颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理

 目的 探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理对策。方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年12月采用颈椎前路手术治疗2348例颈椎疾患患者资料,其中5例发生食管瘘,男3例,女2例;年龄14~48岁,平均34岁;颈椎外伤3例,颈椎病1例,颈椎结核1例。1例患者术中发现食管瘘,给予修补;另4例均为术后发现,行清创探查引流术,其中1例探查时发现食管瘘口遂给予修补,1例仅行清创探查术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出及肌瓣填塞术。给予禁食、营养支持、伤口引流及抗生素治疗;定期吞服亚甲蓝,观察漏口情况。结果 经过9～61周治疗,所有患者食管瘘口愈合,恢复进食。随访6～48个月,无一例发生食管瘘复发、颈椎失稳及迟发感染;吞咽功能均良好;患者原有颈部疾患治疗效果均满意,颈椎外伤患者Frankel分级平均提高1级,颈椎病患者JOA评分由术前9分提高至术后15分。结论 采用食管瘘口修补、肌瓣填塞以及引流手术,并严格禁食禁水、营养支持,必要时取出内固定物,多数颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的患者能获得满意的疗效。术中仔细轻柔操作是预防食管瘘发生的关键。     

置管并负压引流治疗颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘

目的探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及预防措施,并观察置管冲洗负压引流治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析自2001-03—2014-10诊治的18例颈椎前路手术并发的食管瘘。3例行一期清创、瘘道口缝合,放置引流管引流。4例行一期清创、瘘道口部分缝合,伤口畅开呋喃西林纱条填塞。11例行一期清创、瘘道口缝合,放置冲洗管和负压引流管。结果 18例均获得随访2~36个月,平均12个月。一期清创、瘘道口缝合、负压引流11例中1例因瘘道口未愈合,反复感染,经长期换药20周窦道形成,随访36个月后窦道未完全愈合。将一期清创、瘘道口缝合、单纯引流和呋南西林纱条填塞治愈的7例定为换药组,将一期清创、瘘道口缝合、负压引流治愈的10例定为冲洗组。换药组食管瘘停止时间为(11.2±6.8)周,冲洗组为(4.2±4.9)周,冲洗组食管瘘停止时间明显早于换药组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.848,P0.05)。结论颈椎前路术后并发食管瘘治疗较棘手,在结合手术修补、全身支持治疗的同时,采用置管冲洗并负压引流的方法治疗可以取得较满意的疗效。     

颈椎前路手术并发食道瘘的诊断与治疗

目的探讨颈椎前路手术并发食道瘘的原因、诊断、治疗及预防。方法对1985～2003年诊治的13例因行颈前路手术出现食道瘘的病例进行分析。结果颈椎前路手术后食道瘘的发生原因：(1)术中拉钩长时间压迫食道,致牵拉处食道缺血坏死6例;(2)颈椎内固定物松动脱落致损伤食道3例;(3)颈椎植骨块松动脱落,致食道损伤2例;(4)手术中器械直接损伤食道1例;(5)手术中颈椎内固定物将食道嵌入,致食道损伤1例。诊断：术后出现高热、咽部疼痛、伤口肿胀、进食时伤口内有食物残渣或液体流出等,即考虑食道瘘的发生。行食道造影可明确诊断。治疗：禁食、水,下胃管;拆除切口缝线,敞开切口引流,换药;待伤口炎症反应消退,行食道修补术。结论颈椎前路手术致食道瘘的发生原因较多,应采取措施预防其发生,并采取正确的治疗方法处理已经出现的食道瘘,总体来说,其治疗效果良好。     

颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的治疗

目的 :探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的治疗措施及其效果。方法 :回顾性分析2006年9月~2016年7月颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的8例患者资料,其中男6例,女2例;年龄31~71岁(52.32±13.05岁)。外伤性颈椎骨折4例(其中强直性脊柱炎2例),颈椎病2例,颈椎结核1例,颈椎畸形1例。术中发现食管瘘1例,当即给予修补;术后早发性(1个月内)食管瘘6例,其中2例经呋喃西林纱布条换药处理,2例行清创探查引流术并在术中给予修补,1例清创探查术后给予胸锁乳突肌瓣填塞,1例因脓毒血症死亡;迟发性(1个月后)食管瘘1例,行内固定取出清创探查,并肌瓣填塞。同时所有患者行伤口细菌培养,应用敏感抗生素,鼻饲饮食加强营养等治疗。结果:1例强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折脱位患者,于术后第4天出现食管瘘,术后第7天因脓毒血症死亡;其余7例食管瘘口均愈合,愈合时间为2周~2.5个月;随访1~5年(2.86±1.36年),7例均无复发,且吞咽功能良好。结论:依据食管瘘发生的时间,结合其大小和污染程度采取不同的治疗方案,可取得较好的疗效。     

负压引流治疗腹部手术切口渗液18例

目的 探讨皮下持续负压引流术对腹部切口脂肪液化或感染的治疗作用.方法 选取2001年7月至2011年9月行腹部手术的病人36例,随机分为传统方法组与负压引流组各18例,传统组按传统方法对液化或感染伤口进行部分拆线撑开,挤压切口下渗血、渗液填塞纱条引流换药,创面肉芽理想后二期缝合.负压引流组切口敞开清创放置负压引流管后缝合切口,连续3d无引流液且体温正常后拔管,术后常规时间拆线,均达到甲级愈合.结果 对照组切口完全愈合时间8～35 d,平均21 d;负压引流组切口愈合时间7～10d,平均8.2d;两组对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 在腹部术后切口液化或感染采用敞开切口清创缝合并放置持续负压引流能早期达到切口愈合,简单、有效,值得基层医院推广使用.     

早期清创闭合负压引流治疗颈椎后路术后切口感染的疗效观察

目的观察早期清创闭合负压引流术治疗颈椎后路术后切口感染的临床疗效。方法对本院2006年5月至2012年5月,共收治的9例颈椎后路手术后切口感染患者早期行清创术,术中使用闭合负压引流术保持切口密闭状态,接负压引流冲洗6～8天,拆除装置后予切口缝合,切口内留置真空负压引流管,外接真空负压引流瓶,2～3天后拔除,9～12天后拆线。结果 9例患者切口均完全愈合,随访6～18个月,颈部切口愈合,无窦道形成。结论早期清创闭合负压引流术治疗颈椎后路术后切口感染有效,值得临床推广。     

颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏的处理

目的 探讨颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏（CSFL）的处理方法及其疗效。方法 对11例颈椎手术并发CSFL的患者，后路手术采用自体筋膜修补2例，前路手术采用自体筋膜明胶海绵堵塞9例，手术后仍存在CSFL患者采取去枕头高足低位、延长脱水剂应用时间、行腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流。结果 2例后路手术CSFL患者修补成功。9例前路行硬膜堵塞患者4例仍有CSFL，行腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流，切口引流或漏出0—3d停止．切口在引流后7d拆线均愈合。结论 CSFL术中采用修补或堵塞硬膜破口术后采用头高足低位、延长脱水剂应用时间可减少手术后CSFL的发生；术后持续腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流，能有效终止切口内CSFL，有利于切口愈合，避免感染发生。     

颈前路术后口服亚甲蓝诊断早期食管损伤

[目的]探讨一种早期发现颈椎前路手术后食管瘘的诊断方法。[方法]回顾性分析2006年1月～2018年12月在5所三甲医院脊柱外科采用颈椎前路手术治疗的6 182例颈椎疾病患者资料,所有患者均在术后2～6 h即开始口服亚甲蓝溶液,若引流管内或切口内有蓝色液体渗出,则考虑存在食管瘘。[结果] 1例颈椎结核患者术中发现食管瘘,未进行修补;10例在术后第1 d口服完500 ml亚甲蓝溶液后发现了早期食管瘘,无迟发性食管瘘发生。所有患者均采取禁饮食,留置胃空肠管,预防感染及对症营养支持治疗后获得治愈。[结论]颈椎前路手术后并发食管瘘诊疗的关键是早期发现,进食之前留置胃空肠管旷置处理即可治愈。颈前路术后口服亚甲蓝是一种安全,有效、值得推广的诊断早期食管瘘的方法。     

腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后迟发性深部感染的外科治疗

目的探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补术后迟发性深部感染的外科治疗体会。 方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2018年6月,苏州工业园区星湖医院30例行腹股沟疝无张力修补术后出现迟发性深部感染患者的临床资料,并对患者的一般情况进行研究分析。30例患者均进行手术治疗,清创、取出补片、敞开创面、负压封闭引流、定期换药,观察治疗后患者的愈合情况。 结果所有患者给予清创手术后取出补片,30例患者均获甲级愈合,住院时间10～35 d,平均住院时间为（22.3±2.4）d,术后对患者进行为期8～12个月的病情随访,平均（9.2±1.5）个月,术后无疝复发。 结论通过手术取出补片,敞开创面,负压封闭引流,定期换药,及时对症处理可有效治疗腹股沟无张力修补术后迟发性深部感染,减轻患者痛苦。术前完善相关检查,术中要求严格执行无菌操作,规范的手术操作以及合适补片的选择是预防补片感染的关键。     

颈椎前路手术并发脑脊液漏的防治

[目的]探讨颈椎前路手术减压并发脑脊液漏的原因及防治措施。[方法]回顾分析本院2000年5月～2007年8月行颈椎前路手术624例，发生脑脊液漏19例。采用术中明胶海绵、筋膜片封堵，配合术后头低脚高位，细盐袋适度加压，保持切口干燥及腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流等方法治疗。[结果]12例经采用术中填塞封堵明胶海绵的方法，切口Ⅰ期愈合。5例术中填塞封堵明胶海绵，术后抬高床尾，颈部适度加压，对症处理，7～10d切口愈合。2例采用腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流，术后2周切口愈合。[结论]颈椎前路手术并发脑脊液漏，采用明胶海绵、筋膜片填塞封堵，紧密缝合切口，抬高床尾，颈前适度均匀加压，腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续引流等方法，是行之有效的非手术治疗措施。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.