经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张疗效观察

目的 观察经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效.方法 12例经胃镜明确为食管胃底重度静脉曲张出血的肝硬化患者,择期行经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术及脾动脉栓塞术,术后定期胃镜检查,观察曲张静脉的动态变化.结果 术后即时食管胃底曲张静脉均消失;随访6～12个月曲张静脉基本消失6例,中度曲张3例,仍为重度曲张者3例,其中2例发生再出血,行胃镜下硬化剂治疗.结论 经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合脾动脉栓塞术是治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张安全有效的方法.     

联合导向下经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血

目的 评价经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术在治疗肝硬化患者食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血中的应用价值。方法 对l8例肝硬化合并食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者，其中8例患者大出血中急诊栓塞，l0例患者出血后择期栓塞。在B超和X线联合导向下，经皮经肝穿刺门静脉。所有患者在B超引导下门静脉穿刺一次成功，行门静脉造影和胃冠状静脉造影及栓塞。结果 l7例患者胃冠状静脉栓塞成功，其中l例栓塞后6h再次出血，行经颈静脉肝内门体分流手术，血止。急诊止血率87．5％，栓塞成功率94．4％。l～24个月随访期内，再出血4例，肝功衰竭2例，肝癌2例，共死亡6例，l2例存活。结论 对于肝硬化食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者，经B超和X线联合导向下，经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术是一种安全、有效的止血方法。     

内镜下套扎联合经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的临床应用

目的评价内镜下套扎(EVL)联合经皮经肝曲张静脉TH胶栓塞术(PTVE)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的远期疗效。方法 44例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者,先行食管曲张静脉的内镜下套扎治疗,1周后再行TH胶PTVE,栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其来源血管。联合治疗术后定期复查胃镜,观察曲张静脉消失情况,随访治疗后曲张静脉复发率及再出血率。结果 44例食管胃底静脉曲张患者,32例食管曲张静脉基本消失,消失率72.7%;8例胃底静脉曲张基本消失,消失率100%;12例食管静脉曲张程度明显减轻,总有效率100%。随访6~39个月,平均25.6个月,5例食管静脉曲张复发,复发率11.4%;3例再出血,再出血率6.8%。结论内镜下套扎治疗能机械性地消除食管曲张静脉,经皮经肝TH胶栓塞能栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其供血血管,二者联合能达到协同作用,具有更好的远期疗效。     

经皮经肝α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张20例

目的介绍经皮经肝α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA胶,n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate)和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张的应用。方法采用经皮经肝NBCA胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞胃冠状静脉和胃短静脉为主的方法治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者20例,生物蛋白胶以栓塞胃部曲张静脉的流出端为主,NBCA胶栓塞胃部曲张静脉的主体和输入段,部分加用弹簧圈栓塞减慢血流。15例患者同时行部分性脾动脉栓塞。结果栓塞成功16例(80%),术后即刻食管胃底曲张静脉血流消失而且出血控制。随访1~11个月(平均4.3个月),成功栓塞的16例患者无1例发生再出血,其中胃镜复查11例,5例曲张静脉基本消失,4例明显减轻,2例稍有减轻。4例患者曲张静脉内NBCA充填不充分,致使栓塞不彻底,其中2例发生再出血。无1患者发生异位栓塞和胃黏膜的过度栓塞。结论经皮经肝NBCA胶和生物蛋白胶联合栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张可有效防止异位栓塞及过度栓塞,安全而且疗效确切,可作为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂急性出血的重要治疗手段之一。能否彻底栓塞是决定疗效的主要因素。     

经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术的临床疗效观察

目的观察经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术（PTVE）的临床疗效。方法经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者58例,26例联合部分脾栓塞术（PSE）;42例进行了一年随访。结果门静脉穿刺插管成功率96.55%。急诊PTVE止血15例,止血率100%。随访期8例患者再次出血。3例大出血;5例少量出血。12月随访时,食管、胃底静脉曲张减轻、消失35例（35/42）。结论PTVE创伤小,止血效果肯定,可作为肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的首选治疗方法。     

经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张的疗效分析

目的观察经皮经肝组织胶粘合剂（TH胶）栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张30例,术后定期复查胃镜及CT门静脉成像,观察TH胶在血管内的分布范围、血管栓塞程度及静脉曲张消失情况。结果30例患者静脉曲张治疗有效率100％。21例患者随访11—33个月,平均27．9个月,静脉曲张复发率14．29％（3／21）;术后门脉高压性胃病17例80．95％（17／21）;再出血率9．52％（2／21）,均为门脉高压性胃病出血。术后CT平扫及门静脉血管成像检查显示,TH胶在胃底周围静脉、胃壁的穿支静脉及其他供血静脉内栓塞良好,TH胶持久沉积,未出现栓塞血管再通及明显新的侧枝形成。结论经皮经肝TH胶栓塞术可使胃曲张静脉及其供血静脉长期闭塞,是治疗胃曲张静脉的有效方法。     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术联合胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张疗效观察

目的 探讨经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的效果.方法 对178例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者行TIPS联合胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞治疗,术后1个月观察患者食管胃底静脉曲张程度.结果 肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的治愈率为55.1%,好转率为43.8%,有效率为93.9%(P＜0.005).结论 TIPS联合胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞作为1种新的对肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的治疗方法,安全性高,并发症少,复发率低,疗效确切.     

经皮经肝医用胶栓塞治疗肝硬化瘤样胃底静脉曲张临床观察

目的 评价以医用胶为栓塞剂的经皮经肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗和预防肝硬化患者瘤样胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析24例采用医用TH胶完成PTVE治疗的肝硬化胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的病例资料,比较治疗前后胃底静脉曲张程度的变化情况,统计术后再出血率及死亡率.结果 治疗前24例患者胃底曲张静脉团直径均在20 mm以上,治疗后胃底静脉曲张程度显著减轻,其中20例(83.3％)曲张静脉团直径减至5 mm以下或消失,4例(16.7％)曲张静脉团直径减至5 ～10 mm.在术后1～36个月,平均16.6个月的随访期内,再出血率和病死率分别为12.5％和12.5％,其中l例死于肝癌,另外2例死于慢性肝功能衰竭.结论 对于肝硬化瘤样胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,行医用胶为栓塞剂的PTVE治疗具有良好的临床效果.     

肝硬化门脉高压上消化道出血的防治 胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗

胃冠状静脉栓塞术 (又称食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术 )是治疗肝硬化门脉高压胃食管曲张静脉破裂出血的有效方法。但该疗法不能降低门脉压力甚至使门脉压力升高 ,在预防远期再出血方面疗效不满意 ,因此常联合部分脾动脉栓塞术或经颈静脉肝内门体分流术 (TIPSS)。1　适应证和禁忌证适应证 :食管胃冠状静脉栓塞术主要用于临床保守治疗或内镜下治疗无效的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 ,治疗主要在出血期进行。禁忌证 :有明显出血倾向者或终末期患者。2　操作方法直接门静脉造影 ,显示胃冠状静脉和 (或 )胃短静脉以及增粗扭曲的食管胃底静脉丛 ,借助导…     

组织粘合剂注射联合门静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的评价内镜下注射组织粘合剂联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效。方法将57例食管胃静脉曲张患者分为2组，分别进行内镜下组织粘合剂注射（单纯组，38例）和内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞（联合组，19例）治疗。比较2组疗效。结果联合组近期再发出血1例，6个月后再发出血2例，分别占5．3％和10．5％；术后3～6个月行食管钡餐检查，食管静脉曲张消失或基本消失13例（68．4％），明显好转6例。单纯组近期再出血7例，6个月后再发出血12例，分别占18．4％、31．6％；术后3～6个月行食管钡餐检查，食管静脉曲张消失或基本消失16例（42．1％），明显好转22例。结论相对于单纯内镜下组织粘合剂注射治疗，联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术是一种安全有效的治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的方法。     

胃底静脉曲张对诊断脾静脉血栓形成之意义

目的探讨胃底静脉曲张对诊断脾静脉血栓形成之意义?方法分析过去的23年里，在临床上遇见9例脾静脉血栓形成(SVT)的患者，皆有胃底静脉曲张(GFV)，外科手术后和利用静脉造影术观察脾静脉栓塞情况。结果选择性脾动脉造影(SSAG)和肠系膜上动脉造影(SMAG)静脉相期未显示脾静脉(SPV)，SSAG和经皮肝门静脉造影(PTP)又见胃短静脉和左胃网膜静脉显著扩张，然PTP影象较ssAc清晰，特别是GFV。5例外科和病理剖开SPV见到血栓形成。结论当内镜见有GFV，特别是IGFV如肯定除外IPH或肝硬化者，此GFV是诊断SVT的秘诀。对SVT单纯行脾切除术是可完全治愈的一种左侧门静脉高压；     

食管胃底静脉曲张血供与侧支的研究

目的通过多层螺旋CT(multi—detecter row computed tomography，MDCT)了解食管胃底静脉曲张及与之相关的侧支循环，为食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血治疗方案的选择和预后的判断提供客观依据。方法选择51例临床证实的肝硬化门静脉高压患者，其中胃镜显示食管静脉曲张51例，伴胃底静脉曲张31例。对所有患者进行MDCT血管成像，重点观察食管胃底静脉曲张及相关侧支循环。结果MDCT血管成像能清晰地显示肝硬化门体侧支血管，并显示所有食管静脉曲张。MDCT显示胃底静脉曲张32例(62．7％)，与胃镜检查结果(31／51，60．8％)比较，两者具有高度一致性，Kappa值为0．876。食管曲张静脉几乎全部由胃左静脉供血，30例(58．8％)单纯由胃左静脉前支供血，21例(41．2％)伴有食管旁静脉；24例(75％)胃底曲张静脉为单纯胃左静脉供血，3例(9．4％)由胃短(胃后)静脉供血，5例(15．6％)为胃短(胃后)和胃左静脉双重供血，双重供血者因胃底静脉曲张和食管静脉曲张常相互交通，所以这些病例胃短(胃后)静脉也同时参与食管静脉曲张的形成。结论MDCT能较清晰地显示食管胃底静脉曲张侧支循环。食管静脉曲张主要由胃左静脉供血，大部分由前支经贲门进入曲张静脉，部分伴有食管旁静脉。胃底静脉曲张大部分由胃左静脉供血，但小部分则由胃短系统供血。     

胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾动脉栓塞术在门静脉高压治疗中的评价

目的探讨经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾动脉栓塞术在门静脉高压治疗中的可行性和疗效。方法50例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的患者,用TH胶进行胃冠状静脉栓塞并联合部分脾动脉栓塞术,分析术中造影情况,随访术后反应及并发症、止血效果、血小板及白细胞上升情况。结果经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾动脉栓塞手术成功率100%;栓塞前门静脉压在35～55cmH2O,平均43.2cmH2O,栓塞后门静脉压力在25～38cmH2O,平均28.5cmH2O。栓塞前可看到明显增粗的胃冠状静脉以及曲张静脉团,栓塞后则消失;所有患者中10例有穿刺部位疼痛,穿刺道出血0例。10例出现左上腹脾区隐痛不适,10例出现反应性左胸腔积液,2例出现脾脓肿;18例急性出血者术后出血皆停止,2例6个月内再出血,重行胃短静脉栓塞,术后未再出血;术前血小板50×10^9/L以下12例中2例3个月内没有明显上升,余血小板异常者3个月内均有不同程度上升。结论胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗门静脉高压效果显著,是目前值得推广的治疗方案。     

Color Doppler findings of gastric varices compared with findings on computed tomography

Background: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamics of gastric varices. Methods: We evaluated the detection rates of gastric varices, inflowing vessels to gastric varices, and outflowing vessels from gastric varices in 24 patients with gastric varices, using color Doppler sonography, and compared these findings with computed tomography findings. Eighteen patients had F2-type varices and 6 had F3-type, classified according to the Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension. Fourteen patients had fundal varices, and 10 had cardiac and fundal varices. Results: The detection rates of collateral veins using color Doppler sonography were as follows: gastric varices were detected in all 24 patients (100%); inflowing vessels, in 21 of the 24 patients (87.5%); and outflowing vessels, in 18 of the 24 patients (75.0%). The detection rates of collateral veins, using computed tomography, were: gastric varices were detected in all 24 patients (100%); inflowing vessels, in all 24 patients (100%); and outflowing vessels, in 21 of the 24 patients (87.5%). The color Doppler findings agreed perfectly with the computed tomography findings in 13 of the 24 patients (54.2%). Conclusions: Although color Doppler sonography is a useful, noninvasive modality for evaluating the hemodynamics of gastric varices, it falls short in visualizing the detailed hemodynamics of the inflowing and outflowing vessels of gastric varices in half of the patients when compared with computed tomography. Received: September 13, 2001 / Accepted: December 14, 2001     

Demonstration of two distinct subsets of gastric varices

Over a seven-year period, assessment of gastric varices was made on 225 patients receiving endoscopic sclerotherapy for variceal hemorrhage. Of 170 patients with complete data, gastric varices were observed in 26 (15.3%). Importantly, two distinct subsets of gastric varices were identified: varices distal to the gastroesophageal junction without extension into the fundus, termed "junctional varices," occurred in 11.2%, and varices that were confined only to the fundus, termed "fundal varices," occurred less frequently in 4.1%. Although rebleeding was increased in both subsets of gastric varices, junctional varices were more amenable to sclerotherapy. Patients with fundal varices (N = 7) had a significantly higher rebleeding rate, increased complications with sclerotherapy, and significantly decreased survival (P less than 0.005) when compared to patients with esophageal varices alone (N = 87) who were followed for more than three months. Cumulative survival was not significantly different (P less than 0.08) in patients with junctional varices (N = 19) when compared with patients with esophageal varices alone. We conclude that not all patients with gastric varices have a poor result with sclerotherapy. Recognition of these subsets may improve treatment strategies in patients with gastric varices.     

控制胃静脉曲张出血及消除静脉瘤体的介入治疗

食管胃静脉曲张是与门脉最相关的侧支循环途径,其破裂可导致静脉曲张出血,是肝硬化最常见的致死性并发症。胃静脉曲张在门脉高压患者中的发生率为5%～33%,总出血概率为3%～30%,其破裂出血引起的病死率高达30%～53%。胃静脉曲张出血控制难度较大,治疗手段又落后于食管静脉曲张。但是从上世纪以来,对于胃静脉曲张的治疗,尤其是介入治疗方面有了巨大的进步,如内镜下血管闭塞治疗、经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（TIPS）、球囊闭塞下经静脉逆行栓塞术（B-RTO）及经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）等。这些方法在临床上的合理应用提高了危重患者的生存率,帮助无法耐受手术治疗的门脉高压患者改善生活质量。同时,也为患者等待肝移植创造了时间和条件。     

Clinical and endoscopic features of gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion

Aim: This study provides a retrospective evaluation of cases with gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion. Methods: Our study group consisted of 14 patients. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and therapeutic modalities were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Eleven patients had co‐existing pancreatic diseases: seven with chronic pancreatitis, three with cancer of the pancreatic body or tail and one with severe acute pancreatitis. Among the three remaining patients, one had advanced left renal cancer, one had myeloproliferative disease and the third had splenic vein occlusion due to an obscure cause. A diagnosis of gastric varices was made following endoscope gastroduodenoscopy or endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS), and splenic vein occlusions were diagnosed from enhanced computed tomography in all cases. Specific findings of gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion were based on ECDUS color flow images of gastric variceal flow that clearly depicted round cardiac and fundal regions at the center, with varices expanding to the curvatura ventriculi major of the gastric body. For three cases with gastric variceal bleeding, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy using a mixture of histoacryl and lipiodol (70% histoacryl solution) was performed, after which no further bleeding from gastric varices was detected. Due to a high risk of gastric variceal rupture, splenectomy was performed in two cases and splenic arterial embolization in another two cases. Conclusion: ECDUS color flow images of gastric variceal flow depicted specific findings of gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion. Treatment should take into account the diseases underlying these conditions.     

Hemodynamics in the left gastric vein after endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices combined with sclerotherapy

BACKGROUND: AND METHODS: We examined the changes in portal hemodynamics after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) combined with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) in relation to post-treatment relapse. The present study included 93 patients who underwent EVL-EIS combination therapy. Portal hemodynamics were examined by Doppler ultrasonography and percutaneous transhepatic portography (PTP). RESULTS: Therapy with EVL-EIS resulted in the complete disappearance of varices in 89 of 93 patients. Cumulative relapse-free rates (Kaplan-Meier method) were 75.8 and 50.2%, respectively, 1 and 3-5 years after treatment. At the end of treatment, the flow in the left gastric vein was examined by Doppler ultrasonography. In 50 of 63 patients, the flow remained hepatofugal. In 23 of these patients, PTP was performed at the end of treatment; selective left gastric venography did not reveal any palisade zone vessels or varices. However, fine blood vessels were seen around the lower esophagus in nine patients, only the paraesophageal vein was found in 10 patients and these two findings were present in four patients, indicating that collateral blood flow remained in the lower esophagus in 13 of 23 patients. These findings suggest that frequent relapse of varices results from insufficient blockage of blood flow from the left gastric vein to the lower esophagus. However, in patients with a patent paraesophageal vein, long-term effects obtained by EVL-EIS combination therapy were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of the development of collateral left gastric veins represents important hemodynamic changes that predict the long-term prognosis of patients after treatment.