在举证责任倒置下如何准确书写护理记录

《医疗事故处理条例》中的“住院病历书写要求及内容第十六条”规定：住院病历内容包括住院病案首页、住院志、体温单、医嘱单……手术及护理记录单、护理记录等^[1]。首次在法律中明确了护理记录是病历的重要组成部分。因此,护理记录作为护士对住院患者住院期间护理过程的准确、真实、客观的记录,同时又是处理医疗纠纷时法律上的重要依据。最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的规定》中“医疗行为举证责任倒置原则”,以及《医疗事故处理条例》中规定,患者有权复印病历,复印范围包括体温单、护理记录单等护理文书,护理文书成为处理医疗纠纷时举证的重要依据。     

护理文书与护理纠纷关系探讨

随着《医疗事故处理条例》的颁发及关于“举证责任倒置”的出台，病历在医疗纠纷案件中更扮演着重要的角色，而作为可复印的客观性病历资料，护理文书也显得尤为重要。临床中发现护士在书写护理记录时，涉及许多潜在的法律问题。现将我院2002年1月-12月的护理文书检查结果介绍如下。     

强化护理文书的规范性是提高护士法律意识的保证

《医疗事故处理条例》的实施，举证倒置的实行，使医护人员感到风险和压力越来越大。在医疗事故争议中，病历成为医患双方关注的焦点，在医疗纠纷处理中扮演着十分重要的角色。护理记录是病历的组成部分，是随医疗病历共入病案，具有很强的法律效应，特别是危重病人的护理记录，更是判定医疗责任的重要依据之一。     

浅谈护理文件的法律问题与对策

随着社会经济的繁荣与发展 ,人们的自我保护意识、法制观念日益增强 ,对医疗保健需求水准越来越高 ,再加上医德医风、医院管理 ,医疗纠纷等各种因素中存在的诸多问题 ,目前逐渐成上升趋势。在我们医疗活动中 ,完整的病历资料是有重要法律作用的文件 ,医院一旦发生医疗纠纷 ,病人首先提出的就是要查阅病历及医疗文件 ,而护理文件记录则是其中重要的组成部分 ,护理文件也是严肃的法律性文件 ,它包括体温单、医嘱记录单、交班记录、危重病人护理记录、整体护理病历等。医疗事故处理条例即将于今年 9月 1日实施 ,但目前护理人员在护理文件记录书…     

浅谈护理记录中潜在的几种纠纷隐患及对策

随着社会发展及我国相关法律条例的出台，就医者及其家属的法律意识日趋增强，护理记录作为一种具有法律效应的重要客观资料，要求护理人员如实、客观、及时、准确地做好护理记录，以免成为举证的遗憾或缺陷。实行书写护理记录以来，我们对全院内、外、妇、儿、五官科、肿瘤科的在架及出院病历的护理记录每月进行随机抽查，查阅护理病历共200份，其中非手术病例120份，手术病例80份。本文就护理记录中潜在的纠纷隐患、相应的对策预防加以分析。     

规范护理文书预防医疗纠纷

随着社会的发展，国家普及法律教育工作的深入，2002年9月1日国务院颁布的行政法规《医疗事故处理条例》开始实施。对于医疗机构和患者二者之间关系来讲，患者对医院的服务要求越来越高，维权意识越来越强，表现为医疗纠纷的发生率呈明显上升趋势。作为医疗服务机构重要组成部分的护理工作人员与患者及法律密切相关。《医疗事故处理条例》第二章第十条明确规定患者有权复印的护理文书有：体温单、医嘱单、护理记录等资料。当患者要求封存病历后，这些护理文书将成为法律上的有效物证，因此，每个护理人员都必须及时、准确、完整、简要、清晰地记录护理文书，与医疗文书保持一致，并妥善保管，以保持其原始性、正确性和完整性。严格执行规章制度，才能有效避免医疗纠纷。以下从几个方面介绍规范护理文书的要求。     

规范护理记录书写的管理与医疗纠纷的防范

2002年9月1日开始实施的《医疗事故处理条例》在法规中明确了护理记录是病历的重要组成部分，并以客观资料作为法律性文件，为护患双方提供了法律保护及举证依据。我院护理部为保证对患者护理过程和病情转归记录具有科学性、真实性、准确性，结合《病历书写基本规范》要求，对一般患者、危重患者护理记录单，手术护理记录单制定后应用于临床，并逐步完善。为适应新形势，结合现阶段护理记录中相关法律性的问题进行探讨，以达到提高质量和法律效用的目的。     

护理记录的缺陷分析与应对措施

目的提高病案护理记录书写质量，减少病历缺陷引起的医疗纠纷或医疗事故。方法随机抽取住院病历290份，对其存在的问题进行总结．归类和分析。结果检查发现护理记录缺陷主要表现在几个方面：客观性缺陷；真实缺陷；准确性缺陷；及时性缺陷，完整性缺陷。结论加强对护理人员法律知识和专业知识的培训，提高业务水平，增强防范意识，加强护理病历质量控制管理，及时反馈改进，才能减少护理记录缺陷，防范医疗纠纷或医疗事故于未然。     

护理记录缺陷分析与防范医疗纠纷的对策

目的：杜绝护理记录中的缺陷，为医疗举证责任倒置提供客观、真实资料。方法：分析护理记录中缺陷，提供防范医疗纠纷的对策。结果：护理记录中的缺陷，主要是护理人员对相关的卫生法律、法规不熟悉，以及工作中的责任心不强等引起。结论：增强护士的法律知识和护理病历书写能力，加强护理记录各环节的质量监控，保证护理记录的真实性、完整性及科学性。医院要获得更大的生存空间，医护人员必须更新观念，认真学习并贯彻相关的卫生法律、法规才能推进医院更好、更快地发展。     

新形势下护理记录中的问题分析及干预

随着社会的进步,法制建设的不断完善,公民对法律意识有了很大提高,医疗纠纷的数量也在逐年上升,医疗护理工作面临新的问题和挑战.护理记录作为病历的重要组成部分,并以客观资料作为法律性文件,为护患双方提供法律保护及举证依据.从而提示护理记录要具有其科学性、真实性、准确性[1].     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.