保留食道旁静脉选择性断流术治疗门静脉高压症临床分析

目的探讨选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的临床效果。方法回顾分析2004年1月～2010年3月收治90例经选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化合并门静脉高压症病人的临床资料。结果术后FPP平均下降6±7 cmH2O;并发症发生率为22.2%。肝功能Child C级血胆固醇<3.0 mmol/L时术后并发症发生率有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术死亡率3.1%,主要死亡原因为上消化道再出血并发肝性脑病、多器官功能衰竭。获得随访1年、3年及5年再出血率分别为3.3%、5.6%及4.8%。结论选择性断流术合理地保留了机体的自发性分流,既保证入肝血量又降低门静脉压力,是一种较理想的断流术式。注重围手术期处理,肝功能较差、反复出血的患者尤应重视。     

断流术中门静脉压力变化及术后再出血的临床研究

目的分析断流术中自由门静脉压(FPP)的变化与术后再出血的关系,探讨在断流术中是否可以FPP作为加做分流手术的血流动力学指标。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2005年12月行脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术的90例门静脉高压症患者,断流术后FPP低于或等于30 cm H_2O者为低压组(34例),高于30 cm H_2O者为高压组(56例),比较两组术前肝功能情况,断流术前后不同时点的FPP变化和术后再出血发生率。结果两组术前肝功能Child-Pugh计分(低压组6.6±1.1,高压组6.9±1.3,P=0.26)和FPP[低压组(37.9±2.5)cm H_2O,高压组(38.9±2.9) cm H_2O,P=0.09]之间的差异均无统计学意义,术后FPP[低压组(28.3±2.4)cm H_2O,高压组(34.0±3.3)cm H_2O,P<0.01]和再出血率(低压组3%,高压组20%,P=0.02)之间的差异均有统计学意义。断流术中脾动脉结扎的降压效果最明显,断流术完成后较脾脏切除后FPP有所上升。结论FPP是能够反映断流术减压效果和术后再出血风险的血流动力学指标,脾切除后FPP高于30 cm H_2O是断流术加行分流手术的依据之一。     

术中门静脉压力动态测定在门静脉高压症术式选择中的作用

目的 分析断流手术和脾切除脾肾静脉分流加断流联合手术后自由门静脉压(FPP)与术后再出血以及肝性脑病的关系,探讨术中FPP动态变化对术式选择的意义.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年12月接受贲门周围血管离断术和贲门周围血管离断加脾肾静脉分流术(联合组)患者170例的临床资料.断流组患者断流术后FPP值≥22 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为高压组(60例),<22 mm Hg为低压组(43例),联合组共67例.三组患者术前Child-Push评分和FPP之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).比较三组患者术中不同时间点FPP变化、以及三组患者术后再出血和肝性脑病发生率.结果 高压组、低压组和联合组术后FPP值分别为(27.1±1.9)mm Hg、(20.8±1.8)mm Hg和(21.5±2.2)mm Hg,再出血率分别为%、4.6%和4.5%.再出血率在高压组显著高于低压组和联合组(P<0.05).术后肝性脑病发生率联合组(10.4%)虽然高于低压组(7.0%)和高压组(3.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 脾切除断流术后FPP值可以作为选择手术方式的依据,如FPP值≥22mm Hg应加行脾肾静脉分流术.     

贲门周围血管离断术与改良Sugiura手术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效比较

目的 比较贲门周围血管离断术与改良Sugiura手术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效.方法 对自1990年1月至2008年6月在我院行断流术治疗门静脉高压症的236例病人(其中贲门周围血管离断术147例,改良Sugiura手术89例)进行回顾性分析.结果 贲门周围血管离断术治疗组围手术期病死率为8.2%,围手术期再出血率为2%.改良Sugiura手术治疗组围手术期病死率为7.9%,围手术期再出血率为3.4%.贲门周围血管离断术组随访率为91.9%,随访时间为6个月至19年,平均随访时间5.0年.术后累积出血率分别为5.7%(1年)、15.2%(3年)和25.5%(5年);累积生存率分别为87.8%(1年)、79.1%(3年)、69.7%(5年).改良Sugiura手术组随访率为87.8%,随访时间为6个月至19年,平均随访时间5.0年.术后累积出血率分别为6.9%(1年)、16.3%(3年)和29.5%(5年);累积生存率分别为95.8%(1年)、85.0%(3年)和76.9%(5年).结论 贲门周围血管离断术与改良Sugiura手术两种治疗在围手术期病死率、围手术期再出血率、术后累积出血率、术后累积病死率及病死原因构成方面无统计学差异.     

选择性断流术治疗门静脉高压症97例

目的 探讨选择性断流术(保留食管旁静脉)对门静脉高压症的治疗作用.方法 收集2004年11月至2006年11月门静脉高压症97例,分为选择性断流术组(50例)和非选择性贲门周围血管离断术组(47例),比较病人手术前、后自由门静脉压(FPP),术后6个月的肝功能Child-Pugh评分、肝动脉血流量、胃底食管下段曲张静脉...     

栅栏状缝扎胃壁加贲门周围血管离断术

目的 探索治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的最佳止血术式。方法 对50例食管胃底静脉曲张出血病人实施了栅栏状环扎胃壁加贲门周围血管离断术。标准的Hassab术式离断贲门周围血管,附加平行交锁环扎胃壁浆肌层阻断壁内返流血管。结果 手术平均时间2小时左右,急诊手术近期止血率100%,术后再出血率2.04%;急诊手术死亡率3.45%,择期手术死亡率0;腹水及肝功能均不同程度改善。结论 本手术目的性强,不污染腹腔,操作简单,易于推广。     

保脾断流术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的疗效分析

目的探讨保留脾脏的选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的疗效。方法笔者所在医院2008～2011年期间共实施保脾断流术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血患者27例,观察其保脾断流手术前后血象、肝功能、并发症、自由门静脉压力(FPP)等指标,术后对患者进行长期随访,观察再出血率和生存情况。结果保脾断流术后FPP下降了12.4%(P<0.05);术后总体并发症发生率为33.3%(9/27),其中包括2例(7.4%)应激性溃疡出血,1例(3.7%)门静脉高压性胃病出血,1例(3.7%)下肢深静脉血栓,1例(3.7%)急性肺损伤,1例(3.7%)肝性脑病于术后第8天死亡,3例(11.1%)新发门静脉血栓。24例患者获随访,随访时间为8～57个月,平均27个月,存活率为92.6%(25/27)。结论保留脾脏的选择性贲门周围血管离断术是治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的一种有效术式。     

贲门周围血管离断加近端胃切除治疗门脉高压症出血

目的 为了降低门脉高压症术再出血率和观察贲门周围血管离断加近端胃切除的疗效。方法 选择35例门脉高压症出血的患者施行该术式。术后随访6个月～5年,平均2.2年。结果 全组无手术死亡,近期再出血2例,远期再出血1例,再出血率为9％。结论 贲门周围管离断加近端胃切除治疗门脉高压症出血断流彻底,止血效果确切,术后再出血率较低,可作为该病部分肝功能和身体状况良好病人选择的术式。     

贲门周围血管离断术后上消化道再出血10例报告

贲门周围血管离断术是治疗门静脉高压症伴食管胃底静脉曲张出血的主要方法之一。贲门周围血管离断术止血效果好，操作简单。但其并发症较多，应引起重视。断流术后再出血率达10％，是当今外科治疗面临的难题。发生术后再出血除了与病人全身情况差、肝功能低下有关外，还与术者的操作熟练程度及手术时机的选择有关。我们自1996年1月-2008年6月对150例门静脉高压症食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人施行贲门周围血管离断术，     

联合断流术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血

目的：探讨吻合器食管横断联合门奇断流术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的效果。方法：将有食管胃底静脉破裂大出血史的门静脉高压症患者120例，随机分为2组，每组60例。联合断流组实施贲门周围血管离断术加吻合器食管下段横断吻合术，对照组仅实施贲门周围血管离断术。观察对比手术后的近期并发症，以及长期随访结果。结果：（1）联合断流组术后总并发症发生率31.7%，对照组为30.0%（P＞0.05）;（2）术后食管胃底静脉曲张消失率联合断流组优于对照组(P﹤0.01);（3）术后再出血率联合断流组低于对照组(P﹤0.05);(4)两组患者术后肝功能均有不同程度的改善,两组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;(5)联合断流组长期（4～7年）生存率（98.3%）高于对照组（90.0% ）(P﹤0.05)。结论：贲门周围血管离断加吻合器食管横断吻合术能更有效地治疗食管胃底静脉曲张，降低再出血率，进一步提高了断流术的疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.