腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌16例疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效。方法收集2008年6月至2011年6月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术患者16例,对其资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间260～430 min,平均320 min;术中出血420～1200 mL,平均490 mL;平均淋巴结清扫数16个,淋巴结阳性率14.9%,手术切缘均阴性。术后3～5 d肠道蠕动功能恢复,术后2周拔出单J管,无肠漏及尿漏并发症发生。随访1～32个月,1例死于原发病转移,其余患者一般情况尚可,无腹壁造口狭窄发生,肾功能正常,静脉尿路造影检查未见输尿管吻合口狭窄或反流。结论腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底等优点,但手术难度较大,手术技术要求较高。回肠膀胱术操作简单易行,并发症少,疗效确切,可作为腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术后一种较为理想的是尿流改道方式。     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌7例体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析黄山市人民医院2015年6月至2016年8月行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除+回肠膀胱术7例患者的临床资料,患者经病理证实为肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌Ⅱ~Ⅲ级.腹腔镜下行盆腔淋巴结清扫,膀胱切除,男性患者切除前列腺及精囊腺,女性患者子宫次全切除.结果 7例患者手术均获得成功,手术时间390~570 min,平均(451.47±103.03)min;术中出血量200~1100 mL,平均(514.28±318.48)mL;术后3~6 d肠道功能恢复,未出现尿瘘及肠道并发症;患者随访5~19个月,生存率为100.0%,肾功能检查均正常,无复发或转移.结论 腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除+回肠膀胱术,是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的一种安全、有效的手术方法.     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术108例分析

目的 报道108例腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术手术资料及术后并发症、性功能、控尿功能和肿瘤根治情况.方法 2002年12月至2007年5月,108例膀胱癌患者施行了腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中男96例,女12例.采用5孔经腹入路,首先进行完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及根治性膀胱切除,然后行体外回肠新膀胱的构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下进行新膀胱尿道吻合,其中26例患者施行保留勃起神经步骤.结果 平均手术时间为330 min,出血量为320 ml,无中转开放手术.无围手术期死亡,手术并发症发生率为18.5%,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性.术后6个月日间尿控率90.7%,夜间尿控率82.6%.术后6个月,26例行保留勃起神经患者中10例有性功能.术后随访1～53个月,局部肿瘤复发5例,套管穿刺口种植转移1例,远处转移6例,随访期间死亡11例.结论 腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术是可行的,具有低并发症和较好的新膀胱功能.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术（附9例报告）

目的总结腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术的经验。方法对9例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术,采用完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫加根治性膀胱切除,然后体外行回肠新膀胱构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合。结果9例手术均成功,无中转开腹,无围手术期死亡,平均手术时间为370min,平均出血量为650ml,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性。术后9例日间尿控均良好,2例存在夜间尿失禁。术后随访2—8个月,1例出现新膀胱腹壁瘘,1例发生新膀胱前假性尿液囊肿,2例出现肾盂肾炎。结论腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术具有切口小、损伤少、疼痛轻、出血少、术后恢复快等优势,将成为肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准手术方式。     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术后2种尿流改道术式的近期并发症比较

目的 比较腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术(LRC)后2种尿流改道术式的早期并发症.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年7月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的116例行腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除的膀胱癌患者临床资料,其中76例行腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除回肠膀胱术作为回肠膀胱组,40例行原位回肠新膀胱术作为新膀胱组.比较两组患者一般情况、术中失血量、手术时间、肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间、术后90 d内返院率及术后早期并发症,根据Clavien-Dindo分级系统分析2种尿流改道方式术后90 d内并发症情况.结果 回肠膀胱组手术时间为(298.86±31.73)min,术后住院时间为(15.34±5.18)d,与新膀胱组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组患者术中失血量、肠道恢复时间、术后90 d内返院率及术后早期并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者轻中度、重度并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 LRC术后两种尿流改道方式术后早期并发症发生率无明显差异,原位回肠新膀胱术能明显提高患者术后的生活质量,是值得推荐的膀胱替代手术方式.     

腹腔镜下扩大淋巴结清扫的根治性膀胱切除术并发症及控瘤效果

目的回顾性分析210例行腹腔镜下扩大淋巴结清扫的根治性膀胱切除术中位数48个月并发症及控瘤效果,证实该技术的安全性和可行性。方法收集并分析2003年1月～2010年3月210例因膀胱尿路上皮癌行腹腔镜下扩大淋巴结清扫的根治性膀胱切除术患者的并发症及肿瘤控制情况,术中及术后提示淋巴结阳性或T3a期的患者给予辅助化疗。结果平均手术时间为105 min,平均出血量为220 ml,围手术前输血率为20.5%,术中平均清扫淋巴结17.6个,淋巴结阳性病例数为42例(20%)。围手术期轻度及重度并发症分别为19.0%及5.3%,5年总生存率、肿瘤特异性生存率、未复发生存率及未转移生存率分别为73.8%,83.3%,81.8%及90.5%。结论腹腔镜下扩大淋巴结清扫的根治性膀胱切除术治疗膀胱尿路上皮癌安全可行,具有满意的控瘤效果。     

世界首例小儿腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除全去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术

目的 世界首例小儿腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除全去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术的经验及疗效.方法 3岁男孩,确诊为膀胱横纹肌肉瘤,行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术全去带乙状结肠新膀胱术.手术包括先行腹腔镜下双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及膀胱切除,下腹部小切口取出标本,再行去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术.结果 手术成功完成.手术时间为6h,其中腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除部分时间约3.5 h.术中出血量约50 ml,术中输入200 ml浓缩红细胞以确保手术安全性.双侧盆腔淋巴结各清扫6个,均为阴性,术中输尿管及尿道切缘均为阴性.患儿术后3 d恢复肠蠕动.盆腔引流管于术后7d拔除,新膀胱造瘘管于术后14 d拔除,术后25 d行经尿道膀胱造影,确定无造影剂外漏后拔除导尿管及双侧输尿管支架管.患儿拔除导尿管后1周左右基本恢复白天控尿及排尿功能.5个月后复查,提示新膀胱容量约为110ml,膀胱残余尿量约10ml,最大尿流率约12ml/s.围手术期未见明显水电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,无尿漏、输尿管返流及肠梗阻发生.结论 随着手术经验的丰富和技术的发展,腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术具有损伤小,术中出血少,患儿恢复快等优点,有望成为治疗小儿膀胱癌的安全可靠的方法.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠膀胱术治疗老年膀胱癌患者的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠膀胱术治疗老年膀胱癌患者的安全性及有效性。方法选择我院2015年1~12月共10例老年肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠膀胱术,对患者的治疗效果及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果 10例患者的手术时间为4~7.5 h,平均(5.1±2.4)h。其中1例患者出血量为1100 mL,术中进行输血,其余9例患者的出血量为100~600 mL,平均出血量为(260±314)mL,均未输血。患者的术后胃肠功能恢复时间为1~8 d,平均(3.6±4.2)d。患者术后恢复良好,未出现尿瘘、肠瘘等并发症。术后1周内将回肠膀胱内留置的双腔尿管进行拔除,收集尿液。术后4周将单J管进行拔除,随访时间为3~6个月,患者肾功能均保持正常,经肾脏B超检查后未出现肾积水,胸部平扫CT及盆腔平扫CT检查后,肿瘤未出现复发及转移。结论腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除+原位回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱癌患者疗效良好,创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快,是一种安全有效的手术方法,值得进一步研究应用。     

完全腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切除加回肠膀胱术(附3例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切除回肠膀胱术的临床可行性,并总结手术技巧?方法:对3例膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切术,并在腹腔镜下施行回肠膀胱术?结果:3例手术均获成功,手术时间分别为320?280?270 min,出血量350?450?330 ml,淋巴结清扫数目为16?18?19枚,均为阴性,手术切缘阴性?术后3 d肠功能恢复,术后2周拔除单J管,无肠瘘尿瘘等并发症,术后住院时间8 d?术后随访分别为22?18?6个月,无复发及转移?结论:完全腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切除回肠膀胱术进一步减少手术创伤,解剖结构显露较满意,有利于患者术后恢复?但手术难度较大,须熟练掌握各种腹腔镜操作技术后方可进一步开展?     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术围术期并发症分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术手术过程及围手术期的并发症发生情况。方法：回顾腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术49例资料,分析围手术期的并发症和死亡率,以及手术时间、术中出血及术后住院等情况。围手术期并发症定义为手术30天内发生的并发症,按Clavien分级系统将并发症分为5级。结果：平均手术时间418 min,平均出血514 mL,输血率为36.7%,平均输血量 578 mL,术后平均住院时间20 d。尿流改道方式上,回肠膀胱术27例,Studer原位新膀胱术16例,输尿管皮肤造口术6例。围手术期并发症发生率34.7%（17例）,1~2级并发症发生率24.5%（12例）,包括麻痹性肠梗阻、尿路感染、下肢深静脉血栓、肺炎等。3级及以上并发症10.2%（5例）,围手术期死亡率1例。回肠膀胱术与Studer原位新膀胱术在手术时间、出血量、输血率、术后住院时间及并发症发生率方面差异均无统计学意义。结论：腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术仍有较高的并发症发生率,常见并发症为麻痹性肠梗阻、尿路感染等,需严格把握手术指证,采取相应措施积极预防。Studer原位新膀胱术相对于回肠膀胱术并未增加手术时间、出血及并发症发生率。     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术12例临床分析

目的：介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术的初步体会。方法：2006年1月至2008年12月治疗浸润性膀胱癌12例,男10例,女2例,年龄48～69岁,无远处转移。腹腔镜下行全膀胱切除、前列腺切除或子宫次全切。经腹壁造口取出切除物,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术。结果：12例手术成功,腹腔镜下手术时间120～280min（平均180min）;开放原位新膀胱术190～300min（平均240min）。腹腔镜下操作出血量400～1000ml（平均600m1）;术中、术后输浓缩红细胞400～600ml（平均500m）。12例随访6～36个月,平均15个月。白天可控排尿10例（83．3％）轻度尿失禁2例（16．7％）。新膀胱容量180～320ml（平均270m1）,尿间隔时间45～120min（平均80min）。1例勃起功能障碍（术前4例有勃起功能）。患者血Cr和Bun正常,未出现酸中毒。结论：腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术是可行和值得临床推广应用。     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder: report of 33 cases

Background The laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with orthotopic ileal neobladder is now applied to treat invasive bladder cancer, however, it has not been well codified and illustrated. We describe in this paper a technique step by step that we have developed in 33 patients and achieved excellent results.Methods The surgical procedure can be divided into eight steps: laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal ureters; exposing Denonvillier’s space and the posterior aspect of prostate; exposing retropubic space and anterior surface of the bladder; dividing the lateral pedicles of the bladder and the prostate; dividing the apex of the prostate; extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch; extracorporeal implantation of the ureters; and laparoscopic urethra-neobladder anastomosis. This operation was performed in 33 patients, 29 males and 4 females, with muscle invasive bladder cancer between December 2002 and September 2004.Results The operating time was 5.5-8.5 hours with an average of 6.5 hours; the estimated blood loss was 200-1000 ml with an average of 460 ml. The surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in all patients. There was no evidence of local recurrence at follow-up of 1-21 months in all the patients. However lymph node metastases were found in one case at 9 months postoperatively. Most of patients achieved urine control 1 to 3 months after surgery. The daytime continence rate was 94% (31 cases) and nighttime continence rate was 88% (29 cases). Urodynamic evaluation was performed between 3 and 6 months postoperatively for all cases. The mean value of neobladder capacity was (296±37) ml. The mean value of maximum flow rate was (18.7±7.1) ml/s. The mean residual urine volume was (32±19) ml. In all cases, excretory urography at 1 to 2 months postoperatively demonstrated slightly dilated upper urinary tracts without ureteral obstruction, which resolved at follow up. Cystography showed neobladders being similar in shapes to normal. Two small ureteral nipples with intermittently efflux of urine were observed at cystoscopy in most patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 of 33 patients (18%), including pouch leakage in 2 cases, pelvic infection in 1, partial small bowel obstruction in 2 and neobladder-vaginal fistula in 1.Conclusions The LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder is a feasible option for bladder cancer when radical cystectomy is indicated. The extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch and ureteral implantation through a small lower midline incision can simplify the complexity of the procedures, shorten the duration of surgery and reduce the medical expenses.     

改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术应用分析

目的 观察单孔腹腔镜-内镜手术在膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术中的可行性及治疗效果.方法 对2008年11月至2009年8月收治的8例男性膀胱癌患者采用自制多通道套管进行改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术.多通道套管由2个胶圈和1个外科手套构成,手套手指连接着2个穿刺套管和2个活瓣圈,多通道套管经下腹部正中小切口置入,腹腔镜器械经该套管置入进行操作.另经脐上置入1个套管用于放置腹腔镜,依次行腹腔镜下双侧扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫、膀胱前列腺根治性切除、体外构建回肠新膀胱及腹腔镜下新膀胱尿道吻合术.收集围手术期及术后资料并进行分析.结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,无一例中转常规腹腔镜手术或开放手术.平均手术时间为399 min(355-455 min),平均出血量为154 ml(90～210 ml),平均术后住院时间为15 d(14-18 d).其中1例患者术后出现谵妄,经保守治疗恢复正常.无一例发生操作通道相关并发症.术后病理示所有病例手术标本切缘均为阴性,平均清扫淋巴结20个.患者平均随访6.1个月(2.0～10.0个月),未发现肿瘤复发、转移.结论 改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术技术上可行,减少了4个手术套管,手术并发症发生率低,短期随诊肿瘤控制效果好,长期根治效果尚待观察.     

3D腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、回肠原位尿流改道术

［摘要］目的　探讨3D腹腔镜根治性膀胱肿瘤切除、原位尿流改道手术的临床效果．方法　采用3D腹腔镜对6例男性膀胱癌患者进行根治性膀胱切除、原位尿流改道手术,创立通道后游离输尿管,结扎髂内动脉分支后清扫盆腔淋巴结,切断膀胱侧韧带、前列腺侧血管蒂以及背静脉复合体,制作新膀胱后吻合．结果　手术时间290～350 min,其中根治手术时间145～170 min,根治手术出血40～150 mL,患者均未输血．无盆腔重要血管损伤、直肠损伤等严重并发症发生．术后无肠吻合口瘘、新膀胱瘘、肠梗阻、伤口感染等发生．结论　3D 腹腔镜的三维立体成像,可有效消除2D腹腔镜术中的视角误差,使手术操作更加精细和精准,手术质量进一步提高．     

膀胱全切回肠膀胱术与新膀胱术护理侧重点比较

目的：探讨和研究全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术与全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术后护理侧重点不同的比较,使护理人员给患者提供更专业优质的服务为目的,从而降低了并发症的发生率,提高患者生活质量。方法：对30例行全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术患者和23例全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。总结并讨论了术后护理侧重点不同,并作比较。结果：全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术30例全部治愈。2例出现发热,发热几天后经抗生素治疗得到控制,后治愈。全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术23例全部治愈。患者术后有不同程度的尿失禁。经新膀胱功能锻炼后能自行解尿。结论：回肠膀胱引流管、回肠膀胱造瘘口、左右输尿管支架、胃管、盆腔引流管等各种导管护理是全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术后护理的侧重点。而全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术是膀胱肿瘤患者乐于选择的术式,术后护理的关键是尿管的护理以及新膀胱功能的锻炼。     

女性膀胱癌腹腔镜根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术术式改进

目的 探讨并改进腹腔镜女性膀胱癌根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法,随访观察其治疗效果.方法 2003年2月至2008年9月,为19例女性膀胱癌患者施行了腹腔镜膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中13例同时行子宫、卵巢及附件切除,6例行保留子宫、卵巢附件.主要手术步骤为:①行标准盆腔淋巴结清扫,②行膀胱全切除同时切除或不切除内生殖器,③在下腹正中线上作4～5 cm切口,取出标本,并构建"M"形去管回肠储尿囊,④输尿管末端形成半乳头,"插入式"种植于储尿囊;⑤储尿囊回纳腹腔,在腹腔镜下作储尿囊与尿道吻合.术后记录围手术期情况,并对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量、排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、新膀胱压力等.结果 手术时间(340.5±43.1)min,术中出血(353.9±71.3)ml.术后随访2～69个月,半年内均能自主排尿,1例日间偶有尿失禁,2例夜间尿失禁,3例排尿困难.膀胱容量(333.6±45.4)ml,残余尿量0～210(41.2±18.1)ml.术后半年至1年,行静脉尿路造影,除1例单侧肾积液外,其余双肾显影良好,未见肾盂输尿管扩张.膀胱尿道造影,可见膀胱位于盆腔,其形状大小位置于正常膀胱相似,未见膀胱输尿管反流.术后输尿管新膀胱吻合口梗阻1例,新膀胱阴道瘘1例,肿瘤远处转移2例于随访期间死亡.结论 腹腔镜女性膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,技术上可行,可根据患者情况采用保留或切除内生殖器的手术方法,术中出血较少,创伤较小,术后大部分患者能自主排尿,但尿失禁及排尿困难发生率略高于男性,术后中远期新膀胱功能及肿瘤根治效果还需进一步临床观察.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加原位T型回肠新膀胱重建的临床观察

目的 总结13例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建的经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果.方法 2005年8月至2009年7月,对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院13例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加下腹壁小切口行原位T型回肠新膀胱重建术,对手术时间、淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、出血量、输血量、生存率、上尿路形态与功能、控尿情况进行分析.结果 平均手术时间为6 (5～8) h,平均出血量为480(100～800)ml,平均输血量133(0～400)ml,平均清扫淋巴结数16(8～22)个,无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症发生率为15.4% (2/13).术后3周行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢及反流.患者日间完全控尿率达84.6%(11/13);夜间完全控尿率为46.1%(6/13),夜间仅需要1块尿垫者占30.8%(4/13).上尿路检查提示,23.1%(3/13)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的轻度暂时性扩张,但肾功能保持正常.随访24(16～63)个月,7.7% (1/13)于术后55个月死于急性心肌梗死,92.3%(12/13)无复发生存.结论 腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术取得了满意的肿瘤学与功能性结果;T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,能够充分保护上尿路形态与功能.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the preliminary experiences of 13 cases of laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder and evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of this procedure. Methods From August 2005 through July 2009, 13 patients underwent radical cystectomy and standard lymphadenectomy followed by construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy for muscular invasive bladder cancer. The data were analyzed according to procedure time, blood loss volume, transfusion volume, number of dissected lymph nodes, peri-operative complications, morphology and function of upper urinary tract and status of urinary continence. Results The mean operating duration was 6 (5-8) hours, estimated volume of blood loss 480 (100-800) ml, transfusion volume 133 (0-400) ml and the number of dissected lymph nodes 16 (8-22). There was no peri-operative mortality. The peri-operative complications were found in 15.4% (2/13) and included urine leak at neobladder-urethra junction managed by drainage (n=1) and urine leak at ureter-neobladder junction repaired (n=1). The complete daytime continence rate was 84.6%(11/13), complete nocturnal continence rate 46.1% (6/13) and <1 pad in 30.8% (4/13). No reflux into afferent limb of neobladder was observed by cystography. Temporary dilation of upper urinary tract was observed in 23.1% (3/13) at Day 45 post-operation and later it disappeared spontaneously. Serum creatinine remained in a normal range in all patients. Within a follow-up of 24 (16-63) months, 7.7% (1/13) died of myocardial infarction at Month 55 post-operation. And 92.3% (12/13) survived without a local relapse or a distal metastasis. Conclusion Within an intermediate follow-up period, the oncological and functional outcomes are encouraging after laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy. The anti-reflux mechanism is effective to preserve the morphology and function of upper urinary tract.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder in the female: report of 14 cases

Background Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignant urological tumor in China. We present our preliminary experience and results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy （LRC） with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients with bladder carcinoma.
Methods From February 2003 to February 2008, 14 female patients with bladder carcinoma underwent LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Nine of these patients underwent hysterectomy and ovariectomy, and the other 5 had preservation of the uterus and ovarian appendage. Standard bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was followed by radical cystectomy that was completed laparoscopically with hysterectomy and ovariectomy when needed. The tumor was removed by a 4-5 cm lower midline abdominal incision, followed by the construction of ileal neobladder and the extracorporeal anastomosis of ureter-neobladder. The neobladder was anastomosed to the urethral stump under a laparoscope.
Results The mean operative time and blood loss in the 14 patients were 350.2 minutes and 349.8 ml, respectively. Postoperative complications included uretero-pouch anastomotic stricture in 1 patient and pouch-vaginal fistula in 1 patient. Follow-up time of all patients ranged from 3 to 60 months, and 12 patients were followed up for more than 6 months and achieved micturition in half a year. One patient had occasional day-time urinary incontinence and 2 had night-time incontinence. Two patients who had undergone hystectomy and ovariectomy had voiding difficulties after one year, which was treated by intermittent self-catheterization. The mean volume of the neobladder and the residual urine were 333.6 ml and 31.2 ml, respectively. Surgical margins were tumor free for all patients. One patient had bone metastasis and died 11 months after the operation.
Conclusions LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients is a technically feasible, safe and mini-invasive procedure with a low morbidity and acceptable neobladder function. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm the neobladder func