526名电焊工人职业暴露现况调查

船舶制造业、钢结构制造业、金属家具制造业等制造工艺以焊接为主,电焊种类主要有手工电弧焊、气保焊、氩弧焊和埋弧焊等,这些焊种均会产生对人体健康危害的因素,如电焊烟尘,有毒气体氮氧化物、臭氧、锰、铝、铁金属气体等。高温、紫外线、噪声等,对电焊工的眼、呼吸系统、听力等造成影响,可导致电焊工尘肺、噪声聋、电光性眼炎等职业病。为了解电焊工作业现状,提出有针对性的防护措施,对上述企业的526名电焊工人进行了调查。     

某地集装箱制造企业电焊工尘肺的流行病学调查

目的 调查广东集装箱制造企业电焊工尘肺发病状况,提出防治对策.方法 采用职业流行病学调查方法研究2家集装箱厂(A、B厂)电焊作业工人电焊工尘肺发病现况.结果 2004年前,工作场所中电焊烟尘浓度合格率较低(0～40%).时间加权平均(TWA)浓度最高达26.7 mg/m3.A厂经通风除尘系统改造,2004年后,合格率达85%.受检的813例电焊作业工人中,诊断电焊工尘肺19例(Ⅰ期15例,Ⅰ期4例),患病率为2.34%(19/813),发病年龄(33.5±4.6)岁,接尘工龄(8.0±2.0)年;X射线胸片表现以圆形小阴影P为主,肺功能测定每分钟最大通气量(MVV)、呼出25%肺活量流速(FEF25%)、FEF50%和FEF75%值明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 集装箱制造业电焊工尘肺具有接尘工龄较短、影像学改变以圆形小阴影P为主的特点.治理电焊烟尘危害是集装箱制造业职业病防治工作的重点.     

萧山区电焊工健康状况调查分析

钢结构制造和金属家具制造的电焊工艺种类主要有二氧化碳气保焊、氩弧焊、手工电弧焊和埋弧焊等,这些焊种均会产生电焊烟尘、臭氧、氮氧化物、紫外线、噪声等有毒有害因素,对电焊工的眼、呼吸道、听力等造成影响,可能导致电焊工尘肺、噪声聋、电光性眼炎等职业病,另外,电焊也可能引起一些工作相关疾病,如烫伤、鼻炎、咽炎等。至今,电焊工尘肺屡见报道,电焊引起的鼻炎、咽炎也不少见。本调查旨在了解萧山区电焊工健康状况及作业环境。     

某钢结构制造企业职业病危害现状调查与分析

为了解某钢结构制造企业职业病危害现状,对该企业进行了职业卫生学调查,对有关职业病危害因素进行检测并进行作业岗位危害分级。结果表明,该企业生产过程中主要存在粉尘、毒物、噪声等职业病危害因素,作业场所空气中电焊尘和锰浓度以及噪声强度超标严重。体检结果与现场检测结果较为吻合,主要表现为电焊工的胸片异常、电焊工及喷砂工的听力下降。企业应采取有效措施,切实做好职业病防制工作。     

结构钢焊条对电焊作业人员职业病危害调查分析

目的调查结构钢焊条在使用过程中产生的职业病危害及对电焊作业人员健康的影响。方法对某市机械制造、机械加工、机械装配行业25个企业进行现场作业环境检测,对其中162名电焊作业工人进行询问调查和职业健康检查,并选择相应企业60名管理人员作对照组。结果作业场所空气中电焊烟尘浓度为0.6~12.3mg/m3;锰浓度为0.06~6.42mg/m3;氟浓度为0.7~11.4mg/m3;NO2浓度为0.23~0.98mg/m3;CO浓度为1.6~14.7mg/m3。162名受检电焊工中诊断为尘肺观察对象(0 )12例(7.4%),Ⅰ期电焊工尘肺1例(0.6%);慢性轻度锰中毒24例(14.8%);尿氟明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。患过电光性眼炎有91例(56.2%);视力减退42例(25.8%);眼晶体出现混浊75例(46.3%)。结论结构钢焊条存在职业病危害因素种类多,其中应高度关注电焊烟尘、锰、氟、弧光对作业人员健康的影响。     

电焊工尘肺(附五例报告)

焊接工艺在工业生产中的应用非常广泛。手工焊接的主要职业性危害有电光性眼炎、氟化物及氮氧化合物引起的呼吸道损害、锰中毒,以及吸入电焊烟尘所致的尘肺。关于电焊工尘肺的问题国内外均有过报导。现将我们见到的五例电焊工尘肺病例综合报告如下;并结合生产环境中分动卫生的调查,对电焊工尘肺的性质、特点,以及诊断和处理等方面予以分析讨论。     

某汽包加工制造企业职业病危害因素调查

[目的]了解汽包加工制造企业存在的职业病危害因素以及所采取的职业病危害防护措施,为该行业的职业卫生工作提供参考依据。[方法]采用现场职业卫生学调查和职业病危害因素检测,选择有代表性的粉尘6个检测点、锰及其化合物5个检测点、噪声12个检测点、苯系物1个检测点。[结果]该企业存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘、锰及其化合物、噪声及苯系物。其中锰及其化合物、苯系物合格率均为100%;粉尘、噪声合格率均为66.7%。[结论]粉尘、噪声作为汽包加工制造行业的重点控制因素,其所涉及的浓度超标岗位为关键控制点。     

电焊工尘肺五例报告

手把焊接的主要职业性危害有电光性眼炎、氟化物及氮氧化合物引起的呼吸道损害、锰中毒以及吸入烟尘所致的尘肺。现将我们发现的五例电焊工尘肺病例综合报告如下。     

电焊工尘肺(附五例报告)

焊接工艺在工业生产中的应用非常广泛。手工焊接的主要职业性危害有电光性眼炎、氟化物及氮氧化合物引起的呼吸道损害、锰中毒,以及吸入电焊烟尘所致的尘肺。关于电焊工尘肺的问题国内外均有过报导(1)(2)(5)(6)(8)。现将我们见到的五例电焊工尘肺病例综合报告如下;并结合生产环境中劳动卫生的调查,对电焊工尘肺的性质、特点,以及诊断和处理等方面予以分析讨论。     

某玻璃建材厂职业病危害现状调查分析

目的 分析某玻璃建材厂职业病危害现状, 为职业病防治工作提供科学依据。
方法 对某玻璃建材企业开展现场职业卫生调查、职业病危害因素检测和职业健康检查等, 并对结果进行统计分析。
结果 某玻璃建材厂主要职业病危害因素为粉尘、噪声、高温、铅及其化合物、锰及其化合物、聚对苯二酸丁二酯、苯乙烯、丙酮、丁酮、硫化氢、氟化物、苯酚、氨、一氧化碳、二氧化碳等。现场检测结果显示, 工作场所空气中总粉尘浓度合格率为75.0%, 呼吸性粉尘浓度合格率为97.0%;铅、氟化氢、苯乙烯等13种化学物浓度合格率为97.5%;噪声声级合格率为84.9%;湿球黑球温度指数合格率为76.5%。职业健康检查376人, 检出疑似职业性尘肺病2例, 职业禁忌证12例(粉尘作业5例、噪声作业3例、高温作业4例), 高频听力损失45例, 通气功能或小气道功能损伤139例, 血白细胞异常2例。
结论 玻璃建材企业属于"职业病危害严重的建设项目", 该企业职业病危害严重, 应加强职业病危害的预防控制工作。
     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.