带关节外固定架在高能量Pilon骨折治疗中的应用

目的介绍应用带关节外固定架治疗高能量Pilon骨折的经验,并评估其疗效。方法2001年3～6月,12例患者13处Pilon骨折接受了Orthofix公司单侧带关节超踝关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗。致伤原因以车祸和高处坠落伤为主。该支架远端螺钉固定于距骨颈和跟骨,近端螺钉固定于胫骨骨折近端,使踝关节能以距下关节为中心活动。术后2周松动关节开始踝关节功能锻炼。结果12例患者随访10～13个月,平均随访12个月。临床疗效满意,无切口、伤口及钉道感染,无神经、血管损伤等并发症。踝关节症状和功能评分(Teeny&Wiss评分法)为74～94分,平均87分。踝关节临床结果为2个优秀,7个良好,4个一般。踝关节骨折复位情况(Marsh踝关节骨折复位评分法)为7个优良,6个中等。踝关节背伸-5°～18°,平均10°(健侧18°);跖屈20°～35°,平均26°(健侧36°);距下关节内翻4°～20°,平均10°(健侧14°);外翻0°~10°,平均3°(健侧10°)。结论带关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生,能更好地恢复关节面的解剖关系,有利于踝关节早期活动,避免关节僵硬,是治疗高能量Pilon骨折较好的方法。     

有限切开复位内固定加超关节外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折23例分析

目的总结有限切开复位螺钉内固定加超关节骨外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的临床效果。方法23例Pilon骨折患者，均行有限切开复位螺钉内固定加超关节骨外固定支架固定。结果23例均获随访，平均时间12（10～16）个月，无切口、伤口及钉道感染，无神经、血管损伤等并发症，骨愈合过程中复位的关节面骨折块无位移。按Tenny和Wiss等踝关节症状和功能评分法，术后评分平均89（78—93）分，踝关节功能评定优3例，良14例，可6例，优良率73．9％。按Burwell和Charnley踝关节关节面骨折复位评分法，优良者17例，中等6例。结论有限内固定加外固定支架固定是治疗Pilon骨折的较好方法。     

撬拨复位外固定架治疗Pilon骨折

[目的]采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位外固定架治疗Pilon骨折。[方法]2002年2月－2004年4月采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位超踝关节可动外固定架结合克氏针、空心螺钉治疗Pilon骨折9例。[结果]本组病例随访时间平均12．6个月。采用Teeny＆Wiss踝关节症状和功能评分法，术后评分80—96分，平均88分。优秀3例，良好5例，一般1例。[结论]采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位超踝关节可动外固定架结合克氏针、空心螺钉治疗Pilon骨折能更好的恢复关节面的解剖关系，有利于踝关节的早期活动，可防止踝关节退行性变、创伤性关节炎及关节僵硬的发生，可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生，疗效满意。     

超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折

目的探讨超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法 2007年12月～2010年2月对25例高能量损伤的Pilon骨折,行胫骨切开复位有限内固定,内侧超关节外固定支架固定。结果手术时间80～210 min,平均95 min。2例术后出现浅表组织坏死,经换药后治愈。骨折愈合时间10～16周,平均13周。25例随访12～34个月,平均24个月。关节骨折复位采用Burwell&Charnley评分法:C1型全部解剖复位;C2型解剖复位8例,一般2例;C3型解剖复位4例,一般3例,差2例。术后12个月按Baird&Jackson的踝关节症状和功能评分法,优7例,良13例,可4例,差1例,优良率80.0%(20/25)。结论超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折能有效降低软组织并发症,提高关节面的复位质量。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗高能量Pilon骨折

目的：介绍应用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗１９例高能量Ｐｉｌｏｎ骨折的经验，并对本方法的治疗结果进行评估。方法：１９９３～１９９６年间有１９例患者接受该方法治疗，其中男性１４例，女性５例，致伤原因以高空坠落伤及车祸为主。该手术采用踝正中切口，暴露胫骨远端关节面，以螺钉或克氏针固定，“Ｔ”型单侧多功能外固定支架的近侧螺钉置于胫骨骨折近端，远侧螺钉置于跟骨上，术后每天放松远侧万向关节两次，活动踝关节。结果：术后有１６例获得优良关节面复位（８４．２％），１７例肢体力线恢复良好（８９．４％）。临床评分（Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ＆Ｓｈｗａｒｔ踝关节评分）５５～９２分（平均为７６分），随访时间１２～３８个月（平均２９个月）。结论：有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Ｐｉｌｏｎ骨折有效地避免了伤口并发症及骨不连，更好地恢复关节面的解剖，且固定更为确切、牢固，有利于恢复关节间隙及关节活动恢复正常，是治疗高能量Ｐｉｌｏｎ骨折（Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型）较好的方法。     

超关节T形外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨超关节T形外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法1998年1月～2005年4月收治的17例Pilon骨折患者,采用Rüedi-Allgwer分类:Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型9例。采用超关节T形外固定支架治疗,结合临床及影像学资料,对其治疗效果进行分析总结。结果所有患者均获得随访,平均随访24个月(8～30个月)。骨折均愈合,愈合时间2～4个月,平均3.5个月。疗效评定采用Bourne等制定的踝关节症状与功能评分标准:优良14例,可3例,优良率为82.4%。早期针道感染2例,晚期踝关节僵硬1例,无皮肤坏死、骨不连、创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。结论超关节T形外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折可获得良好疗效。治疗过程中需注意以下问题:①尽量对骨碎片进行复位,恢复胫骨的解剖长度;②注重踝穴骨折的解剖复位及固定;③术中应用C型臂X线机监测可保证复位效果。     

急诊有限内固定结合外固定架治疗Tscheme-Gotzen2～3级闭合性Pilon骨折疗效分析

目的探讨有限内固定结合外固定架治疗Tscheme-Gotzen2～3级闭合性Pilon骨折的效果。方法对2010-05—2014-05间收治的15例Tscheme-Gotzen2～3级闭合性Pilon骨折患者急诊行有限内固定结合外固定架治疗。结果 15例患者均获10～27个月随访,根据Burwell-Charnley标准:解剖复位14例、一般复位1例。根据Mazur踝关节功能评分标准:优12例,良2例,可1例。未出现骨筋膜室综合征、内外固定物松动、深部感染、骨不愈合、关节僵硬等并发症。5例患者出现浅表或外固定钉道感染,1例Tscheme 3级患者切口边缘坏死。结论急诊有限内固定结合外固定架治疗Tscheme-Gotzen2～3级闭合性Pilon骨折,具有创伤小、骨与软组织血运损伤小,踝关节功能恢复良好及并发症发生率低等优势。     

关节囊外经骨折线复位Rüedi-Allgwer Ⅲ型Pilon骨折疗效分析

目的探讨关节囊外经骨折线复位Rüedi-Allgwer Ⅲ型Pilon的骨折临床疗效。方法对15例(16踝)RüediAllgwer Ⅲ型Pilon骨折患者手术进行回顾性分析。开放性骨折一期清创延期手术,闭合性骨折均延期手术,腓骨骨折均采用解剖钢板或重建钢板固定,胫骨远端骨折采用关节囊外经骨折线复位"L"型解剖钢板或有限螺钉内固定结合内侧单臂超关节骨外固定架固定。结果本组均获随访,随访时间6~18个月,平均10个月。按照Burwell-Charnley放射学评价标准评定,优12例(1例为双踝),良3例,均获骨性愈合,无关节面二次塌陷、肢体短缩,踝关节功能良好。平均愈合时间3.5月,1例开放性骨折术后伤口脂肪液化感染,经换药愈合,无皮缘坏死、钢板外露。结论关节囊外经骨折线复位Rüedi-Allgwer Ⅲ型Pilon骨折,最大限度减少了软组织、骨骼血运破坏,避免了关节囊的进一步损伤,骨折复位良好,固定可靠,切口并发症少,为踝关节功能康复提供了坚实的基础,具有独特的应用价值。     

超关节外固定架结合内固定治疗PilonⅢ型骨折

目的评价超关节外固定架结合内固定治疗PilonⅢ型骨折的临床疗效。方法对36例PilonⅢ型骨折患者行超关节外固定架结合钢板有限内固定治疗,术后加强功能锻炼。结果 36例均获随访,时间6~24个月。按Mazur标准评定疗效:优6例,良24例,差6例。无骨折不愈合或畸形愈合,无肢体短缩。结论超关节外固定支架结合内固定治疗PilonⅢ型骨折可以有效保护软组织,有利于踝关节软骨关节面骨折愈合及稳定结构重建,减少关节面塌陷及关节融合的发生,临床疗效较好。     

动力型外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨Orthofix动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定在治疗高能量Pilon骨折中的价值。方法2002年4月至2004年3月对11例高能量Pilon骨折采用Orthofix公司第四代跨关节外固定结合克氏针或螺钉有限内固定治疗,远端外固定螺钉固定于跟骨和距骨颈,外固定活动轴和踝关节运动的轴心位置保持一致。术后3周开始踝关节功能锻炼,2~5个月后去除外固定。结果11例均得到随访,随访6~18个月(平均13个月),骨折全部达骨性愈合,无切口感染、内植物外露等并发症。踝关节症状与功能评分按Mazur标准进行,临床评分68~97分(平均82分),其中优6例,良4例,可1例。结论Orthofix跨关节动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗高能量Pilon骨折能促进骨折愈合,有利于踝关节早期活动,最大程度恢复踝关节功能,是治疗高能量Pilon骨折的一种理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.