格列吡嗪血药浓度测定及中国健康人体药动学研究

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度的方法, 以及研究格列吡嗪片在中国健康人体的药物动力学. 方法以Kiomasal C18(4.6 mm×125 mm 5 μm)为分析柱,乙腈-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(38∶62,v/v) 为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测波长为225 nm,艾司唑仑为内标,测定血浆中格列吡嗪的浓度.结果在浓度20.4～2 040 ng· mL-1,格列吡嗪和内标峰的面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3).格列吡嗪高、中、低3个浓度的平均回收率分别为(105.2±4.4)%、(92.9±5.0)%、(109.4±8.4)%;日内、日间RSD均小于10%.药物动力学研究表明,格列吡嗪体内过程符合一室模型,体内药物tmax、cmax、t1/2(Ke) 、AUC0～24分别为(1.6±0.3) h、(728.5±229.7)ng·mL-1、(3.3±0.9)h、(4 130.5±1 383.0)ng·h· mL-1. 结论方法简便、快速准确、重现性好,可用于格列吡嗪的药动学研究.     

格列吡嗪片生物等效性的研究

目的 :比较两种格列吡嗪片剂在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学及生物等效性 ,确保临床用药质量。方法 :12例男性健康志愿受试者 ,采用标准两周期交叉设计自身对照试验法 ,单剂量口服进口和国产格列吡嗪片 10 mg,以高效液相色谱法测定血浆中格列吡嗪的经时浓度 ,以双单侧 t检验统计法比较两种格列吡嗪片之间的差异。结果 :两种格列吡嗪片在健康志愿者体内的药时曲线均符合一级吸收的单室模型 ,国产格列吡嗪片主要的药动学参数 Tmax、Cmax和 AUC( 0 - 1 7)分别为 (2 .5 8± 0 .5 1) h、(6 0 9.6 9± 112 .89) ng/ml和 (44 99.79± 96 9.0 2 ) ng· h/ml;进口格列吡嗪片主要的药动学参数Tmax、Cmax和 AUC( 0 - 1 7) 分别为 (2 .5 8± 0 .5 1) h、(5 6 8.83± 10 1.92 ) ng/ml和 (410 8.31± 72 4 .86 ) ng· h/ml。两种格列吡嗪片主要药动学参数间均无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,国产格列吡嗪片相对生物利用度 F为 10 9.5 %± 4 .5 %。结论 :两种格列吡嗪片在健康志愿者体内具有相同的生物效应 ,可确保临床用药的安全有效。     

健康志愿者消糖灵丸中格列本脲的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的评价健康志愿者消糖灵丸中格列本脲的人体相对生物利用度并与胶囊剂比较其生物等效性。方法 18名男性健康志愿者随机分组、自身交叉对照单剂量口服消糖灵丸和胶囊,建立HPLC-荧光法测定血浆中格列本脲的质量浓度。结果含格列本脲4.2mg的受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:达峰时间tmax分别为(2.56±0.38)和(2.50±0.32)h;血药质量浓度峰值Cmax分别为(84.68±27.27)和(88.93±17.58)ng·mL-1;药时曲线下面积AUC(0→10)分别为(360.45±101.18)和(364.26±82.39)ng·h·mL-1。2种制剂的药物动力学参数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度(F)为98.30%±10.82%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性,消糖灵丸作为迟效制剂进行等效性评价应考虑更多相关因素。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度的方法。方法格列吡嗪血浆样品在酸性条件下以二氯甲烷 正己烷(50∶50)提取，以格列齐特为内标。色谱柱：Nova pak C18柱(46 mm×250 mm，4 μm)；流动相：甲醇 003 mol·L 1磷酸二氢钾(pH值＝30)(59∶41)；流速：08 mL·min 1；检测波长：228 nm。结果标准曲线线性范围20～1 000 μg·L 1；回归方程：Y＝0003 4X－0512，r＝ 0999 2，血浆中格列吡嗪最低检测限为15 μg·L 1。平均提取回收率为(868±57)%，平均回收率为(1043±43)%，日内RSD≤29%，日间RSD≤49%。结论该方法具有良好的准确性、精密性和较高的灵敏度，适用于格列吡嗪的药动学研究和治疗监测。     

格列吡嗪片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性评价

目的比较两种格列吡嗪片剂在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性.方法12例男性健康志愿受试者,采用标准两周期交叉设计自身对照试验法,单剂量口服进口和国产格列吡嗪片10mg,以高效液相色谱法测定血浆中格列吡嗪的经时浓度,以双单侧t检验统计法比较两种格列吡嗪片之间的差异.结果两种格列吡嗪片在健康志愿者体内的药-时曲线均符合一级吸收的单室模型,国产格列吡嗪片主要的药动学参数Tmax、Cmax和AUC(0-17)分别为(2.6±0.5)h,(609.7±112.9)ng·ml-1和(4499.8±969.0)ng·h-1·ml-1;进口格列吡嗪片主要的药动学参数Tmax、Cmax和AUC(0-17)分别为(2.6±0.5)h,(568.8±101.9)ng·ml-1和(4108.3±724.9)ng·h·     

萘哌地尔在家犬体内的药动学

目的 建立家犬血浆中萘哌地尔浓度的高效液相色谱分析方法,研究萘哌地尔普通片和缓释片在家犬体内的药动学规律。方法 采用内标法,以Shim-Pack ODS C18柱为固定相,甲醇-乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(25:25:50)为流动相,维拉帕米为内标,检测波长为240 nm,流速为0.8 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,血药浓度一时间数据采用3P97程序处理并计算药动学参数。结果 血浆中内源性物质对萘哌地尔与维拉帕米均无干扰,萘哌地尔与内标的峰面积之比同萘哌地尔浓度间有良好的线性关系,线性范围为13.6-868 ng·mL-1,最低定量浓度为13.6 ng·mL-1,方法回收率和提取回收率分别为101.2％±7.8％(n=3)、74.6％±3.6％(n=3),日内RSD≤6.9％,日间RSD≤8.4％;家犬口服100 mg萘哌地尔普通片与缓释片后,血药浓度时间曲线符合一室模型,Cmax分别为(635.1±129.8)、(63.7±163.1)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.28±0.57)、(6.67±1.63)h,AUC0-t分别为(3 562±1 265)、(3 297±937)ng·mL-1·h,T1/2(Ke)分别为(3.35±0.68)、(4.01±3.14)h。结论 所建立的血浆中萘哌地尔浓度测定方法灵敏、准确,能较好地满足萘哌地尔药动学研究的需要;萘哌地尔缓释片具有明显的缓释特征。     

酒石酸美托洛尔片在中国健康人体的药代动力学

目的　研究单剂量和多剂量酒石酸美托洛尔片在中国健康人体的药代动力学。方法　22名健康受试者口服酒石酸美托洛尔片50mg,用HPLC-荧光检测法测定血浆中美托洛尔的浓度。结果　所得药代动力学参数如下。单剂量:AUC0-t为(395. 6±298. 95)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为(433. 83±342. 94)ng·h·mL-1,Cmax为(63. 06±34. 61)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1. 573±0. 52)h,MRT为(7. 40±2. 31 )h;多剂量:AUCss0-t为( 504. 67±322. 35 )ng·h·mL-1,Cmax为(77. 72±45. 69)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1. 7±0. 6)h,Cmin为(4. 12±1. 57)ng·mL-1,平均稳态血药浓度Cav是( 21. 03±13. 43 )ng·mL-1,血药浓度波动度DF为(367. 29±112. 56)%。结论　酒石酸美托洛尔片单剂量和多剂量给药后,安全性良好。     

LC-MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2及其药代动力学研究

目的建立测定人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2血浆药物浓度的液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用的分析方法(LC-ESI-MS),探讨其在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学研究中的应用.方法Beagle犬6只,随机分为2组,采用单剂量双周期自身交叉设计,分别给犬单剂量静注(0.1 mg·kg-1)或灌胃(1 mg·kg-1)20(R)-Rh2,用LC-MS法测定给药后的血浆中药物浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,以及在Beagle犬体内的绝对生物利用度.结果20(R)-Rh2在 0.5～200 ng·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9998),样品在血浆中的提取回收率大于70%,批内和批间的RSD均小于15%,静注后主要药代动力学参数T1/2,CL,AUC0-∞分别为 8.0±2.8 h、0.1±0.03 L·kg-1·h、857.0±209.6 ng·h·ml-1;口服后主要药代动力学参数Tmax,Cmax,T1/2,AUC0-∞分别为 2.6±1.3 h、371.0±199.6 ng·ml-1、5.8±2.6 h、1215.7±598.6 ng·h·ml-1.绝对生物利用度为(16.1±11.3)%.结论该法专属性强,灵敏度高,可用于20(R)-Rh2的体内定量分析.人参皂苷20(R)-Rh2在Beagle犬体内的绝对生物利用度较低.     

盐酸二甲双胍/格列本脲复方片剂在人体的药代动力学

目的　建立人血浆中格列本脲的HPLC ESI MS测定法 ,研究志愿者口服格列本脲与二甲双胍的复方片剂后的药代动力学行为。方法　人血浆样品中格列本脲的测定方法 :血浆样品以 1mol·L- 1的盐酸酸化后用乙酸乙酯提取 ,进行HPLC ESI MS分析 ,色谱柱为LichrospherC18(dp 5μm ,4 6mmID× 2 5cm ) ,流动相为甲醇 -10mmol·L- 1醋酸铵水溶液 (78∶2 2 ,V/V) ,检测方式为SIM方式 ,检测离子为m/z 492 1(格列本脲 )、m /z 444 1(内标 )。 2 0名健康志愿者交叉口服供试片和参比片 ,剂量均为格列本脲 2 5mg和盐酸二甲双胍 50 0mg。 结果　在 0 3 10～ 413 μg·L- 1范围内格列本脲峰面积与内标峰面积的比值与浓度的线性关系良好。格列本脲受试制剂与参比制剂的T1/2 分别为(5 4± 0 8)h、(5 9± 1 0 )h ,Cmax 分别为 (14 6± 2 2 ) μg·L- 1、(12 3± 16) μg·L- 1,Tmax分别为 (2 7± 0 9)h、(3 0±0 7)h ,AUC0～ 3 6 分别为 (73 0± 14 0 ) μg·h·L- 1、(63 2± 117)μg·h·L- 1;二甲双胍受试制剂与参比制剂的T1/2 分别为(3 0± 0 6)h、(3 0± 0 4)h ,Cmax分别为 (1 61± 0 3 2 )mg·L- 1、(1 62± 0 3 3 )mg·L- 1,Tmax分别为 (1 8± 0 2 )h、(1 7± 0 4)h ,AUC0～ 15 分别为 (7 3 7± 1 3 4 )     

格列吡嗪2种片剂的药物动力学和人体生物利用度比较

目的 :考察 2种格列吡嗪片剂在正常人体的药物动力学 ,评价其生物等效性。方法 :8名健康受试者随机自身交叉口服格列吡嗪片A(爱宝 )和格列吡嗪片B(金晓 )各 10mg ,用反相HPLC内标法测定经时血药浓度。结果 :HPLC测定的线性范围2 0～ 10 0 0 μg·L- 1(r =0 .9995) ;回收率 99.70 %～10 6 .34% ;天内精密度为 3.0 9%～ 6 .83% ;天间精密度为 2 .2 2 %～ 4 .13%。格列吡嗪片A和片B的Cmax为 (555± 173) μg·L- 1和 (552± 86 ) μg·L- 1;Tmax为 (1.1± 0 .2 )h和 (1.6± 0 .3)h ;T12 为 (4 .6±1.2 )h和 (4 .2± 0 .6 )h ;AUC0 -T为 (2 876± 4 6 8) μg·L- 1·h- 1和 (310 4± 582 ) μg·L- 1·h- 1。方差分析示T12 ,AUC0 -T和Cmax差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,片A的Tmax显著小于片B(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :2种格列吡嗪片具有生物等效性。     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。