后LDH漏出率增高(P0.01)的程度。AQP4的mRNA和蛋白在氧糖剥夺后的表达,各组间有明显差异(8 h时:mRNA:F=49.26,P0.01,蛋白:F=43.13,P0.01);与正常组相比,模型组AQP4在氧糖剥夺后短暂下降后呈上升趋势,至8 h时达峰值(均P0.01),至24 h时未恢复正常水平;与模型组相比,rhEPO预处理组AQP4 mRNA和蛋白在氧糖剥夺后的表达变化趋势与模型组相似,但在各个时间点时的表达均明显降低(8 h时:mRNA:P0.01,蛋白:P0.01)。结论rhEPO预处理能明显减轻5 h氧糖剥夺后的星形胶质细胞水肿,机制可能是其通过降低氧糖剥夺后AQP4的表达水平而实现。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞的细胞周期特征的比较研究

目的比较观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血后星形胶质细胞和神经元细胞周期的变化特征。方法采用线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,利用流式细胞技术检测假手术组和缺血再灌注后不同时间点各组大脑皮层和海马中星形胶质细胞和神经元细胞周期的异常激活和动态变化。结果缺血后大脑皮层中神经元24h时即发生明显细胞周期变化,而3d时进入细胞周期的星形胶质细胞才明显增加;海马中星形胶质细胞却先于神经元进入细胞周期,于24h时细胞周期即发生明显变化,与假手术组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论在不同脑区星形胶质细胞和神经元两者对缺血性脑损伤的敏感性互不相同,并且不同脑区的星形胶质细胞对缺血性脑损伤的敏感性也有不同,脑缺血后2种细胞均出现细胞周期的异常激活。     

缺氧与复氧对星形胶质细胞水通道蛋白-9表达的影响

目的探讨体外培养星形胶质细胞缺氧及复氧后水通道蛋白-9(AQP9)表达的变化特点及其所起的作用。方法取生后2d的Wistar大鼠大脑皮层进行星形胶质细胞纯培养,缺氧时间分别为:12、24、48h,并取缺氧24h后复氧12、24、48h的细胞进行存活率、乳酸脱氢酶活性的测定,采用免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞AQP9的表达。结果缺氧组及复氧组的星形胶质细胞死亡数与对照组相比无明显变化,缺氧和复氧后乳酸脱氢酶活性亦无明显改变(P(0.05),缺氧组细胞AQP9表达较对照组增高,并随缺氧时间延长而明显增高(P<0.05),复氧后24h内AQP9表达逐渐下降,24h后AQP9表达仍未恢复正常水平。结论星形胶质细胞对缺氧较为耐受,缺氧对星形胶质细胞存活能力无明显影响,缺氧引起AQP9的表达上调,而复氧使其表达明显下降。     

氯胺酮对NMDA诱导大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞损伤的保护作用

目的观察氯胺酮对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体过度激活诱导大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞凋亡影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法取新生2～3 d wistar大鼠T11-L6脊髓背角星形胶质细胞原代纯化培养,GFAP鉴定星形胶质细胞纯度达98%后用于实验.将细胞随机分6组:对照组(C组),NMDA组(N组),氯胺酮组(K组)和三种不同浓度氯胺酮加NMDA组(0.1,0.5,1 mmol/L,标记为NK1～NK3组),再培养24 h后检测SOD活性和MDA含量,免疫组化HE复染观察Bcl-2蛋白和形态学变化,流式细胞仪检测星形胶质细胞凋亡率.结果N组细胞发生了大量凋亡,SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量明显增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达不明显;NK3组细胞凋亡被显著抑制,Bcl-2蛋白强阳性表达,SOD活性明显增加和MDA含量低.结论NMDA受体过度激活可诱导大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞大量凋亡,适量氯胺酮显著抑制了细胞凋亡,其机制可能是增强了星形胶质细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达,同时抑制了自由基的产生和增强了SOD活性.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]