尼美舒利分散片在健康人体内的药代动力学及生物等效性的LC-MS/MS研究

目的:建立人血浆中尼美舒利浓度的LC-MS/MS测定法,并用于尼美舒利分散片的药代动力学和生物等效性研究。方法:采用自身双交叉试验设计,20名男性受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量口服100 mg受试制剂或参比制剂,0～24 h间隔采集血样。以LC-MS/MS内标法测定尼美舒利血药浓度,使用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液(82∶18,v/v);多反应监测[M+H]+离子通道分别为m/z 309.1→m/z 153.9(尼美舒利)和m/z 237.1→m/z 194.0(内标卡马西平),DAS 2.1计算药动学参数。结果:建立的LC-MS/MS法在0.075～12μg·mL-1范围内色谱响应与浓度相关性良好,最低定量限为0.075μg·mL-1,批内及批间精密度RSD均小于15%。受试制剂与参比制剂的Tmax分别为(3.0±0.7)h和(3.5±1.0)h,Cmax分别为(4.863±1.194)μg·mL-1和(4.657±1.038)μg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(3.2±1.0)h和(3.3±1.1)h,AUC0-24 h分别为(32.35±12.50)h·μg·mL-1和(32.32±11.69)h·μg·mL-1,相对生物利用度F为(105.2%±35.0)%。结论:建立的LC-MS/MS法准确、灵敏,结果可靠,测得尼美舒利受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中氯马斯汀浓度

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中氯马斯汀浓度,并进行其药代动力学和生物等效性研究。方法:血浆样品以苯海拉明为内标,经提取溶剂[正己烷-二氯甲烷-异丙醇(30∶20∶1)]萃取后进行LC-MS/MS分析。采用高效液相色谱分离系统,色谱柱为Inertsil Hilic C18柱(150 mm×3.0 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈10 mmo·lL-1醋酸铵溶液)-甲酸(40∶60∶1)。采用质谱检测系统,ESI离子源,正离子模式,多级反应监测(MRM)方式,m/z344→215(氯马斯汀),m/z256→167(内标,苯海拉明)。结果:在0.01～5.0 ng·mL-1范围内,氯马斯汀血药浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9972),精密度RSD%均小于10%,准确度在90.8%～102%。结论:本测定方法灵敏准确,适用于人血浆中氯马斯汀浓度的测定。     

LC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中的磷酸可待因

目的建立灵敏、快速的LC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中磷酸可待因浓度的方法。方法血浆样品经乙醚-二氯甲烷(60∶40)萃取后,以甲酸-10 mmol·L-1乙酸-甲醇(0.2∶62∶38)为流动相,盐酸利多卡因为内标,采用Phenomenex C18(150 mm×2 mm,3μm)色谱柱进行分离,流速0.2 mL·min-1,进样量10μL;LC-MS/MS法选择反应监测方式,定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z 300→165(磷酸可待因)和m/z 235→86(盐酸利多卡因)。结果 0.08～16 ng·mL-1磷酸可待因与峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.9977);其最低定量下限为0.08 ng·mL-1,绝对回收率大于85%,批间和批内的变异系数小于15%。结论所用方法操作简便、快速、选择性好、灵敏度高,适用于磷酸可待因的生物等效性及药物动力学的研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度北大核心CSCD

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度。方法:人血浆样本用乙酸乙酯提取后,选用Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以乙腈-10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(80∶20)为流动相,流速为0.20 mL.min-1;选用三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,正离子方式,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z367.5→m/z184.1(艾普拉唑)和m/z 383.2→m/z 266.8(内标氯雷他定)。结果:艾普拉唑和氯雷他定的保留时间分别为2.0 min和3.9 min;血浆中艾普拉唑的线性范围为5～1500 ng.mL-1(r>0.99),定量下限为5 ng.mL-1;日内、日间RSD均小于15%;低、中、高3个浓度下的提取回收率分别为(76.5±4.9)%、(78.8±6.3)%、(77.1±4.9)%。结论:该方法快速、灵敏、准确,专属性强,重复性好,适用于人血浆中艾普拉唑浓度的测定,可应用于艾普拉唑肠溶片的人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中替利定和去甲替利定的质量浓度

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中替利定和去甲替利定的质量浓度。方法:选用Agilent-Zorbax-Eclipse-XDB-C18色谱柱,以甲醇-1 mmol·L-1醋酸铵(75∶25)为流动相,采用正离子,多反应监测方式测定样品质量浓度。用于定量分析的离子对分别为[M+H]+m/z 274.3→m/z 155.1(替利定),[M+H]+m/z 260.2→m/z 155.1(去甲替利定)和[M+H]+m/z 284.8→m/z 192.9(地西泮)。结果:血浆样品中,替利定在0.5～250 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9936),最低定量质量浓度为0.5 ng·mL-1;去甲替利定在1～500 ng·mL-1范围线性关系良好(r=0.9948),最低定量质量浓度为1 ng·mL-1。二者日内与日间RSD均小于15%,平均回收率高,且稳定性均较好。结论:本方法简便快速、灵敏准确、特异性强,适用于盐酸替利定和去甲替利定的体内药代动力学研究。     

人血浆中卡巴拉汀及其代谢物NAP226-90的LC-MS/MS测定研究

目的：建立LC-MS/MS法同时检测卡巴拉汀及其代谢物NAP226-90血药浓度。方法：血浆经甲基叔丁基醚-二氯甲烷提取预处理,用Phenomenex-curocil PFP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,0.1%甲酸0.05%甲酸铵溶液-0.1%甲酸0.05%甲酸铵甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,ESI正离子化三重四极杆质谱MRM测定,检测反应离子对：卡巴拉汀m/z 251.0→206.0、NAP226-90 m/z 166.0→121.0、内标（美托洛尔）m/z 268.4→74.3。结果：卡巴拉汀及NAP226-90血药浓度在0.2～30 ng·mL-1范围内均线性关系良好,定量下限均为0.2 ng·mL-1,经方法学验证符合生物样品测定要求。结论：建立的LC-MS/MS方法可用于重酒石酸卡巴拉汀胶囊人体药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)。方法:100μL血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(60:40:1.5)为流动相,经Neucleosil ODS柱(50 mm×2.0 mm,5μm)分离,采用电喷雾电离源,以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 705→m/z 392(伊曲康唑),m/z 721→m/z 408(羟基伊曲康唑)和m/z 383→m/z 337(内标氯雷他定)。结果:测定血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的线性范围分别为:10～2 500 ng.mL-1和20～4 000ng.mL-1,最低定量限(LLOQ)分别为:10和20 ng.mL-1。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均<15.0%,准确度(RE)在±7.8%以内。结论:该方法分析时间短、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定恒河猴血浆中巴替非班的浓度及药代动力学研究

目的:建立恒河猴血浆中巴替非班浓度的高效液相-串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-TandemMass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)测定法,并研究其在恒河猴体内的药代动力学。方法:取恒河猴血浆200μL,加入含2μg.mL-1内标依替巴肽的乙腈-甲醇(70∶30)混合溶剂600μL沉淀蛋白,取上清液吹干,残留物加100μL流动相复溶,取上清液进行LC-MS/MS分析。色谱柱为ODS C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-20 mmol.L-1甲酸铵(50∶50),流速为0.4 mL.min-1;质谱采用电喷雾离子化,正离子检测,巴替非班和内标的选择性检测离子分别为m/z 818.3→632.4和m/z 832.0→646.2。结果:巴替非班的线性范围为25～5 000 ng.mL-1,最低定量下限(lower limit of quantitation,LLOQ)为25 ng.mL-1,准确度、精密度及回收率均符合要求。结论:本方法专属性强,检测限低,灵敏度高,线性关系良好,方法简便快捷,适用于巴替非班临床前药代动力学研究。     

高效液相-质谱串联法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及辛伐他汀酸的浓度

目的:建立HPLC-MS法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及其代谢物辛伐他汀酸的浓度。方法:血浆样本加入适量内标和醋酸铵缓冲液,以甲基叔丁基醚萃取后采用LC-MS进行分析。色谱柱采用Inertsil ODS-3柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5.0μm);流动相由乙腈-2.5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)(75∶25)组成,柱温35°C;流速0.3 mL.min-1;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行定量分析。辛伐他汀和内标洛伐他汀在正离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 419.2→m/z199.2和m/z 405.2→m/z 199.2;辛伐他汀酸和内标洛伐他汀酸在负离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 435.2→m/z319.2和m/z 421.4→m/z 319.2。结果:辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸在5.0～6 400 ng.mL-1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),最低定量限为0.1 ng.mL-1,提取回收率为87.91%～99.77%,日内、日间精密度均不高于8.95%。结论:该方法分析速度快、灵敏、准确,为临床进一步研究辛伐他汀提供了基础。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中的辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸

目的 采用LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中的辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸.方法 采用BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm ×2.1mm,1.7 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.01 mol·L-1醋酸铵(72∶28),流速0.15 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,进样量8μL.辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀酸及内标洛伐他汀的检测离子对分别为:m/z 419.43→199.12、437.38→303.26、405.45→199.14.结果 辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀酸的线性范围分别为0.241 ～61.76 ng·mL-1(r =0.999)、0.344 ～ 88.16 ng·mL-1(r =0.997).在人血浆基质中,高、中、低浓度(0.482、3.86、30.88 ng· mL-1)的日内、日间RSD均小于15％,方法回收率分别为95％～104％、97％ ～108％.样品预处理方法对血浆中的辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸测定无干扰.结论 所用方法处理简单、灵敏、特异性高,定量准确,可为辛伐他汀制剂的药动学研究提供方法.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.