颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的诊断和治疗

<正>食管瘘(esophageal perforation)是颈椎前路手术一种少见的严重并发症,可导致伤口感染、纵隔感染、化脓性脑膜炎、败血症等并发症,严重者可导致患者死亡[1-2]。由于食管瘘在临床上比较少见,专题文献报道的病例数较少,治疗手段和效果也不完全一致。因此目前没有针对颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的统一治疗方案。本文从以下几方面对此专题做一综述。     

置管并负压引流治疗颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘

目的探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及预防措施,并观察置管冲洗负压引流治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析自2001-03—2014-10诊治的18例颈椎前路手术并发的食管瘘。3例行一期清创、瘘道口缝合,放置引流管引流。4例行一期清创、瘘道口部分缝合,伤口畅开呋喃西林纱条填塞。11例行一期清创、瘘道口缝合,放置冲洗管和负压引流管。结果 18例均获得随访2~36个月,平均12个月。一期清创、瘘道口缝合、负压引流11例中1例因瘘道口未愈合,反复感染,经长期换药20周窦道形成,随访36个月后窦道未完全愈合。将一期清创、瘘道口缝合、单纯引流和呋南西林纱条填塞治愈的7例定为换药组,将一期清创、瘘道口缝合、负压引流治愈的10例定为冲洗组。换药组食管瘘停止时间为(11.2±6.8)周,冲洗组为(4.2±4.9)周,冲洗组食管瘘停止时间明显早于换药组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.848,P0.05)。结论颈椎前路术后并发食管瘘治疗较棘手,在结合手术修补、全身支持治疗的同时,采用置管冲洗并负压引流的方法治疗可以取得较满意的疗效。     

颈椎前路术后两次食管瘘1例报道

<正>食管瘘(esophageal perforation)是颈椎前路手术一种少见的严重并发症,其发生率为0.3%~4%~([1])。食管瘘可导致吞咽困难和疼痛、肺炎、发热、胸痛、呼吸困难、消瘦、甚至致命等,但也有无症状的报道。目前已有大量文献报道食管瘘的病例~([1]),也有1例多发性食管瘘的报道~([2]),本院收治1例颈椎前路术     

颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理

 目的 探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理对策。方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年12月采用颈椎前路手术治疗2348例颈椎疾患患者资料,其中5例发生食管瘘,男3例,女2例;年龄14~48岁,平均34岁;颈椎外伤3例,颈椎病1例,颈椎结核1例。1例患者术中发现食管瘘,给予修补;另4例均为术后发现,行清创探查引流术,其中1例探查时发现食管瘘口遂给予修补,1例仅行清创探查术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出及肌瓣填塞术。给予禁食、营养支持、伤口引流及抗生素治疗;定期吞服亚甲蓝,观察漏口情况。结果 经过9～61周治疗,所有患者食管瘘口愈合,恢复进食。随访6～48个月,无一例发生食管瘘复发、颈椎失稳及迟发感染;吞咽功能均良好;患者原有颈部疾患治疗效果均满意,颈椎外伤患者Frankel分级平均提高1级,颈椎病患者JOA评分由术前9分提高至术后15分。结论 采用食管瘘口修补、肌瓣填塞以及引流手术,并严格禁食禁水、营养支持,必要时取出内固定物,多数颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的患者能获得满意的疗效。术中仔细轻柔操作是预防食管瘘发生的关键。     

颈椎前路手术致食管瘘6例临床报道

<正>食管瘘是颈椎前路手术最为致命的并发症,据报道:发生率0.04%～0.25%,病死率高达6%～45%,目前国内报道不多,现     

颈椎前路手术后食道瘘

颈椎前路手术后食道瘘马庆军１党耕町１蔡钦林１娄思权１刘忠军１颈椎前路手术后食道瘘属罕见的严重并发症。据Ｃｈｅｎ〔１〕等统计，本并发症的死亡率为９％～４５％。为引起重视，现报告２例，并结合文献对其原因、诊断及治疗作一回顾。例１，男性，４２岁。颈椎外伤１...     

颈椎前路手术迟发食管出血1例报告

患者男,40岁。4年前无明显诱因出现双下肢无力、僵硬,行走费力,并有姿势改变,大小便正常。近半年症状明显加重,站立、行走不稳,排尿费力,双上肢麻木,左上肢肌肉萎缩明显。曾行扩血管、神经营养治疗,未见明显好转。入院查体:扶入病室,痉挛步态。颈部僵硬,屈10°,伸15°,左上肢三角肌肌力4级,肌张力正常,左肘下周径较右侧短3cm,双下肢肌力4级弱,肌张力高。双上肢腱反射亢进,Hofffmann征阳性,Rossolimo征阳性。双下肢膝腱反射亢进,踝阵挛阳性,病理反射阳性,腹壁、提睾、肛门反射均消失。X线片示颈椎前缘骨赘增生,颈部生理曲度变直。MRI示C3/…     

颈椎前路内固定术后食管瘘

目的探讨颈椎前路内固定术后食管瘘的病因、治疗及预防措施。方法总结1999年以来5例患者,采用手术清创、钢板取出,瘘口修补或旷置,术后严格禁食水,加强支持治疗及抗感染等。结果经0.5-6个月全部病例均愈合恢复进食,随访3-24个月无复发。结论颈椎前路内固定术后食管瘘是一种严重的并发症,关键在于预防,发生后常需取出内固定钢板。     

颈椎前路术后并发食管念珠菌病1例

正患者,男,48岁,因高处坠落致颈部疼痛、四肢无力1 h于2017年1月1日入院。既往体健,无免疫抑制剂应用史。入院体格检查:体温36℃,脉搏56次/分,呼吸20次/分,血压82/43 mm Hg,血氧饱和度95%。神志清楚,全身浅表淋巴结未触及肿大及压痛;双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿罗音。腹膜刺激征(-),肝脾肋下未触及。自双肩平面以下感觉减退,肛门周围感觉正常,双上肢肌力Ⅰ级,左下肢肌力Ⅰ级,右下肢肌力Ⅱ级,肛门括约肌功能正常,病理征(-)。胸片、心电图及相关实验室检查无异常,腹部     

颈椎前路手术并发食道瘘的诊断与治疗

目的探讨颈椎前路手术并发食道瘘的原因、诊断、治疗及预防。方法对1985～2003年诊治的13例因行颈前路手术出现食道瘘的病例进行分析。结果颈椎前路手术后食道瘘的发生原因：(1)术中拉钩长时间压迫食道,致牵拉处食道缺血坏死6例;(2)颈椎内固定物松动脱落致损伤食道3例;(3)颈椎植骨块松动脱落,致食道损伤2例;(4)手术中器械直接损伤食道1例;(5)手术中颈椎内固定物将食道嵌入,致食道损伤1例。诊断：术后出现高热、咽部疼痛、伤口肿胀、进食时伤口内有食物残渣或液体流出等,即考虑食道瘘的发生。行食道造影可明确诊断。治疗：禁食、水,下胃管;拆除切口缝线,敞开切口引流,换药;待伤口炎症反应消退,行食道修补术。结论颈椎前路手术致食道瘘的发生原因较多,应采取措施预防其发生,并采取正确的治疗方法处理已经出现的食道瘘,总体来说,其治疗效果良好。     

Esophagus perforation complicating anterior cervical spine surgery

Purpose  

To study the diagnosis and treatment strategy of esophagus perforation complicating anterior cervical spine surgery.     

Oesophageal perforation after anterior cervical surgery: management in four patients

Background  Oesophageal perforation related to anterior cervical surgery is an uncommon but well recognised and potentially life-threatening complication with an incidence of 0–3.4%. Our experience with this complication and a review of the literature are presented. Method  We retrospectively reviewed our clinical experience over 10 years and found four patients in whom an oesophageal perforation was recognised after anterior surgery for cervical spine trauma. In three patients the perforation was noticed in the early post-operative period and the other had a delayed presentation. In all patients, the hardware was removed, long-term intravenous antibiotics were administered and parenteral nutrition was instituted. In two patients a primary suture of the perforation was performed and in one of these an additional sternocleidomastoid myoplasty was carried out as well. One patient had conservative treatment and one died before closure of the perforation could be performed. Findings  The two patients, in whom surgical repair of the perforation was performed, recovered well with residual neurological deficits as expected due to the cervical trauma. In the patient in whom conservative treatment was instituted, healing of the perforation occurred. One patient died due to systemic complications, indirectly related to the perforation. Conclusions  Although not very frequent and sometimes difficult to diagnose, oesophageal perforations after anterior cervical surgery constitute a potentially life-threatening complication. Diagnosis is made by imaging or endoscopic studies, but clinical suspicion is most important. Basic treatment consists of surgery with removal of hardware, drainage of abscesses, primary closure of the perforation if possible, parenteral nutrition and antibiotic therapy. Residual instability should be recognised in time and may be anticipated in patients in whom there has been little time for solid bony fusion. Successful management depends on early diagnosis and immediate institution of treatment.     

Late hypopharyngo-esophageal perforation after cervical spine surgery: proposal of a therapeutic strategy

Background: Hypopharynx and esophagus are occasionally at risk of perforation after cervical spine surgery. Although relatively rare—compared to the frequency of anterior instrumentation—hypopharyngo-esophageal perforation has to be considered as a late complication. An interdisciplinary surgical strategy is required for treatment. Materials and methods: We herein propose a flow sheet for an interdisciplinary treatment strategy. The concept is based on the authors personal experiences with this rare complication in a high-volume center for esophageal surgery. Results: Our interdisciplinary surgical strategy is based on three central parameters that determine the course of treatment: (1) The patients general condition and signs of systemic infection determine the requirement for critical care management. (2) The stability of the spine (to be addressed by the orthopedic surgeon) determines the requirement for dorsal stabilization, prior to the mandatory removal of the anterior osteosynthesis material that is damaging the hypopharyngo-esophageal structures. (3) The surgical strategy for treatment of the gastrointestinal perforation—the decision to undertake either primary repair or resection—is based on its morphological characteristics; whether it is covered or free, whether it is associated with severe local infection or not, whether the defect is small or large. Conclusions: Hypopharyngo-esophageal perforations after spine surgery are an interdisciplinary challenge, best treated by a concert of specialists (ICU, orthopedic surgeon, and gastrointestinal surgeon).     

Pharyngocutaneous fistula after anterior cervical spine surgery

Pharyngocutaneous fistulae are rare complications of anterior spine surgery occurring in less than 0.1% of all anterior surgery cases. We report a case of a 19 year old female who sustained a C6 burst fracture with complete quadriplegia. She was treated urgently with a C6 corpectomy with anterior cage and plating followed by posterior cervical stabilization at another institution. Post operatively she developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula that failed to heal despite several attempts of closure and esophageal exclusion with a Jpeg tube. The patient was eventually successfully treated with a three-stage procedure consisting of firstly a posterior approach to reinforce the posterior stabilization of the cervical spine that was felt to be inadequate, secondly an anterior approach with removal of all the anterior instrumentation followed by iliac crest bone graft and thirdly a superior based sternocleidomastoid flap that was interposed between the esophagus and the anterior cervical spine. The patient's fistula healed successfully. However, yet asymptomatic, the anterior iliac crest bone graft resorbed almost completely at 16 months follow up. In light of this complication, we discuss the surgical options for the treatment of pharyngocutaneous fistulae and the closure of this fistula using a superiorly based sternocleidomastoid muscle flap.     

颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症

 目的 探讨颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症的发生率及其诊疗策略。方法 对2001年1月至2011年12月2316例行颈椎前路内固定手术患者发生的中远期食管并发症情况进行回顾性分析。食管中远期并发症包括术后2周以上发生的食管穿孔、食管气管瘘、食管皮下瘘、食管憩室、食管胸膜瘘及食管狭窄等。结果 共4例患者发生中远期食管并发症,发生率为0.17%(４/２３1６),其中食管穿孔发生率为0.09%(2例)。病例1为31岁男性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C5)术后7年发现食管憩室合并食管穿孔。手术取出内固定,清创后切除憩室,胸骨舌骨肌及肩胛舌骨肌肌瓣修补食管。病例2为46岁男性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C5)术后3年发现食管憩室。手术取出内固定,切除食管憩室,胸骨舌骨肌及肩胛舌骨肌肌瓣修补食管。病例3为58岁女性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C6)术后5年出现食管憩室。手术取出内固定,切除食管憩室,胸锁乳突肌肌瓣修补食管。病例4为56岁女性患者,钛网植骨融合加钢板内固定(C6)术后3年出现食管穿孔。手术取出内固定,清创后胸锁乳突肌肌瓣修补食管。4例患者术后食管并发症均获得成功治疗,恢复良好。结论 颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症的发生率较低,X线片、消化道造影及消化道内镜检查是主要的诊断方法,手术是其主要的治疗手段。     

颈椎前路手术早期并发症

目的:分析总结颈椎前路手术早期并发症的原因,探索防范策略和治疗措施.方法:总结1999年7月～2003年7月在本院接受颈椎前路手术的412例患者的临床资料.手术方式:环锯椎体次全切除减压、椎间盘切除减压、肿瘤椎体切除、病灶清除、齿状突骨折复位螺钉内固定、下颈椎骨折脱位复位内固定;植骨方式:大块自体髂骨植骨、髂骨块椎间植骨、PEEK Cage椎间融合器髂骨植骨融合、钛网髂骨植骨融合;多数患者采用前路钛板固定.术后328例出现早期并发症.结果:276例出现术后咽喉部刺激症状,是最多见的并发症,预后好;62例出现低钠血症,常发生在一般情况较差的老年患者和严重颈椎创伤的患者,病情顽固,纠正困难;10例脑脊液漏;8例喉返神经损伤皆为一过性,术中可以即刻出现,是最早出现的并发症;4例死亡,瘫痪加重7例,此二者是最严重的并发症;5例刀口内血肿;2例髂骨取骨处刀口脂肪液化;2例刀口感染;1例食道瘘.植入物并发症2例,钛板螺钉打入椎间隙.3例行早期翻修手术.结论:颈椎前路手术并发症较多,咽喉部刺激症状被忽视,此种并发症相当多见,但痊愈快,预后好.多数并发症可以治愈,部分可导致严重后果甚至死亡,围手术期严格管理和手术规范化是减少并发症的关键.     

颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的相关因素分析

目的:探讨颈椎前路手术后发生吞咽困难的相关因素。方法:随访2008年8月～2010年7月收治的颈椎前路手术患者135例,其中男82例,女53例;年龄32～80岁,平均58.2岁;诊断为脊髓型颈椎病58例,神经根型颈椎病32例,混合型颈椎病18例,后纵韧带骨化症27例。入院后均由同一组医师治疗,手术方式分为颈椎前路减压融合术(ACDF)、颈椎前路次全切减压融合术(ACCF)和人工颈椎间盘置换术(TDR)。观察患者手术后是否存在吞咽困难:对于存在吞咽困难的患者均静脉应用甲泼尼松龙及对症治疗。结果:术后共有36例(26.7%)患者出现吞咽困难,男11例,女25例,年龄42～80岁,平均59.6岁;其余99例,年龄32~76岁,平均52.3岁,发生吞咽困难者平均年龄显著高于未发生者(P<0.05)。发生吞咽困难患者中使用钛板内固定35例,其中单节段2例(9.1%),双节段13例(21.0%),多节段(包括三节段及三节段以上者)20例(52.6%);颈椎人工椎间盘置换者1例;术后吞咽困难发生率使用内固定者较人工椎间盘置换者高(P<0.05),多节段内固定者较单、双节段者明显升高(P<0.05)。手术最高节段累及C2或C3者23例,术后吞咽困难发生率26.1%;累及C4或C5者88例,发生率28.4%;累及C6或C7者24例,发生率20.1%,三组两两比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。吞咽困难者的手术时间、失血量及住院天数与未发生吞咽困难者比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。35例(97.2%)患者的吞咽困难症状在术后6个月内减轻或消失,1例至随访1年时症状才消失。结论:女性、高龄、使用钛板内置物、手术节段多可能是颈椎前路手术后发生吞咽困难的相关因素,临床医生应给予相应重视和采取相应措施以减少其发生。     

Fracture of the thoracic spine with paralysis and esophageal perforation

A 17-year-old young man presented with a highly unstable fracture dislocation of the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae with neurological deficit, in which the fractured spine had perforated the thoracic esophagus. Open reduction and internal fixation of the spinal fractures in combination with aggressive treatment of the mediastinitis caused by esophageal perforation, consisting of two re-thoracotomies, was performed. Two years after the accident, the patient had recovered well. The neurological deficit had recovered, and there were no difficulties with swallowing.