夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性研究

目的了解金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸的耐药现状及耐药性改变。方法通过琼脂稀释法测定2007年连续收集的65株和2003年收集的55株金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸的MIC值，用K—B纸片法测定这些菌株对万古霉素等7种抗生素的抑菌圈直径。结果120株金黄色葡萄球菌中对夫西地酸耐药的只有1株，耐药率为0．83％。2003年和2007年收集的菌株对夫西地酸的MIC50均为0．25mg／L，MIC90均为0．5mg／L，纸片法测定结果：所有菌株对万古霉素敏感，2003年的菌株57．8％耐甲氧西林，2007年的菌株76．9％耐甲氧西林。结论夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性很强，而且2003年和2007年菌株的抗菌活性无多大改变。     

夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的:了解夫西地酸对多重耐药的耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性。方法:采用血浆凝固酶、金黄色葡萄球菌单克隆抗体及Vitek-32型仪进行菌株鉴定,纸片琼脂扩散(K-B)法进行药物敏感性试验,头孢西丁纸片法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌。结果:97株金黄色葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)56株,占57.7%;119株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)77株,占64.7%。全部菌株均对万古霉素敏感,MRSA及MRCNS对夫西地酸的耐药率分别为1.8%和7.8%,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对其它抗菌药物的耐药率在25%～100%之间。结论:夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌有较强的体外抗菌活性。     

夫西地酸和万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸和万古霉素的耐药率动态变化。方法应用回顾性调查方法,对本院从2004年1月至2008年12月间临床样本分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌夫西地酸和万古霉素药敏试验进行统计分析。结果所分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌772株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的78．1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,夫西地酸耐药率有整体上升趋势。结论本地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率维持在较高水平,夫西地酸和万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染的理想药物,但要注意耐夫西地酸菌株的爆发流行和耐万古霉素菌株的出现。     

夫西地酸和万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸和万古霉素的耐药率动态变化。方法应用回顾性调查方法,对本院从2004年1月至2008年12月问临床样本分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌夫西地酸和万古霉素药敏试验进行统计分析。结果所分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌772株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的78．1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,夫西地酸耐药率有整体上升趋势。结论本地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率维持在较高水平,夫西地酸和万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染的理想药物,但要注意耐夫西地酸菌株的爆发流行和耐万古霉素菌株的出现。     

夫西地酸体外抗菌活性研究

目的评价夫西地酸对2009-2010卫生部全国细菌耐药中心监测项目中所收集葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定,用琼脂二倍稀释法。结果夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌具有很好的抗菌活性,MIC50和MIC90值分别为0.12,0.50 mg.L-1,细菌敏感率为90.0%,优于所测β内酰胺、氨基糖苷、大环内酯、喹诺酮类药物及利福平。对于凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,夫西地酸MIC50值为0.50 mg.L-1。表皮葡萄球菌对夫西地酸敏感率为85.5%。结论夫西地酸对我国大陆近3年临床分离葡萄球菌,不论其是否对甲氧西林耐药,均保持很高抗菌活性。     

夫西地酸对葡萄球菌体外抗菌作用研究

目的评价夫西地酸对临床分离葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用及影响因素。方法以琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度，棋盘法测定联合抗菌作用并以杀菌曲线测定夫西地酸杀菌特征。结果对临床分离的359株葡萄球菌MIC测定结果显示夫西地酸对苯唑西林耐药葡萄球菌MIC50及MIC90值分别为0．25～1及1～8mg／L；对苯唑西林敏感葡萄球菌MIC50及MIC90值分别为0．25—0．5及0．5—1mg／L；抗菌活性与万古霉素、替考拉宁相似或稍强，93．16％的葡萄球菌对夫西地酸敏感，耐药菌主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌；未发现万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌，但3．62％细菌对替考拉宁耐药。夫西地酸与亚胺培南、帕尼培南和美罗培南3种碳青霉烯类抗生素联用具有协同或相加作用，其中协同作用分别为87．5％、70．83％和43．75％，无拮抗作用；糖肽类药物与碳青霉烯类药物联用以协同与相加效果为主。夫西地酸对苯唑西林耐药和敏感葡萄球菌杀菌作用迅速，但杀菌作用在较高浓度时并没有进一步提高杀菌速度，提示该产品可能属于非浓度依赖性抗菌药物。结论夫西地酸对各种葡萄球菌，包括耐苯唑西林葡萄球菌，具有良好抗菌作用，其抗菌作用可能属于非浓度依赖性；夫西地酸与碳青酶烯类抗生素联用具有明显协同抗菌效果。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对16种抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的探讨临床感染标本金黄色葡萄球菌对抗菌药物的耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法调查统计2006年1月至2008年11月实验室分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）测定16种抗菌药物的药物敏感试验数据,用WHONET5软件进行统计分析。结果239株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）为133株,占55．6％;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌为106株,占44．4％;金黄色葡萄球菌对16种抗菌药物的耐药率最高的是青霉素G为224株（93．8％）、万古霉素耐药率为0。结论甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌对大部分抗菌药物仍保持良好的敏感性,而耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌表现为多重耐药性,但万古霉素例外,所以对耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌的连续监测、了解葡萄球菌属的耐药机制具有重要的临床意义。     

莫匹罗星对多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性

目的 评价莫匹罗星对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 收集2007-2010年全国23家医院的金黄色葡萄球菌1007株,用琼脂二倍稀释法进行最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定.结果 莫匹罗星对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC50和MIC90分别为0.25,0.50mg·L-1,细菌耐药率为0.6％,在本试验所测药物中耐药率最低.甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌(MRSA)对莫匹罗星耐药率为0.9％,在所测抗菌药物中耐药率同样最低.莫匹罗星对TAO(多粘菌素-新霉素-杆菌肽=50000 u:35000 u:5000 u)和夫西地酸耐药株敏感率达到80％.不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌对莫匹罗星耐药率在0～1％.来自体表分泌物的金黄色葡萄球菌对莫匹罗星耐药率为0.结论 与其他外用抗菌药比较,MRSA对莫匹罗星耐药率最低.其对其他常见抗菌药物耐药菌株甚至多重耐药的MRSA仍保持高度抗菌活性,且不易发生交叉耐药.     

165株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的了解博爱县人民医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药状况。方法采用液体稀释法对2005—2010年临床送检标本中分离出的165株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌药敏检测分析。结果除对替考拉宁、万古霉素敏感外,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,对青霉素类、头孢类以及加酶抑制剂抗菌药物均表现耐药。且对喹诺酮类、大环内酯类药物协同耐药。结论我院分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌呈多重耐药性,提示临床应加强抗菌药物管理,合理应用抗菌药物。     

教学医院住院患者2007-2011年革兰阳性菌耐药监测

目的监测2007-2011年北京大学第一医院临床分离革兰阳性菌株对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法收集临床分离革兰阳性菌株,细菌敏感性测定采用标准纸片扩散法或自动化临床微生物方法,用WHONET5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 5年间共获得临床分离革兰阳性菌5715株,最常见的5种细菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(26.5%)、表皮葡萄球菌(18.5%)、粪肠球菌(11.8%)、屎肠球菌(10.8%)和溶血葡萄球菌(10.1%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)平均检出率分别为52.4%,83.6%。未发现万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素平均耐药率分别为0.3%,16.8%,其中屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率由2007年的7.8%上升到2011年的33.8%。未发现利奈唑胺耐药肠球菌。结论 MRSA和MRSE检出率无明显变化;利奈唑胺和万古霉素对葡萄球菌、肠球菌仍有较高抗菌活性,但屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率明显上升。     

Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin infections

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 229 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various skin infections was determined against 22 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. The clinical isolates were most sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin, mupirocin and fusidic acid. No strains were resistant to vancomycin or teicoplanin. Three strains were highly resistant (MIC > or =100 mg/l) to mupirocin and eight strains to fusidic acid. The MIC(50) of all antimicrobials, except for gentamicin, were below 3.13 mg/l. The incidence of resistance to penicillin, cephalosporins and clindamycin ranged from 20 to 30%. The occurrence of gentamicin, erythromycin and roxithromycin resistance was high at 55.2, 39.6 and 39.1%, respectively. Methicillin resistance occurred in 21.0% of strains. The incidence of organisms with MIC > or =3.13 mg/l to oxacillin was 24.3%. These results were comparable to the average rate of MRSA in Japanese dermatological specimens.     

米诺环素与夫西地酸对98株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的联合药敏研究

目的评价米诺环素与夫西地酸对临床分离到的98株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的联合体外抗菌活性,及两药联用的抗MRSA效应。方法用棋盘法设计,用微量肉汤稀释法,测定不同浓度组合的抗菌药物对98株临床分离MRSA的最低抑菌浓度,并计算部分抑菌浓度指数(FICI),判定联用效应。结果米诺环素与夫西地酸联用后,2种抗菌药物对临床分离得到的98株MR-SA的MIC50显著降低。FICI分布:FICI≤0.5(协同作用)占57.14%;0.54(拮抗作用)为0。结论米诺环素与夫西地酸体外联用对98株临床分离的MRSA体外抗菌效应以协同作用为主;无关作用较少;无拮抗作用。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacterial isolates from the Asia-Pacific region and an in vitro evaluation of the bactericidal activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin: a SENTRY Program Report (2003-2004)

Medical centres in eight countries in the Asia-Pacific region provided 2391 isolates for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program during 2003-2004 to determine their susceptibility to several antimicrobial classes, including daptomycin. Daptomycin, vancomycin and teicoplanin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined for 120 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which included wild-type (WT) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and strains with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin (hetero-vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA)). Oxacillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates were much less susceptible to the other tested agents compared with oxacillin-susceptible strains. Vancomycin resistance was higher among Enterococcus faecium (10.3%) than Enterococcus faecalis (0.4%), and macrolide resistance was high both for beta-haemolytic (17.7%) and viridans group (48.7%) streptococci. Daptomycin (MIC for 90% of the organisms (MIC(90))=0.5-1mg/L) was two-fold more potent than vancomycin, with >99% susceptibility when tested against staphylococci. All tested isolates of E. faecalis (MIC(90)=2mg/L) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (MIC(90)=0.5mg/L) were susceptible to daptomycin. Daptomycin MIC and MBC values were slightly higher for the hVISA isolates compared with WT-MRSA, with MBC/MIC ratios of only 1-2 for both groups. The MBC/MIC ratio for vancomycin was often greater when tested against these strains, particularly hVISA. In contrast, teicoplanin MBC/MIC ratios were significantly higher, with many of the strains showing values consistent with tolerance (>or=32). Daptomycin was demonstrated to have excellent in vitro activity when tested against Gram-positive isolates collected from Asia-Pacific countries, including hVISA strains.     

Methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: susceptibility to fosfomycin, cefamandole, N-formimidoyl-thienamycin, clindamycin, fusidic acid and vancomycin

The in vitro activity of fosfomycin against 90 strains of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was studied in an in vitro microtitre system using Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with glucose-6-phosphate. In parallel the antistaphylococcal activity of cefamandole, N-formimidoyl-thienamycin, clindamycin, fusidic acid and vancomycin was determined with the same organisms. The following MIC50 (MIC95) values were obtained: fosfomycin 8 (128) mg/l, cefamandole 8 (greater than 64) mg/l, clindamycin 0.25 (16) mg/l, fusidic acid less than 0.25 (less than 0.25) mg/l, vancomycin 1 (2) mg/l and N-formimidoyl-thienamycin 4 (16) mg/l. A high MIC/MBC ratio was noted for cefamandole, in contrast to fosfomycin.     

Comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline and other antimicrobials against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms collected from the Asia-Pacific Rim as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST)

As part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST), Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms were collected from 31 medical centres in nine countries in the Asia-Pacific Rim between 2004 and 2007. Overall, 34.2% of Acinetobacter spp. were multidrug-resistant, and 17.0% of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 10.6% of Escherichia coli produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. A total of 39.5% of Staphylococcus aureus were meticillin-resistant and 21.7% of Enterococcus faecium were vancomycin-resistant. Tigecycline MIC(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms) were 相似文献   

新生儿重症监护室金黄色葡萄球菌定植菌株的耐药性及生物膜形成能力研究

摘要：目的 研究北京儿童医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)患儿鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)的定植情况及定植菌 株的药物敏感性、生物膜形成能力。方法 前瞻性收集2015年5月至2016年3月于北京儿童医院NICU住院患儿鼻前庭分离出的 金葡菌,前期已进行分子分型,本次实验利用E-test 法检测金葡菌对临床常用抗菌药物的药物敏感性,结晶紫染色实验检测定 植菌株的生物膜形成能力。结果 536例鼻拭子分离出96株金葡菌,定植率为17.9%。其中,耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA) 28株, 甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)有68株。MRSA菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、头孢曲松、红霉素和夫西地酸耐药率分别为100%、 57.1%、78.6%、92.9%和3.6%。MSSA菌株对青霉素、头孢曲松、红霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为82.4%、8.8%、47.1%和 16.2%。MRSA中有14.3%苯唑西林敏感甲氧西林耐药金葡菌(OS-MRSA)。定植菌株的生物膜阳性率91.7%,MRSA和MSSA在生 物膜形成能力方面没有显著差异,不同ST型菌株生物膜形成能力存在差异(P=0.0276),产膜菌株与非产膜菌株的药物敏感性无 明显差异。结论 定植的金葡菌常对青霉素、红霉素耐药,对其他临床常用抗菌药物敏感性较好,有一定比例OS-MRSA。定 植菌株生物膜阳性率高,不同分型菌株生物膜形成能力不同。     

Daptomycin in vitro susceptibility in European Gram-positive clinical isolates

The objective of this study was to determine the activity of daptomycin, a novel lipopeptide, against European Gram-positive isolates (n = 1539). The MIC(90)-values of daptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates was 0.25 mg/L, against Enterococcus faecalis 4 mg/L, against Enterococcus faecium 8 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L against Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 0.25mg/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Daptomycin was equally potent against antibiotic-susceptible and resistant strains within a particular species. Based on a breakpoint of 1 mg/L for S. aureus and group A streptococci, all isolates tested were susceptible to daptomycin. Based on a breakpoint of 4 mg/L for vancomcyin-susceptible E. faecalis 99.7% of these isolates were susceptible to daptomycin.     

Gemcitabine is active against clinical multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and is synergistic with gentamicin

This study provides insight into the antibacterial activity of the cytotoxic nucleoside analogue gemcitabine against clinical multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Classical methods were used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and synergy in vitro, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were sequenced to search for mutations in nucleoside kinase genes in resistant strains. Gemcitabine and its derivative CP-4126 were effective against meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) isolates, with MICs ranging between 0.06 mg/L and 4.22 mg/L. Bactericidal activity was shown in time-kill studies as well as synergy with gentamicin. Mutations in the nucleoside kinase gene SadAK were observed in resistant strains, indicating a role for this enzyme in gemcitabine activity. Nucleoside analogues have antimicrobial activity and these results could be used for further identification and development of new antibiotics.     

In vitro activity of clinafloxacin against fluoroquinolone resistant Spanish clinical isolates.

The in vitro activity of clinafloxacin against 162 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates was determined. Isolates were selected when their MIC to ciprofloxacin was 2 mg/l (intermediate) or > 2 mg/l (resistant). The following strains were tested: 61 Escherichia coli, 12 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 Proteus mirabilis, 21 Serratia marcescens, 4 Enterobacter cloacae, 21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21 Staphylococcus. aureus (resistant to methicillin) and 15 Enterococcus spp. Clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin activities were evaluated by agar dilution using Müeller-Hinton agar according to NCCLS recommendations. Of the 162 isolates, 16 (9.8%) were intermediate and 146 (90.1%) resistant to ciprofloxacin. 95 of the 162 strains (58.6%) were susceptible, 27 (16.7%) intermediately susceptible, and 40 strains (24.7%) were resistant to clinafloxacin. The percentage susceptible to clinafloxacin was 65.6% for E. coli, 75% for K. pneumoniae, 71.4% for P. mirabilis, 28.6% for S. marcescens, 75% for E. cloacae, 33.3% for P. aeruginosa, 90.5% for S. aureus and 40% for Enterococcus spp. Clinafloxacin was active against 58.6% of the ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates tested. It was particularly active against S. aureus strains resistant to both ciprofloxacin and methicillin.