泛素-蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集选择性损伤多巴胺神经元

目的 探讨多巴胺(DA)神经元诱变剂对细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集的影响及其细胞损伤作用.方法 应用MPP+、特异性泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)抑制剂lactacystin及H2O2处理神经生长因子(NGF)诱导的PC12细胞株与N2a细胞株16 h后,采用免疫荧光双标记的方法在共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集,比较三种诱变剂对这两种细胞株作用的差异.在PC12细胞中加入不同终浓度的lactacystin处理24 h,MTT方法检测PC12细胞活力.10μmol/Llactacystin处理PC12细胞不同时间,流式细胞术检测PC12细胞的早期凋亡率.结果 经三种诱变剂处理后,MPP+和lactacystin选择性地诱发PC12细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集且以lactacystin的作用更为显著,N2a细胞则无明显的泛素化α-synuclein聚集.H2O2作用于PC12细胞的效应与MPP+相近,但仅引起N2a细胞内少量泛素化α-synuclein聚集.经lactacystin处理后的PC12细胞活力呈剂量依赖性下降;5 μmol/L、10μmol/L和20 μmol/L lactacystin处理24 h后细胞存活率分别为79.5%±2.1%、49.3%±3.2%和31.2%±2.8%(与对照组相比,均P＜0.01).流式细胞术显示lactacystin处理后PC12细胞早期出现凋亡细胞,并且随着处理时间的延长,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加.结论 特异性UPS和线粒体呼吸链抑制剂选择性作用于DA神经元,诱导细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集,终使细胞发生凋亡,而以氧化应激为主要损伤途径的诱变剂的作用则不具有选择性.     

溶酶体和泛素蛋白酶体功能障碍协同加剧PC12细胞内α-synuclein异常聚集

目的 探讨溶酶体和蛋白酶体功能障碍在帕金森病发病中的作用机制.方法 分别及联合应用溶酶体抑制剂E64、蛋白酶体抑制剂lactacystin处理神经元样分化的PC12细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT) 法检测细胞活性及代谢状态,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫荧光双标方法观察PC12细胞内硫黄素S、α-synuclei蛋白阳性聚集包涵体的形成,及应用Hoechst33258观察α-synuclei蛋白、硫黄素S双标阳性细胞的凋亡. 结果应用上述抑制剂后细胞活性下降(呈浓度依赖性)而细胞凋亡率上升;经药物处理后PC12细胞出现α-synuclei蛋白聚集和包涵体形成,E64组为(7.94±0.97)%,lactacystin组为(20.33±2.40)%,合用组为(36.77±3.50)%,与对照组比较及各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);α-synuclei蛋白阳性包涵体细胞存在明显凋亡改变(17.29% ±1.54%).结论 溶酶体和蛋白酶体功能障碍有可能通过诱导多巴胺神经元细胞内α-synuclei 蛋白异常聚集在PD发病机制中发挥重要作用.     

Lactacystin诱导PC12细胞胞内嗜酸性包涵体动态变化的研究

目的 研究蛋白酶体抑制剂lactacystin诱导PC12细胞胞浆内嗜酸性包涵体的动态变化过程.方法 PC12细胞中加入不同浓度lactacystin(0、5、10、20μmol/L),孵育24 h后行HE染色及α-synuclein免疫组织化学染色,光镜观察包涵体变化;其中10 μmol/L lactacystin组分别于加入lactacystin后24、36、48、72、96和120 h行上述染色法,光镜观察包涵体变化.结果 lacatacystin作用于PC12细胞24 h后,HE染色显示随着浓度增加.胞浆中嗜伊红包涵体数量逐渐增多.0 μmol/L组胞浆中未看到包涵体,5 μmol/L组胞浆中有少量包涵体出现(3.33%±1.15%),10μmol/L组多数细胞胞浆出现典型球状包涵体(71.33%±4.16%),20μmol/L组几乎每个细胞胞浆中均出现嗜伊红包涵体(90.33%±3.21%),个别包涵体游离于细胞外;10 μmol/L组随着时间延长,包涵体逐渐从胞浆中游离至细胞外,其后胞浆逐渐缺失,在96 h和120 h时仅剩余胞核和球状包涵体.免疫组化染色显示:lactacystin作用24 h时,胞浆中α-synuclein免疫反应阳性物质逐渐由散在颗粒逐渐聚集成球状包涵体;随着浓度的增加和时间延长,α-synuclein染色阳性的球状包涵体游走于细胞外,胞浆逐渐缺失,至96 h和120 h时仅剩余胞核和包涵体.结论 lactacystin作用于PC12细胞后,早期在胞浆中出现散在的嗜酸性和α-synuclein免疫反应阳性的颗粒,随着浓度增加和时间延长,颗粒状物质在核旁聚集,最终形成固缩的包涵体,细胞外包涵体可独立存在.这种包涵体的动态变化过程与以人类帕金森病为代表的神经变性疾病中的包涵体非常相似,可以作为研究包涵体相关问题的有力工具.     

Lactacystin诱导PC12细胞致帕金森病的实验研究

目的应用蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin构建帕金森病细胞模型,从泛素-蛋白酶体功能角度探讨帕金森病的发病机制。方法Lactacystin(0、5、10、15和20μmol/L)分别处理PC12细胞24h,MTT法检测细胞活力;HE染色观察包涵体生成;免疫组织化学法观察α-synuclein在胞内聚集情况;AO/EB双染及电镜检测细胞凋亡。结果10μmol/L Lactacystin作用24h后细胞活力开始显著低于对照组(P<0.01),随着浓度大,细胞活力进一步下降,呈浓度依赖性(P<0.01);HE染色显示胞浆核周出现圆形或椭圆形嗜伊红的包涵体;免疫组化显示包涵体α-synuclein染色呈强阳性;10μmol/L Lactacystin作用细胞24h后AO/EB双染提示细胞早期凋亡;电镜显示细胞核变小偏位,部分胞核固缩、趋边、凝聚。结论Lactacystin对多巴胺能神经元有毒性作用,可形成胞浆内包涵体并诱导细胞凋亡。蛋白酶体功能异常可能在帕金森病发病机制中发挥重要作用。     

热休克蛋白对多巴胺能神经细胞的保护作用研究

目的探讨热休克蛋白(HSP)对蛋白酶体抑制剂处理的多巴胺能神经细胞的活力以及细胞内包涵体形成的影响。方法将PC12细胞进行热处理,免疫印迹法鉴定热休克蛋白表达,并确定最佳热处理条件;再应用高选择性的蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin处理PC12细胞。MTT方法检测细胞活力,免疫荧光细胞化学染色观察细胞内包涵体形成的变化。结果免疫印迹法证实PC12细胞热处理2h后HSP70水平即开始迅速升高,一直持续至24h,其中4h的HSP70水平表达较高,故选其为最佳观察条件。未经热处理的对照组经5μM、10μM、15μM和20μMLactacystin处理24h后,PC12细胞的活力显著降低,呈剂量依赖性;热处理组的细胞活力比对照组显著升高,两者有显著性差异(P<0.01)。免疫荧光染色显示对照组细胞的胞浆内包涵体明显增多,而热处理组胞浆内包涵体明显减少。结论热休克蛋白能显著增强细胞活力,减少细胞内包涵体形成,对多巴胺能神经元可能有一定的保护作用。     

鱼藤酮诱导细胞内泛素化α-synuclein聚集选择性损伤多巴胺神经元

目的探讨鱼藤酮对多巴胺能神经元内泛素化-αsynuclein聚集的影响及其细胞损伤作用。方法应用鱼藤酮处理经NGF诱导的神经元样分化的PC12细胞株(多巴胺能神经元)与N2a细胞株(非多巴胺能神经元)4、8、16、24 h以及用利血平预处理PC12细胞4 h再加入鱼藤酮处理16 h;采用免疫荧光双标记方法在共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞内泛素化-αsynuclein聚集,以MTT法和流式细胞术分别检测PC12细胞活力及凋亡率。结果单用鱼藤酮处理16 h后,PC12细胞株与N2a细胞株相比较,免疫荧光双标记显示PC12细胞内泛素化-αsynu-clein发生明显聚集,并且鱼藤酮对PC12细胞株的作用具有时间依赖性,而N2a细胞内泛素化-αsynuclein聚集不明显。利血平耗竭PC12细胞内多巴胺后再经鱼藤酮处理,PC12细胞内泛素化-αsynuclein聚集不明显;经不同浓度鱼藤酮处理后,细胞活力呈剂量依赖性下降;与对照组相比,经20 nmol/L鱼藤酮处理4、16、24 h后细胞存活率分别为(81.6±12.3)%、(59.8±6.7)%和(52.2±7.4)%(P<0.01)。鱼藤酮处理后出现早期凋亡细胞,随着处理时间的延长细胞凋亡率逐渐上升(P<0.01)。结论鱼藤酮选择性作用于多巴胺能神经元,使细胞内泛素化-αsynuclein发生聚集,而且这种变化具有时间依赖性,最终导致细胞发生凋亡,然而鱼藤酮对非多巴胺能神经元作用不明显。同时,鱼藤酮诱导泛素化-αsynuclein发生聚集的作用与神经元的特性存在密切关系。     

泛素羧基末端水解酶-1抑制剂对多巴胺能神经元的神经毒性作用

目的 利用人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞观察泛素羧基末端水解酶-1(OCH-L1)抑制剂对多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用并探讨其可能的毒性机制. 方法 用不同浓度(5、10、25、50、75、100 μmol/L)的UCH-L1抑制剂作用SK-N-SH细胞24h,MTT法检测细胞活力、Hoechst染色检测凋亡的细胞核及Western blot检测UCH-L1蛋白、单个泛素分子及多聚化泛素蛋白的表达、荧光检测泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)的功能. 结果经UCH-L1抑制剂处理24 h后SK-N-SH细胞突起样结构消失,细胞体积变小、形态变圆;随着UCH-L1抑制剂浓度的增加,细胞活性进一步下降;与对照组比较,细胞活力在抑制剂浓度为50μmol/L时.作用24h后即出现明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Hoechst染色可见凋亡细胞碎裂的细胞核;Western blot检测到细胞内UCH-L1蛋白表达没有变化、单个泛素分子水平下降、多聚泛素化蛋白增加;荧光检测显示UPS功能下降.结论 UCH-L1抑制剂在体外对多巴胺能神经元有毒性作用,可诱导细胞凋亡.在凋亡过程中,UPS功能下降、细胞内多聚泛素化蛋白堆积可能发挥了作用.     

安颤灵对泛素-蛋白酶体通路损伤细胞模型的保护作用

目的 利用中药血清药理学方法探讨安颤灵含药血清对lactacystin诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及其可能机制. 方法 按照血清药理学实验方法制备安颤灵含药血清,将含药血清分为大、中、小剂量组(分别按7.3 g/kg、3.65 g/kg、1.83 g/kg添加药物),用lactacystin建立PC12细胞泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)损伤模型.MTT方法检测各组的细胞活力.将对数生长期的PC12细胞分为正常组(DMEM+10%空白鼠血清)、损伤组(DMEM+10%空白鼠血清+10 μmol/Llactacystin)、安颤灵中剂量组(含DMEM+10%中剂量安颤灵含药血清+10 μmol/L lactacystin),通过免疫组化方法,观察各组细胞α-突触核蛋白、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达的情况. 结果 与大、小剂量组相比,中剂量组细胞的存活率明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与正常组相比,损伤组细胞α-突触核蛋白阳性细胞数增多,而TH阳性细胞明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与损伤组相比,安颤灵中剂量组细胞α-突触核蛋白阳性细胞数减少,TH阳性细胞明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 安颤灵含药血清能改善细胞UPS的功能,降低细胞内α-突触核蛋白的聚集并上调TH表达,从而起到提高细胞存活率,保护神经元的作用.     

姜黄素对PC12细胞蛋白酶体活性的双相作用

目的 研究不同浓度姜黄素(curcumin,Cur)对PC12细胞蛋白酶体活性的影响.方法 用四氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞活力、荧光分光光度计检测蛋白酶体糜蛋白酶样水解酶活性.结果 0.5μmol和1.0μmol的姜黄素对PC12细胞活力无影响,5μmol和10μmol的姜黄素使细胞活力分别下降28.6%和48.5%;0.5μmol和1.0μmol的姜黄素使糜蛋白酶样水解酶活性分别增加31%和44% ,而5μmol和10μmol的姜黄素使糜蛋白酶样活性分别下降32%和45%.结论 低浓度姜黄素诱导蛋白酶体活性,可能通过此途径保护多巴胺能神经元.     

鱼藤酮建立帕金森病细胞模型的方法研究

目的探讨鱼藤酮诱导SH-SY5Y细胞建立帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)细胞模型的方法。方法实验分为空白对照组及鱼藤酮0.5μmol/L、1.0μmol/L、2.5μmol/L、5.0μmol/L组共5组,各组分别于鱼藤酮加入24h、48h点,观察SH-SY5Y细胞形态变化,采用MTT比色法检测细胞活力;于24h时采用Western blot法检测细胞α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein)表达量;对空白对照组及鱼藤酮0.5μmol/L、1.0μmol/L组于24h、48h行HE染色观察细胞内包涵体形成情况。以激光共聚焦免疫荧光法观察鱼藤酮1.0μmol/L组24h时α-synuclein的分布情况。结果空白对照组细胞生长较密,神经突起细长;在鱼藤酮药物组24时,0.5μmol/L组细胞突起变短,1.0μmol/L组细胞突起短缩更明显,2.5μmol/L组胞体肿胀明显,5.0μmol/L组圆缩细胞增多;各浓度组48h时与24h时比较,细胞突起变短、细胞肿胀、圆缩更明显。MTT试验显示1.0μmol/L鱼藤酮24h组和0.5μmol/L鱼藤酮48h组分别使细胞活性下降到空白对照组的(86.06±9.06)%和(62.06±7.13)%,与对照组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示鱼藤酮0.5、1.0、2.5和5.0μmol/L组SH-SY5Y细胞内α-synuclein相对表达水平分别为(1.23±0.11)、(1.41±0.20)、(1.77±0.09)和(1.31±0.28),其中1.0μmol/L、2.5μmol/L鱼藤酮组α-synuclein水平高于空白对照组(P0.05);HE染色显示,在1.0μmol/L鱼藤酮24h组和0.5μmol/L鱼藤酮48h组均观察到细胞质内出现嗜伊红、边界清楚的类路易小体样包涵体;免疫荧光染色显示在1.0μmol/L鱼藤酮24h组观察到细胞内出现颗粒状α-synuclein免疫染色阳性聚集体,可被Thioflavin S共定位。结论 1.0μmol/L鱼藤酮24h诱导SH-SY5Y细胞所建立的PD模型能够很好地模拟PD病理改变,可作为研究PD发病机制的细胞模型。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。