不同配伍丁丙诺啡用于硬膜外病人自控镇痛（PCEA）临床效应？…

本工作观察低浓度布比卡因与小剂量丁丙诺啡、吗啡复合液病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的临床效应。４００病人分为两组，Ⅰ组（ｎ＝７８）丁布溶液：０．１２５％￣０．２５％布比卡因＋０．００１５％玎丙诺啡；Ⅱ组（ｎ＝３２２）吗丁布溶液：同Ⅰ组丁布溶液＋０．００１５％吗啡；均采用Ｇｒａｓｅｂｙ３３００型ＰＣＡ泵，以ＬＣＰ模式（负荷剂量＋持续量＋ＰＣＡ）给药。结果Ⅰ组和Ⅱ且首２０ｈ镇痛用药量分别为２１．７±６     

曲马多用于小儿术后硬膜外腔镇痛的临床研究

目的：比较曲马多、哌替啶用于小儿硬膜外腔术后镇痛效果和副作用。方法：对８０例（ＡＳＡＩ－Ⅱ级）行硬膜外麻醉的患儿随机分成４组行术后硬膜外腔镇痛。Ａ组（ｎ＝２０）曲马多１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因的镇痛液５ｍｌ,Ｂ组（ｎ＝２０）曲马多１ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因的镇痛液５ｍｌ;Ｃ组（ｎ＝２０）哌替啶０．７５％ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋０．１２５％布比卡因镇痛液５ｍｌ;Ｄ组（ｎ＝２０）单纯０．１２５     

1∶20万肾上腺素对硬膜外腔自控镇痛效应的影响

本文旨在观察１∶２０万肾上腺素对丁布氟芬液行术后硬膜外腔病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）效应的影响。选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级，硬膜外腔麻醉下行中下腹部手术病人４０例，随机分为两组，Ⅰ组（ｎ＝２０）：丁布氟芬液１００ｍｌ＋０．１％肾上腺素０．５ｍｌ（即含１∶２０万肾上腺素）；Ⅱ组（ｎ＝２０）：丁布氟芬液１００ｍｌ＋ＮＳ０．５ｍｌ。用双盲法观察两组病人术后镇痛２４小时用药量、镇痛效果、血压、心率变化及嗜睡发生率。结果：２４小时用药量、ＶＡＳ评分、嗜睡发生率，两组相比无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；各组内镇痛前、后血压无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）；心率变化：Ｉ组镇痛后比镇痛前增快（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果表明：１∶２０万肾上腺素对丁布氟芬液术后ＰＣＥＡ无增强效应。     

乳腺癌根治术后病人自控静脉吗啡与硬膜外吗啡镇痛的比较

目的：比较乳腺癌根治术后病人自控静脉吗啡镇痛（ＰＣＩＡ）和病人自控硬膜外吗啡镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法：４０例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级行择期乳腺癌根治手术女性病人,术前随机分为ＰＣＩＡ和ＰＣＥＡ组,每组各２０例。全部病人采用气管内插管静吸复合全麻手术,ＰＣＥＡ组病人术前作硬膜外穿刺置管备术后镇痛。ＰＣＩＡ组用药术毕首量生理盐水４ｍｌ＋２ｍｇ吗啡,以后生理盐水１．５ｍｌ（０．４５ｍｇ吗啡）ｈ＋ＰＣＩＡ组用药     

硬膜外自控镇痛时3组药物的临床观察

目的：采用硬膜外自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）技术,对３组不同配伍药液进行研究。方法：对１５０例（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ组）手术患者随机分成３组。ＭＦ组（ｎ＝６０）;用０．００５％吗啡＋０．００４％芬太尼＋０．１５％布比卡因;ＭＤ组（ｎ＝６０）：用０．００５％吗啡＋０．０１％氟哌啶＋０．１５％布比卡因;ＢＢ组（ｎ＝３０）：用０．００１２％丁丙喏啡＋０．１５％布比卡因。采用双盲法对比观察。结果：给负荷剂量后,患者初次按     

1：20万肾上腺素对硬外腔自控镇痛效应的影响

本文旨在观察１：２０万肾上腺素对丁布氟芬液行术后硬膜外腔病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）效应的影响。选择ＡＳＡⅠ￣Ⅱ级，硬膜外腔麻醉下行中下腹部手术病人４０例，随机分为两组，Ⅰ组（ｎ＝２０）：丁布氟芬液１００ｍｌ＋ＮＳ０．５ｍｌ。用双盲法观察两组病人术后镇痛２４小时用药量、镇痛效果、血压、心率变化及嗜睡发生率。结果：２４小时用药量、ＶＡＳ评分、嗜睡发生率，两组相比无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）；各组内镇痛前、     

术后患者不同镇痛方法效果的观察及临床护理

目的：观察术后患不同自控镇痛方法的效果，总结护理经验。方法：将９０例患随机分为３组，Ａ组肌肉注射杜冷丁５０ｍｇ，每６ｈ给药１次；Ｂ组静脉给予吗啡６０～１００ｍｇ加氟哌啶５ｍｇ加０．９％ＮＳ至１００ｍｌ；Ｃ组硬膜外给予吗啡５ｍｇ加氟哌啶５ｍｇ加０．５％布比卡因２５ｍｌ加０．９％ＮＳ至１００ｍｌ。Ｂ、Ｃ组采用ＰＣＡ砂装置。结果：肌注给药镇痛效果差，镇静度高。ＰＣＡ治疗期ＶＡＰＳ评分均在５分以下，镇     

前列腺切除术后膀胱痉挛痛应用镇痛泵的临床观察

１资料与方法 我们观察５５例前列腺手术病人ＡＳＡⅠ—Ⅱ级，年龄５２～８３岁，平均６７．５岁，体重５５～８０Ｋｇ。合并有不同程度高血压。冠心病、慢性支气管炎、糖尿病等１８例。均选择持续硬膜外镇痛，术后留置双腔导尿管。 镇痛方法：随机分两组，镇痛组（ｎ＝３５）和对照组（ｎ＝ ２０）。镇痛组在手术结束病人未恢复痛觉前经硬膜外导管注入首次剂量（０．２５％布比卡因注射液４ｍｌ，芬太尼０．１ｍｇ），然后连接艾克孚镇痛泵持续型，流速２．０ｍｌ／ｈ。泵内药物配制：布比卡因１５０ｍｇ、曲马多６００ｍｇ、氟哌列多５ｍ…     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛80例临床观察

阿片类吗啡一次注入硬膜外腔术后镇痛有较多不良反应。我院自１９９９年５月开展硬膜外自控镇痛 (ＰＣＡ) ,意在使用小剂量吗啡 ,既达到满意镇痛效果 ,又使并发症减少至最低程度。本文报告８０例剖宫产术后ＰＣＡ观察结果。资料与方法１、一般资料８０例剖宫产病人ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,平均年龄（２３．２±１．２８）岁 ,平均体重（５７．３０±１３．３０）Ｋｇ ,随机分成Ａ、Ｂ两组 ,各４０例。采用２ %利多卡因硬膜外麻醉。２、方法镇痛药配方 :吗啡３．５ｍｇ,氟哌啶５ｍｇ,０．７５ %布比卡因１５ｍｌ（１１２．５ｍｇ）加生理盐水至１０…     

手术后硬膜外自控镇痛时三种镇痛药临床效果比较

为比较手术后硬膜外自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）时等效剂量芬太尼、吗啡或哌替啶的镇痛效果及不良反应,选择在硬膜外麻醉下完成腹部或下肢手术的成年患者６０例,术后用硬膜外自控镇痛泵治疗。按镇痛药将患者随机分成三组,每组２０例。镇痛药液为０．１％布吡卡因４０ｍｌ中加入芬太尼０．１ｍｇ（Ｉ组）、吗啡１０ｍｇ（Ⅱ组）或哌替啶１００ｍｇ（Ⅲ组）。患者感到手术创口疼痛时自行揿压ＰＣＥＡ泵的自控按钮。结果显示４８ｈ镇痛药效     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.