大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿群体药动学研究

目的建立儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿静脉使用大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HDMTX）稀疏点血药浓度数据库,估算群体药动学参数,结合Bayesian反馈法,估算个体药动学参数。方法132例ALL患儿接受HDMTX（3g·m^-2）静脉滴注后,不同时间点采血样,用荧光偏振免疫法（FPIA）测定MTX的血浆浓度,收集24—68h左右稀疏血药浓度数据510个。用NONMEM软件进行模型拟合和PPK参数的估算,并定量分析患儿年龄、性别、体重、身高、ALT、AST、CREA、UA等固定效应参数对甲氨蝶呤PPK参数的影响,得到最终拟合药动学模型。结果PPK模型为：中央室清除率CLli（L·h^-1·kg^-1）=5．84×10^0.017·（age-9.2）＋0．0150×WT^10685×e^CLli,周边室清除率CL2i（L·h^-1·k^-1）=0．265×10^0.029＊（age-10）＋0．00067×WT^1.178×e^CLli,中央室表观分布容积Vli（L·kg^-1）=2．42×10（WT-1.47）＋15．45×10^0.0046＊（age-4.8×e^VIi,外周室表观分布容积V2i（L·kg^-1）=1．85×10^0.063＊（148-Height）＋0．042×10（WT＋0.32×e^V2i;其中建模型组CL1、V1、CL2、V2的群体间标准值（个体问RSD）分别为6．272L·h^-1·kg^-1（17．62％）,1．136L／kg（7．39％）,0．28L·h^-1·kg^-1（7．5％）,3．453L／kg（25．98％）;年龄、体重对CL的影响具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;预测MTX达到0．1μmol／L的时间是46．85h,个体间标准差（RSD）为5．19％。结论本实验模型拟合情况较好,该模型可用于临床制定个体化给药方案。     

中国成年患者万古霉素群体药动学研究

目的:利用万古霉素治疗药物监测(TDM)数据建立群体药动学(PPK)模型,用于估算个体化药动学参数。方法:选择使用万古霉素成年患者,详细记录用药、TDM数据以及病理生理资料。采用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)法建立万古霉素群体药动学模型。结果:169例患者数据来源于血液科及重症监护(ICU)病房等9个科室,共获得385个血药浓度数据,其中峰浓度39个,谷浓度346个。根据文献资料及TDM数据建立二室PPK模型,万古霉素清除率(CL)、中央室(V1)及外周室(V2)分布容积、室间清除率分别为4.08 L·h-1、21.7 L、65.3 L、5.95 L·h-1,患者肌酐清除率及体重分别对CL及V2具有显著影响。根据模型预测169位患者AUC0-24h为(450.1±231.8)mg·L-1·h。结论:本研究建立的万古霉素PPK模型可以用于中国成年患者个体化药动学参数估算。     

左旋多巴中国人群药动学模型的建立

目的:建立中国人群左旋多巴/苄丝肼复合制剂中左旋多巴的群体药动学模型。方法:前瞻性收集服用多巴丝肼片的帕金森病(PD)门诊患者稳态谷浓度97例102个血样和健康志愿者13例153个密集血样,高效液相色谱-电化学(HPLC-ECD)法测定左旋多巴(LD)血药浓度。应用NONMEM软件进行群体药动学数据分析,Bootstrap重复抽样用于模型的内部验证。另收集20例PD患者22个血样点作为验证组进行模型外部验证,计算最简模型和最终模型对验证组的平均预测误差(MPE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)对模型进行外部验证。结果:数据采用一房室模型拟合,年龄(AGE)对LD清除率有显著影响,性别(SEX)、体质量(WT)、给药剂量(TAMT)、合并用药不影响LD的药动学参数。LD的基础模型为:CL(CL/F)(L.h-1)=18.2×EXP[ETA(1)],V(V/F)(L)=48.4,ka(h-1)=2.13×EXP[ETA(2)];最终模型为:CL(CL/F)(L.h-1)=17.9×(55/AGE)0.59×(EXP[ETA(1)],V(V/F)(L)=47.5,ka(h-1)=2.14×EXP[ETA(2)]。CL、V、ka的群体典型值分别为17.9 L.h-1、47.5 L、2.14 h-1。Bootstrap重复抽样显示所建立的最终模型稳定、可靠,最终模型对验证组的MPE和MAE较最简模型有显著改善,显示模型有效,且有一定代表性。结论:根据患者的生理用药资料,结合上述模型,可估算个体药动学参数,为临床个体化给药提供参考。     

左乙拉西坦在癫痫患儿中的群体药动学研究

目的建立癫痫患儿口服左乙拉西坦的群体药动学(PPK)模型,并用此模型探讨左乙拉西坦在儿童患者群体内的药动学特征。方法收集344例癫痫患儿口服左乙拉西坦后的血药浓度数据和临床资料。将患儿随机分为两组,模型组(n=259)采用NLME程序进行PPK分析,建立一房室药动学模型(个体间变异采用指数模型,残差变异采用加法模型表示),考察各协变量对参数Ka、Vd和CL的影响。用拟合优度、自举法对最终模型的性能进行内部验证。采用最终模型预测验证组(n=85)患儿的血药浓度,计算平均预测误差(MPE)、平均绝对预测误差(MAE)、平均预测误差平方(MSE)和均方根预测误差(RMSE)对最终模型进行外部验证。结果 PPK最终模型为:Ka(h-1)=1.01×eηKa,Vd(L·kg-1)=[0.42+0.000 35×(AGE-56)]×eηVd,CL(L·kg-1·h-1)=[0.05-0.009 5×(ln WT-2.83)]×eηCl;年龄(AGE)正相关影响Vd,体重的自然对数值(ln WT)负相关影响CL。拟合优度、自举验证的评价结果表明最终模型稳定、预测结果可靠。外部验证最终模型结果为:MPE=0.01 mg·L-1,MAE=0.91 mg·L-1,MSE=1.16(mg·L-1)2,RMSE=1.08 mg·L-1。血药浓度实测值和最终模型的个体预测值的决定系数R2=0.990 6。外部验证说明最终模型预测准确度高。结论本研究成功建立了癫痫患儿口服左乙拉西坦后的PPK模型,模型结构表明左乙拉西坦体重校正的清除率随患儿年龄和体重的增加有下降趋势。     

万古霉素在新生儿和小婴儿患者中的群体药动学研究

目的建立万古霉素在新生儿和小婴儿患者的群体药动学(PPK)模型,为临床个体化用药提供参考。方法收集85例新生儿科患者静脉注射使用万古霉素后的血药浓度数据和临床资料。将患者分为两组,模型组(n=71)采用Phoenix~NLME~(TM)1.3软件进行PPK分析,建立一房室药动学模型(个体间变异采用指数模型,个体内变异采用混合误差模型),考察各协变量对参数V和CL的影响。用拟合优度、自举法对最终模型的性能进行内部验证。采用验证组(n=14)患者的血药浓度,计算平均预测误差(MPE)、平均绝对预测误差(MAE)、平均预测误差均方(MSPE)对最终模型进行外部验证。结果 PPK最终模型为V(L)=3.167,CL(L·h~(-1))=0.413×(WT/3.32)~(0.747)×(PNA/25)~(0.402)×e~(ηCL),体重(WT)和产后日龄(PNA)对CL有影响。拟合优度、自举验证的结果表明最终模型稳定、预测结果可靠。外部验证最终模型计算MPE、MAE和MSPE值分别为(-0.843±1.347)、(1.462±1.175)和(2.432±4.293)mg·L~(-1)。血药浓度实测值和最终模型的个体预测值的决定系数R=0.955,外部验证说明最终模型预测准确度较好。结论本研究建立的万古霉素新生儿和小婴儿患者的PPK模型预测能力和稳定性良好,可为其个体化给药方案的制订提供参考。     

非线性混合效应模型法估算癫痫患者卡马西平的群体药动学参数

目的:建立癫痫患者卡马西平(CBZ)的群体药动学(PPK)模型。方法:采集我院服用CBZ的270例门诊癫痫患者的稳态血药浓度数据(共316个样本)以及患者相关资料数据。应用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)法估算癫痫患者CBZ的PPK参数值,建立PPK模型。并运用自举法(Bootstrap)验证模型的可靠性。结果:年龄(AGE)、每日服药剂量(DKG)、体质量(BW)均为CBZ清除率(CL)的影响因素。最终模型:当AGE≤14岁时,CL(L/h)=[2.55+0.013×(AGE-15)]×(DKG/0.011)0.443×(BW/40)0.392;AGE>14岁时,CL(L/h)=2.55×(DKG/0.011)0.443×(BW/40)0.392。表观分布容积(Vd)=85L。经Bootstrap法验证,本模型稳定、可靠。结论:用NONMEM软件成功建立我院癫痫患者服用CBZ的PPK模型。根据本院癫痫患者的PPK模型,结合患者DKG、BW和合并用药可估算其CL,优化临床个体化用药方案。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学研究

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)静脉滴注联合甲酰四氢叶酸钙解救方案治疗时甲氨蝶呤的药动学。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定16例ALL患儿使用甲氨蝶呤后不同时间点血清药物浓度,所得血药浓度-时间数据经DAS软件拟合,优化药动学房室模型,计算其药动学参数。结果大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的经时过程符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2α=(1.61±0.43)h,t1/2β=(11.05±3.54)h,V1=(18.552±5.902)L·m-2,Cl=(4.525±1.181)L.h-1.m-2,k10=(0.254±0.053)h-1,k12=(0.194±0.043)h-1,k21=(0.074±0.025)h-1,AUC(0-t)=(1064.0±258.6)μmol.h.L-1,AUC(0-∞)=(1433.6±485.2)μmol·h·L-1,tmax=24h,Cmax=(40.1±10.3)μmol·L-1。结论大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数有较明显的个体差异。     

基于NONMEN法建立万古霉素新生儿群体药动学模型

目的:建立新生儿万古霉素群体药动学模型,为临床个体化给药方案提供参考。方法:回顾性收集80例静脉使用万古霉素新生儿的170个稳态血药浓度数据及临床资料,运用非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM),建立新生儿万古霉素群体药动学(PPK)模型;考察各项协变量对药动学参数的影响,对最终模型进行拟合优度、自举法(Bootstrap)及正态预测分布误差法(NPDE)验证。利用蒙特卡洛法评估患儿在不同给药方案下的血药浓度范围。结果:一室模型能较好地拟合万古霉素体内过程,清除率(CL)和表观分布容积(V)的群体典型值分别为0.297L·h-1和2.230L,表观分布容积对CL有显著影响。拟合优度、Bootstrap和NPDE表明最终模型稳定、预测结果可靠。建立不同体质量范围新生儿万古霉素初始剂量推荐表。结论:本研究建立的新生儿万古霉素PPK模型稳定可靠,可为优化新生儿给药方案提供依据。     

万古霉素的群体药动学研究

目的研究万古霉素在革兰氏阳性菌感染患者中的群体药动学(PPK),指导临床合理用药。方法通过监测103个被诊断为革兰氏阳性菌感染患者的血清浓度,同时考虑患者的年龄、性别、身高及合并用药,以非线性混合效应模型(NONMEM)程序,按照线性二房室模型,建立并验证万古霉素PPK模型,根据患者的PPK模型参数制定个体化给药方案。结果最终模型中,万古霉素的清除率CL(L/h)与肌酐清除率CLCr(mL.min-1)呈线性关系:CL=0.044×CLCr;同时中央室的表观分布容积V1(L)与年龄呈线性相关:V1=0.542×Age;在验证组中,最终模型用于预测万古霉素的血药浓度,所建立的最终模型经验证具有良好稳定性和预测效能。结论肾功能和年龄对去甲万古霉索药动学参数有显著影响;根据上述研究结果可以给相似身体状况的患者制定万古霉素的个体化给药方案。     

Bayesian反馈法估算静脉输注伏立康唑的群体药动学参数

目的用Bayesian反馈法估算临床患者静脉输注伏立康唑的群体药动学(PPK)参数。方法收集静脉输注给药不同时间后的血样,采用HPLC法测定伏立康唑血药浓度,用Bayesian反馈法估算PPK参数。结果以二室模型拟合伏立康唑的药动学过程,得PPK参数为Vss为(46.58±19.35)L,CL为(4.76±2.64)L/h,k10为(0.187±0.006)h-1k,12为(4.97±0.02)h-1,k21为(0.895±0.308)h-1。结论此PPK模型能够较准确地描述伏立康唑在临床患者静脉输注的药动学特征,其预测能力尚待进一步评估。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.