弓形束成像技术在语言功能研究中的应用

一、弥散张量纤维束成像技术 弥散张量纤维束成像是以弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)为基础的纤维束重建技术,其主要原理是根据各个体素中水分子的主要弥散方向,判断最小弥散阻抗的传导路径,达到重建白质纤维通路的目的.弥散张量纤维束成像是目前显示活体脑白质结构的唯一方法[1],该方法能够高度可重复地重建出与解剖结构一致的白质结构.     

精神分裂症的磁共振弥散张量成像研究

磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)是近年在常规MR和弥散加权成像技术的基础上迅速发展而来的一种新型磁共振成像技术,可显示白质纤维束的走行,观察大脑白质的结构特性[1,2]。其在精神障碍中应用前景广阔,可揭示精神分裂症的脑白质微细神经纤维束变化,为进一步探明其可能的神经病理生理学基础提供依据。1DTI简介弥散反映水分子的随机运动,即布郎运动。在这一运动模式中,水分子在各个方向所受的弥散阻力相等。但在生物体内,弥散主要受脑白质的结构特性影响。中枢神经系统白质主要由神经纤维构成,包括联络纤维、联合纤维…     

磁共振张量成像对脑梗死预后的评价

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)探讨脑梗死病人脑白质纤维束各向异性特征和白质纤维束受损与临床预后关系。方法对23例脑梗死患者行DTI检查,以三维立体弥散张量成像为基础的色彩图进行图像后处理,评价脑梗死区周边纤维束的情况,将纤维束分为受压移位、变细萎缩和破坏中断三类,并与临床预后、神经功能缺损程度比较。结果三维成像所见与病人预后关系密切。所有脑白质纤维束萎缩和中断的患者,在随访过程中存在不同程度脑功能损伤,而脑白质受压移位的病人神经功能完全或近乎完全恢复。结论在脑梗死中,DTI能直接观察到白质纤维束的变化,对于评估临床预后具有重要作用。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在诊断中枢神经系统疾病的初步应用

目的 探讨磁共振(MRI)弥散张量成像(DTI)对中枢神经系统疾病的脑白质改变的诊断价值。方法 对10名健康志愿者和64例神经系统疾病患者(脑血管病31例，脱髓鞘疾病7例，炎症7例，肿瘤10例，变性病和先天性发育不良各2例，脑萎缩3例，其他2例)进行MRI检查，包括常规T1WI,T2WI,T2Flair,EWI以及ETI序列。并分别测量FA值。结果 本组59例(92．1％)可见病变区脑白质纤维束消融，FA值减低；12例(20．3％)可见边界清楚的侵蚀状改变，肿瘤病例均可见病变区域旁的白质纤维束推压和移位。结论 DTI可早期发现白质内的病变。与传统MRI相比，DTI能更好地显示脑白质纤维束的受损和移位。     

弥散张量成像技术在脑肿瘤治疗中的应用

弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)技术是目前唯一可以在活体显示脑白质纤维束的无创性检查方法,现已成为临床追踪颅内白质纤维束走形最常用的工具之一。DTI技术在颅内肿瘤的鉴别诊断、治疗方案制定与疗效评价以及纤维束损伤程度的判断等方面发挥了重要的参考作用,与其他功能磁共振成像联合应用具有更高的临床应用价值和发展前景。     

弥散张量成像技术对胶质瘤侵袭性的评价

弥散张量成像技术(DTI)是一种白质纤维束成像的无创新技术,不仅可在大体解剖结构上显示白质纤维与胶质瘤的关系,而且可在显微结构水平反映胶质瘤细胞对白质纤维的侵袭破坏程度。本文就DTI在评价胶质瘤侵袭性中的应用进行综述。     

精神分裂症患者钩束的弥散张量成像研究

钩束是连接额叶与颞叶之间、额叶和颞顶部语言区之间的白质纤维。弥散张量成像（DTI,可以根据组织内水分子的弥散特性来检测白质纤维结构的异常改变。现将精神分裂症患者钧束的弥散张量成像研究作一综述。     

带状灰质异位的磁共振弥散张量白质束成像研究

目的采用磁共振弥散张量白质束成像技术,观察带状灰质异位脑白质异常分布情况,探讨异位灰质的神经病理机制以及弥散张量白质束成像技术的应用价值。方法采用磁共振弥散张量白质束成像技术,对1例癫痫症状的带状灰质异位患者进行白质束描绘,观察其不同灰、白质的分布情况,并和1例正常人进行对比研究。结果弥散张量白质束成像技术很好地描绘了白质束结构。整体观察发现带状灰质异位患者脑白质整体结构紊乱,与正常人相比其联络弓状纤维稀疏、大部缺失,胼胝体纤维稀疏不整;局部分析发现内层灰质为主要的白质纤维发出处,而外层灰质仅发出细碎短小的纤维。结论对于带状灰质异位,异位的内层灰质不仅具有神经生理功能,并且可能起着主要作用,外层"正常"的灰质由于脑结构紊乱而丧失主要功能地位;灰质结构的紊乱导致白质纤维结构的缺失;弥散张量白质束成像技术可以很好地应用于带状灰质异位的神经机制研究。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在神经外科中的应用

弥散张量成像（diffusion tensorimaging，DTI）是在常规MRI和DWI基础上发展起来的一种新技术。这个概念由Basser等^[1]提出。DTI可在三维空间内定量分析组织内水分子的弥散运动，利用特定的算法可以提供其他成像方法所无法实现的脑的解剖结构和功能信息，重建脑白质纤维束。它对脑白质病、脑血管病等的诊断、神经外科术前病灶的定位、病灶与纤维束的毗邻关系的确定有重要意义。本文就DTI相关的基本概念及其在神经外科领域中的应用加以综述。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在情感障碍研究中的应用

磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusiontensor imaging,DTI)是近年来应用于神经科学研究的一种新技术。它可以对活体脑组织进行水分子扩散测量和成像,无创跟踪脑内纤维束,描绘白质的结构,探测白质纤维微观结构的异常改变。本文主要就DTI在情感障碍中的应用研究作一综述。     

Quantitative white matter analysis by diffusion tensor imaging and potential functional correlation

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI modality used to measure the thermal motion of water molecules by combining the measured water diffusion with a simple tensor model of a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix. Since there are many structures that restrict the free motion of water molecules in the brain, we can use the diffusion property of water to study the brain anatomy. Because DTI can provide directional information about axonal fiber bundles, this technique may be one of the most effective MR tools for the investigation of the human white matter anatomy in vivo. Along with the qualitative analysis of fiber pathways using tractography, the quantitative analysis using DTI enables researchers to investigate relationships between white matter anatomy and brain functions as well as to identify tract-specific developmental patterns or disease-specific alterations of the fiber tracts. Several methods have been proposed for whole-brain DTI analysis without an a priori hypothesis. Voxel-based analysis (VBA) is one of the most widely used approaches, although it has concerning limitations, especially when isotropic spatial smoothing is applied. Alternative methods such as tract-based spatial statistics and atlas-based analysis have been introduced to overcome the limitations of VBA. Future studies combining the anatomical connectivity illustrated by using DTI and the functional connectivity illustrated by using resting-state fMRI will provide an emerging landscape of human brain connectivity.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对功能区脑肿瘤手术的参考价值

[目的]评价磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)对功能区脑肿瘤手术的指导意义和应用价值.[方法]对25例患者行头部DTI检查,立体显示肿瘤与脑白质纤维束的关系,术前评估,设计手术入路,对所有病例行显微外科肿瘤切除手术治疗.[结果]本组脑肿瘤中累及脑白质纤维束区域主要位于锥体束和内囊,其中脑白质纤维束破坏13例,移位12例.肿瘤全切除11例,次全切除14例,无手术死亡.术前存在脑白质纤维束受累所致的神经功能阳性体征者术后改善13例,无变化者10例,加重2例.[结论]DTI能够清晰显示脑肿瘤对白质纤维束的累及关系,对神经外科优化手术设计、决定手术切除范围和评估术后神经功能具有指导意义.     

Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can detect structural changes in normal-appearing white matter, and to distinguish between plaques of different pathologic severity, in patients with MS. BACKGROUND: Conventional MRI detects lesions sensitively in MS but has limited pathologic specificity. The diffusion of water molecules in brain tissue, most fully expressed mathematically by a tensor quantity, reflects its intrinsic microstructure. It is now possible to estimate the diffusion tensor noninvasively in the human brain using MR DTI. This method is unique in providing precise and rotationally invariant measurements of the amount and directional bias (anisotropy) of diffusion in white matter tracts relating to tissue integrity and orientation. METHODS: DTI was performed in six patients with MS and in six age-matched control subjects. Diffusion was characterized in normal-appearing white matter in both groups, and in lesions of different pathologic subtypes (inflammatory, noninflammatory, T1 hypointense, and T1 isointense). RESULTS: DTI identified significantly altered water diffusion properties in the normal-appearing white matter of patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001), and distinguished between lesion types. The highest diffusion was seen in destructive (T1 hypointense) lesions, whereas the greatest change in anisotropy was found in inflammatory (gadolinium-enhancing) lesions. CONCLUSIONS: DTI detects diffuse abnormalities in the normal-appearing white matter of MS patients, and the findings in lesions appear to relate to pathologic severity. Its use in serial studies and in larger clinical cohorts may increase our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms of reversible and persistent disability.     

Three-dimensional high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the developing rabbit brain

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to structural ordering in brain tissue particularly in the white matter tracts. Diffusion anisotropy changes with disease and also with neural development. We used high-resolution DTI of fixed rabbit brains to study developmental changes in regional diffusion anisotropy and white matter fiber tract development. Imaging was performed on a 4.7-tesla Bruker Biospec Avance scanner using custom-built solenoid coils and DTI was performed at various postnatal ages. Trace apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional diffusion anisotropy maps and fiber tracts were generated and compared across the ages. The brain was highly anisotropic at birth and white matter anisotropy increased with age. Regional DTI tractography of the internal capsule showed refinement in regional tract architecture with maturation. Interestingly, brains with congenital deficiencies of the callosal commissure showed selectively strikingly different fiber architecture compared to age-matched brains. There was also some evidence of subcortical to cortical fiber connectivity. DTI tractography of the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule showed reproducibly coherent fiber tracts corresponding to known corticospinal and corticobulbar tract anatomy. There was some minor interanimal tract variability, but there was remarkable similarity between the tracts in all animals. Therefore, ex vivo DTI tractography is a potentially powerful tool for neuroscience investigations and may also reveal effects (such as fiber tract pruning during development) which may be important targets for in vivo human studies.     

Independent component analysis of DTI reveals multivariate microstructural correlations of white matter in the human brain

It has recently been demonstrated that specific patterns of correlation exist in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters across white matter tracts in the normal human brain. These microstructural correlations are thought to reflect phylogenetic and functional similarities between different axonal fiber pathways. However, this earlier work was limited in three major respects: (1) the analysis was restricted to only a dozen selected tracts; (2) the DTI measurements were averaged across whole tracts, whereas metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) are known to vary considerably within single tracts; and (3) a univariate measure of correlation was used. In this investigation, we perform an automated multivariate whole-brain voxel-based study of white matter FA correlations using independent component analysis (ICA) of tract-based spatial statistics computed from 3T DTI in 53 healthy adult volunteers. The resulting spatial maps of the independent components show voxels for which the FA values within each map co-vary across individuals. The strongest FA correlations were found in anatomically recognizable tracts and tract segments, either singly or in homologous pairs. Hence, ICA of DTI provides an automated unsupervised decomposition of the normal human brain into multiple separable microstructurally correlated white matter regions, many of which correspond to anatomically familiar classes of white matter pathways. Further research is needed to determine whether whole-brain ICA of DTI represents a novel alternative to tractography for feature extraction in studying the normal microstructure of human white matter as well as the abnormal white matter microstructure found in neurological and psychiatric disorders.     

Autism as a disconnection syndrome: A qualitative and quantitative review of diffusion tensor imaging studies

This review aims at evaluating the leading hypothesis of lower long-range and greater short-range cortical connectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by the available literature on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies. DTI, coupled with tractography, assesses the structural connections between cortical regions and quantifies their white matter integrity. First, we provide an extensive qualitative overview of DTI findings in ASD. Next, to reveal convergence between studies, results are quantitatively analyzed using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) and fibre tracking is performed to visualize the white matter tracts running through the obtained ALE clusters. Finally, findings from DTI research are related to specific symptoms characteristic of ASD. Overall, the qualitative analysis yields a widespread disruption of white matter integrity in the brain of individuals with ASD as compared to typically developing controls. This is the case for both the long-range and the local short-range connections, partially contradicting the leading hypothesis. However, several studies investigating very young children with ASD report greater structural connectivity, suggesting a developmental switch in white matter integrity in the ASD brain. Based on the combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, the corpus callosum and the ventral tracts emerge as particularly affected connections in individuals with ASD.     

DTI对脑深部胶质瘤手术入路设计的临床意义

目的探讨术前DTI检查及脑白质纤维束重建对设计脑深部胶质瘤手术入路的临床意义。方法随机选取脑深部胶质瘤病人60例,30例术前仅行MRI检查作为对照组,根据易达及避开功能区的原则选择手术入路;30例术前行MRI+DTI检查作为DTI组,行脑白质纤维三维重建,明确脑白质纤维束与肿瘤的三维空间结构关系,以避开重要纤维束及功能区的原则设计手术入路;比较两组病人术后1个月KPS评分的差异。结果对照组镜下全切19例,次全切7例,部分切除4例,全切率63.3%;DTI组镜下全切18例,次全切7例,部分切除5例,全切率60.0%。两组镜下全切率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组KPS评分为(81.67±20.69)分,DTI组KPS评分为(91.67±16.42)分;两组KPS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前DTI检查及脑白质纤维束重建对设计脑深部胶质瘤手术入路有重要指导意义,起到保护重要白质纤维束和降低病残率的作用。     

Detection of age-dependent brain injury in a mouse model of brain amyloidosis associated with Alzheimer's disease using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging

Using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the present study investigates changes in both gray and white matter in the APPsw transgenic mouse (Tg2576), a model of beta-amyloid plaque deposition associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). DTI analyses were performed in cross-sectional groups of transgene-positive and -negative mice at 8, 12, 16, and 18 months of age to assess the magnitude of water diffusion in gray matter (i.e., Tr(D)) and changes in diffusion in white matter that may be indicative of axonal degeneration (i.e., reduced water diffusion parallel to axonal tracts, lambda(||)) and myelin degradation (i.e., increased water diffusion perpendicular to axonal tracts, lambda(perpendicular)). No appreciable changes in gray or white matter were observed between the APPsw and the age-matched control mice at 8 months of age. Reduced Tr(D) and lambda(||) were observed in gray and white matter, respectively, for the APPsw mice at ages greater than 8 months, which coincides with the time period when appreciable amyloid plaque accumulation was confirmed by ex vivo histopathological studies. The decreases in lambda(||) suggest the presence of axonal injury in multiple white matter tracts of APPsw mice. Unlike lambda(||), lambda(perpendicular) was unaltered between control and APPsw mice in most white matter tracts. However, in the corpus collosum (CC), lambda(perpendicular) increased at 16 and 18 months of age, suggesting the possibility of myelin damage in the CC at these later ages. This work demonstrates the potential for DTI as a noninvasive modality to detect evolving pathology associated with changes in tissue water diffusion properties in brain tissues.     

Alterations of white matter tracts following neurotoxic hippocampal lesions in macaque monkeys: A diffusion tensor imaging study

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a valuable tool for assessing presumptive white matter alterations in human disease and animal models. The current study used DTI to examine the effects of selective neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus on major white matter tracts and anatomically related brain regions in macaque monkeys. Two years postlesion, structural MRI, and DTI sequences were acquired for each subject. Volumetric assessment revealed a substantial reduction in the size of the hippocampus in experimental subjects, averaging 72% relative to controls, without apparent damage to adjacent regions. DTI images were processed to yield measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), parallel diffusivity (lADC), and perpendicular diffusivity (tADC), as well as directional color maps. To evaluate potential changes in major projection systems, a region of interest (ROI) analysis was conducted including the corpus callosum, fornix, temporal stem, cingulum bundle, ventromedial prefrontal white matter, and optic radiations. Lesion‐related abnormalities in the integrity of the fiber tracts examined were limited to known hippocampal circuitry, including the fornix and ventromedial prefrontal white matter. These findings are consistent with the notion that hippocampal damage results in altered interactions with multiple memory‐related brain regions, including portions of the prefrontal cortex. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

颞叶癫癎弥散张量成像的影像学特征

颞叶癫癎（TLE）作为常见的一类局限性癫癎,了解其颅内病灶至关重要。MR弥散张量成像是一种水弥散成像技术,能够反映白质纤维的解剖和病理过程。本文介绍了TLE在弥散张量成像中的影像学表现：TLE患者病灶侧海马,与致癎灶相关连接结构如穹窿、扣带回、胼胝体和额颞叶联系纤维在弥散张量成像中均有异常信号,另外在双侧丘脑、额枕叶、双侧小脑亦有异常信号发现。TLE患者颅内各类白质纤维的信号异常与患者的某些认知功能有关。