经颅磁刺激对偏头痛患者皮质功能的评估作用

目的采用经颅磁刺激探讨偏头痛患者的运动诱发电位及枕皮质的兴奋性,以进一步明确偏头痛发病的可能机制。方法对新诊断的偏头痛患者作脑运动诱发电位(brainmotorevokedpotentials,MEP)和磁刺激枕皮质诱发视幻觉的阈值检测。结果共有59例患者参加了试验,男26例、女33例,典型偏头痛17例、普通型偏头痛42例。正常对照22例。发现典型偏头痛患者枕皮质刺激诱发视幻觉的阈值(51±6)%显著低于正常对照组(74±8)%,运动透发电位潜伏期典型偏头痛(17.3±3.0)ms比正常组(12.1±2.7)ms显著延长。结论提示典型偏头痛患者枕皮质神经元兴奋增强,潜伏期延长可能与偏头痛患者脑损伤机制有关。     

经颅磁刺激对偏头痛患者皮质功能的评估作用

目的 采用经颅磁刺激探讨偏头痛患者的运动诱发电位及枕皮质的兴奋性，以进一步明确偏头痛发病的可能机制。方法 对新诊断的偏头痛患者作脑运动诱发电位(brain motor evoked potentials，MEP)和磁刺激枕皮质诱发视幻觉的嗣值检测。结果 共有59例患者参加了试验，男26例、女33例，典型偏头痛17例、普通型偏头痛42例。正常对照22例。发现典型偏头痛患者枕皮质刺激诱发视幻觉的嗣值(51&;#177;6)％显著低于正常对照组(74&;#177;8)％，运动透发电位潜伏期典型值头痛[17．3&;#177;3．0)ms比正常组(12．1&;#177;2．7)ms显著延长。结论 提示典型偏头痛患者枕皮质神经元兴奋增强，潜伏期延长可能与偏头痛患者脑损伤机制有关。     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位有关指标及其在脑卒中运动功能评估中的应用研究进展

脑卒中是全球致残的最常见疾病,对患者功能障碍进行准确评定可更好的指导康复治疗并改善预后。大脑皮质兴奋性是脑卒中康复及预后的重要标志。然而目前临床评估多采用量表,精确性差,无法定量评定患者大脑兴奋性情况。由经颅磁刺激诱发的运动阈值及运动诱发电位是大脑皮质兴奋性的代表性评价指标,可定量评估大脑皮质兴奋性。近年来,经颅磁刺激成对脉冲刺激模式诱发的短间隔皮质内抑制及皮质内易化已成为皮质兴奋性相关研究的新方向。经颅磁刺激诱发的相关皮质兴奋性评价指标在脑卒中后运动功能评估及预后参考中有重要意义。本文就经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位有关指标的特性及其在脑卒中运动功能评估中的应用进行综述。     

单周期低频重复经颅磁刺激对帕金森病的短时程疗效

目的 观察单周期、低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对原发性帕金森运动障碍的作用强度和时程.方法 应用两阶段交叉设计.24例原发性帕金森病患者随机分为两组.第一组先接受初级运动皮质的rTMS,1周后再接受枕叶皮质的rTMS;第二组先接受枕叶皮质的rTMS,1周后接受初级运动皮质的rTMS.刺激强度为80%运动诱发电位阔值.频率为0.5 Hz.初级运动皮质的刺激靶点中心在手部运动皮质区,每个靶点刺激脉冲数1 000个.刺激后测评统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)运动分量表评分以及自评量表评分.结果 两组患者治疗性rTMS后的UPDRS运动评分最大改善率分别为(34.2±7.5)%和(36.5±8.7)%,疗效时程分别为(39±12)min和(35±11)rain,均分别高于对照性rTMS后的最大改善率(7.2±3.1%、7.4±3.8%)以及疗效时程,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),治疗顺序对疗效的作用无统计学意义(P0.05).结论 单周期、低频、80%运动诱发电位阈值强度的rTMS可以在治疗帕金森病后短时程改善运动障碍.     

不同频率重复经颅磁刺激治疗缺血性脑卒中患者的疗效观察

目的 观察不同频率重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将45例缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者分为高频组、低频组及假刺激组,每组15例。3组患者均给予常规康复干预,高频组患者在此基础上针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予10 Hz高频rTMS治疗,低频组患者则针对健侧运动皮质M1区给予0.5 Hz低频rTMS治疗,假刺激组则针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予假磁刺激治疗。于治疗前、治疗3周后分别检测3组患者运动诱发电位（MEP）皮质潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间（CMCT）,同时采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对3组患者运动功能恢复情况进行评定。 结果 治疗后3组患者MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT及FMA、BBS、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且高频组、低频组上述疗效指标亦显著优于假刺激组水平（P<0.05）,同时低频组MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT均较高频组明显缩短,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗后低频组与高频组FMA、BBS及MBI评分组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 低频及高频rTMS治疗均有利于缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复,并且低频rTMS刺激健侧M1区较高频rTMS刺激病灶侧M1区能更显著改善病灶侧皮质兴奋性。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练对卒中后偏瘫患者肢体功能影响观察

目的探究高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练治疗卒中后偏瘫患者的效果。方法选取某院2017年9月至2019年5月卒中后偏瘫患者94例,根据建档时间不同分为研究组47例、对照组47例,对照组给予任务导向性训练,研究组在对照组基础上联合高频重复经颅磁刺激,比较两组治疗前后肢体功能(Fugl-Meyer)、运动功能(MAS)、神经电生理检查[运动诱发电位皮质潜伏期(CL)、中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)]。结果治疗后两组Fugl-Meyer、MAS评分高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后研究组CL、CMCT低于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论高频重复经颅磁刺激联合任务导向性训练应用于卒中后偏瘫患者,可促进肢体功能及运动功能恢复,改善大脑皮质兴奋性。     

周围神经肌肉磁刺激联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中慢性期手功能障碍1例报道

目的探索周围神经肌肉磁刺激联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗对脑卒中慢性期患者上肢手运动功能障碍的疗效。方法回顾1例脑卒中病程3年以上、右侧肢体运动功能障碍患者的临床资料。在常规康复基础上,采用偏瘫侧前臂周围神经肌肉磁刺激和双侧大脑半球感觉运动皮质高频rTMS治疗,共4周。结果治疗后,患者右上肢Fulg-Meyer运动功能评分提高,改良Ashworth量表分级降低。结论周围神经肌肉磁刺激联合rTMS可能对改善脑卒中慢性期患者偏瘫侧上肢和手运动功能有一定疗效。     

磁刺激运动诱发电位检测运动神经元病变的意义

目的:探讨磁刺激运动诱发电位检测对神经系统疾病中运动神经元病变性疾病的评估意义。方法:选择2003-03/12哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医院收治的神经系统病变患者40例,其中14例为多发性硬化,6例为吉兰-巴雷综合征,6例颈椎病,6例运动神经元病,2例亚急性联合变性,3例锥体外系病,3例癔病。所有患者行磁刺激运动诱发电位检测,刺激部位分别选择接受肌肉对侧的手区及同侧的C6,7棘突旁、Erb点、肘部正中神经处,分析时间选择刺激后100ms,带通范围选择20～2000Hz。磁刺激输出量周围神经选择最大输出的70%,中枢输出的80%。每人每刺激点至少重复2次。以哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医院神经科电生理实验室制定的100例正常人磁刺激运动诱发电位结果为正常参考值。结果:按意向处理分析,40例患者均进入结果分析。①14例多发性硬化患者中10例磁刺激运动诱发电位异常,主要表现为中枢传导时间延长,皮质刺激点接收的肌肉复合动作电位波形弥散。②6例吉兰-巴雷综合征患者,5例磁刺激运动诱发电位异常,4例存在运动神经传导速度减慢,1例表现Erb点,肘部刺激复合动作电位波幅低,皮质刺激点及颈部刺激未引出波形。③6例重症脊髓型颈椎病磁刺激运动诱发电位表现均出现异常。④6例运动神经元病3例出现中枢传导时间延长,周围神经传导速度减慢。⑤2例亚急性联合变性患者中枢性运动传导时间延长。⑥3例锥体外系及3例癔病瘫患者磁刺激运动诱发电位未见异常。结论:磁刺激运动诱发电位可以用于评估多种运动神经元病变者的神经传导功能,以便早期发现中枢及周围运动神经传导是否正常。通过中枢运动传导时间延长,揭示临床及亚临床的上运动神经元改变,尤其适用于发现中枢性运动神经元病变的多发性硬化亚临床改变,起到支持辅助诊断作用。     

局部振动对脑梗死运动皮质的即刻与延迟效应

目的:明确振动对大脑皮质运动区兴奋性传导的作用。方法:将20例脑梗死患者随机分为A、B组,A组给予频率7Hz,振幅7mm的振动治疗,B组给予频率14Hz,振幅7mm的振动治疗。通过经颅磁刺激下的运动诱发电位(MEP),记录A、B两组患者在振动治疗前、后及治疗1h后大脑感觉运动皮质区的MEP皮质潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)。比较治疗前后MEP皮质潜伏期及CMCT的变化。结果:与振动刺激前比较,7Hz的振动刺激在治疗后即刻及1h后的MEP皮质潜伏期及CMCT虽然均有缩短趋势,但只有1h后的CMCT有显著性改善(P0.05);而14Hz组在治疗后即刻的MEP皮质潜伏期和CMCT均有显著性差异(P0.05),1h后CMCT也较治疗前显著改善(P0.05)。结论:7Hz和14Hz的振动刺激可明显提高患者受损脑区兴奋性,且14Hz的振动刺激更有效。     

直接皮质电刺激在脑功能区手术中对脑功能的保护作用

目的:探讨脑重要功能区手术中应用直接皮质电刺激联合皮质体感诱发电位定位脑功能区的方法及意义。方法:16例脑重要功能区病变的患者在唤醒麻醉下进行显微外科手术,利用皮质诱发电位及皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区、运动区及语言区,在保护脑功能区功能不受损的前提下,最大限度的手术切除病变。结果:12例位于运动感觉区的患者利用体感诱发电位及皮质电刺激确定出运动感觉区,其中6例利用体感诱发电位总位相倒置确定出中央沟,记录到明显的P20-N25倒置波形,波幅最大及波形分化最佳,经直接皮质电刺激确认为运动区。4例病变位于左侧额颞叶的患者通过皮质直接电刺激确定出语言区。术后无一例出现长期的功能障碍加重,并且术后功能均较术前明显好转。皮质电刺激未出现特殊并发症。结论:术中体感诱发电位及直接皮质电刺激可准确实时确定脑功能区,可最大限度的保护患者功能,最大限度的切除病变。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.